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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Freight transportation security system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight transportation security concerns both public and private actors, however, their interests are often misaligned resulting in conflicting pressure and trade-offs. To understand this, a connection of macro and micro perspectives is required, which is enabled by an institutional lens. Furthermore, there is limited empirical knowledge of how policy design and implementation shape operational conditions. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to increase understanding of freight transportation security from an organisational field perspective, and to analyse how institutions and organisational responses shape practice and influence security, legitimacy, efficiency, and effectiveness. This research has an open system perspective combining inductive reasoning with deductive elements. It comprises four studies that have been conducted with a qualitative multi-method approach on an organisational field-level using a field experiment, an interview study, an integrative literature review, and an evaluative case study. Together the four appended papers study intermodal transportation and transportation of dangerous goods, and analyse how regulations, law enforcement, security solutions, and other institutional arrangements influence operational conditions, organisational responses, and performance. The findings show that freight transportation security is shaped by interacting institutions and that misfit between institutional expectations and operational conditions leads to uneven implementation, trade-offs between security and efficiency, low legitimacy, and unknown effectiveness. This research develops and applies the Freight Transportation Security System (FTSS) model that captures roles of institutions and enabling mechanisms in shaping operational conditions, organisational responses, and performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752034</guid>
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      <title>Reykjavik's Sæbraut road tunnel : balancing development and safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Sæbraut Road Tunnel project in Reykjavik enhances connectivity in the Vogar neighbourhood, tackling a unique opportunity for urban development and the transport of dangerous goods. This project adds to existing knowledge due to the project's complex infrastructure, diverse risk profile, and multiple competing objectives from various stakeholders. It aims to achieve sustainable urban development while addressing the challenges of transporting dangerous goods, with few or no alternatives available for reaching key destinations not accessible by sea. Additionally, the lack of detailed regulations both nationally and internationally for such an infrastructure necessitates innovative solutions, as the traditional Icelandic approach of adopting infrastructure design regulations from other Nordic countries is no longer viable. This paper presents and discusses the comprehensive risk analysis conducted to address some of these challenges and ensure a safe and sustainable built environment in the area, focusing on the evaluated challenges, opportunities, and solutions. The paper will present how these issues were tackled in an Icelandic context, with key measures like QRA, sprinklers, buffer zones, and transport restrictions reducing risks, aligning with the ALARP principle. The project illustrates effective risk management for resilient urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 11:30:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709399</guid>
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      <title>Standardisation of risk and the risk of standardisation : using standards in risk management regulations for land-use planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis discusses the use of standards in land-use planning risk management regulations. Based on exploring the domains of standards and standardisation, risk science, and risk management regulations, the research contributes significant empirical evidence capturing the perspectives of risk management practitioners in terms of the strengths, the weaknesses and the effects of using standards in regulations for land-use planning. Research activities also include analysing who is influential when developing standards. Guided by the fundamentals of standards and standardisation, and the most recent advances in risk science, the thesis develops a set of aspects that should be considered when assessing the use of standards in risk management regulations. Having applied this body of knowledge to a new Swedish guideline for managing risk in land-use planning, the thesis concludes that for familiar non-complex risk problems, a hard regulatory approach is appropriate. For more complex, uncertain, and ambiguous decision situations, softer approaches are more appropriate. Regardless of whether a hard or soft regulatory approach is chosen, the standardisation process (i.e. the production of the standard) should involve adequate participation and balanced representation from all relevant stakeholders. Every voice should be heard, and standardizers must remain vigilant to prevent power imbalances or misuse of power. Even if the scope of the dissertation is land-use planning - specifically land-use planning near stationary risk sources (hazardous industries) and non-stationary risk sources (transport of dangerous goods on road and rail) - much of the discussion is relevant regardless of the risk domain and application area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Carbon dioxide on trains : a technical system study for well-functioning, sustainable and safe management of loading and off-loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[I denna studie presenteras resultaten och de huvudsakliga slutsatserna från en konceptuell studie för lastning och lossning av flytande CO2 (LCO2) till och från järnvägsvagnar. Det huvudsakliga konceptet inkluderar transport av flytande koldioxid med distributionspumpar via ledning och laststationer till järnvägsvagnstankar. Innan designen av den konceptuella lösningen påbörjades, behövde flera dimensioneringsfaktorer identifieras och utvärderas. Detta inkluderade lagar och förordningar, förväntningar från intressenter, CO2-egenskaper avseende tryck, temperatur och fasomvandling, kontinuerlig eller snabb fyllning, volym av potentiellt buffertlager, lastningsintervaller, hantering av avkokningsgas (BOG) och undanträngd gas, kylning av ledning/cirkulation, mätning och kvalitetskontroll, säkerhet för operativ personal och tredje part, förhållanden och tillgång till lokal infrastruktur, storlek och specifikation av tågsätt och järnvägsvagnstankar, med mera.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk assessment for transportation of Dangerous Goods through tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation of Dangerous Goods (DG) through tunnels must consider the safety of its users in all transport modes. A serious incident involving DG vehicle in a tunnel can be extremely costly in terms of loss of human life, environmental degradation, tunnel damage and transport disruption. The risks associated with DG vehicle transportation should be analysed and mitigated considering the balance of cost, risk and performance. Transport for NSW (TfNSW) has developed a multimodal risk assessment standard to set out a clear and consistent approach for assessing the risk of the passage of DG vehicles through tunnels. This extended abstract summarises the new standard outlining the key concepts of risk assessment and the requirements of risk assessment methodology. This standard provides an innovative and evidence-based approach to the risk assessment of transporting DG through tunnels and provides significant economic benefit by saving travel time costs and enhancing the safety measures to mitigate the risks to the surrounding community and its customers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 14:48:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A known unknown concerning the road-based transport of dangerous goods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The road-based transport of dangerous goods is heavily regulated, in both a Norwegian and international context. In Norway the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection is responsible for the quality of education and certification of safety advisers and for certificates which allows the individual drivers to transport dangerous goods. It is often assumed that rules and regulations in the Heavy Goods Transport (HGV)- are usually followed, yet recent studies show that this is not the case. The extended abstract is based on longitude observational fieldwork from 2016 to 2020 in the HGV-sector. The empirical finding is through the lens of systems theory, intended to challenge an assumption made in the risk management of tunnels in Norway. This assumption is that safety that rules and regulations pertaining to dangerous goods are not commonly broken and bent, constituting a known unknown in the risk analysis of tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:25:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explosions in road tunnels part 3 : Target failure probability and design values</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the introduction of the Eurocodes [1-6], countries are encouraged to take into account explosion loads in the design of their road tunnels. From “Explosions in road tunnels, Part 1: A study into the explosion scenarios” [7] it has been concluded that 1) the loads as mentioned in the Eurocode are not representative for the total spectrum of explosion loads and 2) based on the Eurocode it is not possible to design tunnels satisfactory for explosion loads. To be able to design tunnels for explosions, it is necessary to have an understanding of all the possible explosion scenarios that can take place, the probability of occurrence of these scenarios and their consequences in terms of pressure and impulse. In “Explosions in road tunnels, Part 2: A quantitative risk analysis” [8] a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) has been performed, resulting in an overview of all possible LPG induced scenarios and their respective risk. In this “Part 3: target failure probability and design values”, we present a method to calculate the design values for the peak pressure and impulse, based on an economic analysis [9,10]. Given the Quantitative Risk Analysis [8] as basis, the following steps are taken: 1. Determining the explosion characteristics for the various scenarios in terms of peak pressures and impulses. This was done on the basis of existing reports and, where necessary, on estimates; 2. Determining the desired target failure probability. The target failure probability has been determined based on a simple economic consideration. No complex calculations have been done and available literature has been used instead, including the JCSS Probabilistic Model Code; 3. Determining the design values for the loads, depending on some relevant parameters (importance, type of traffic, length) and the conditions to which this applies. This has been done based on a relatively simple analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk assessment of deckings of dangerous goods routes : a knowledge inventory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focus on challenges related to risk assessment and risk control when decking transport routes for dangerous goods with deckings. The objective is to carry out a knowledge inventory in international research literature on risk management and deckings, which also includes practice regarding different types of protection measures. This is done in combination with a current situation description of how this type of problem is handled in practice today. The review of literature is carried out with a so-called scoping study. It is expected to identify a number of possibilities for dealing with this type of risk management problem, as well as the evidence that may exist as support for different approaches. Interviews will be conducted with experts in the field who are active in Sweden. The interviews will partly be designed on the basis of the literature review and together these two methods will hopefully give a good picture of the current state of knowledge partly in the academic literature, but also in the practical context. In summary, we can state that there is some research concerning tunnels in general and the transport of dangerous goods, but when it comes to specific problems with deckings, there is a lack of studies. In some cases, the problem of deckings is mentioned, but there are no articles dealing with how this type of problem is solved in other countries, or about suggestions on how to manage risks in connection with deckings. From a risk governance perspective significant effort is necessary to facilitate sound and robust prerequisites to risk management of deckings to safe-guard that we are not drifting into failure and introduce risks in our modern society that we potentially will regret tomorrow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:25:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397923</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk evaluation of road and railroad overbuilds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railroad and road overbuilds are a kind of substructures that involves large costs which often leads to a need for increased land use close to and on top of the overbuild. If the transportation network which is overbuilt includes transportation of dangerous goods, the risk situation will be complex related to rare events with a potential to cause substantial damage, e.g. collapse of buildings on the over site development. In Sweden there are at present no national or regional rules or guidelines showing how to address or evaluate this risk situation. The lack of guidelines leads to difficulties in implementing this type of project. Brandskyddslaget has developed a proposal for what the basis for such risk assessment decisions might look like. We believe that a cost/benefit analysis will make an important piece of the puzzle in the decision-making basis for the selection of dimensional explosive load and thereby accepting the resulting residual risk, as it gives a more complete picture of the actual risk-reducing effect which leads to a less subjective risk evaluation. This can serve as one of several perspectives addressed in risk-informed decision making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:25:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397922</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methodology for comparing dangerous goods risks in road tunnels to those on alternative routes: case study using DG-QRAM in the Australasian context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is one of the three reports produced as part of a project undertaken to establish a comparative risk assessment method for assessing whether a tunnel route is safer than a surface route for the road transit of dangerous goods (DG) materials. This report describes a case study of a hypothetical tunnel, illustrating the three stages of the comparative assessment, with incorporation of mitigation measures. The example concludes with the overall lowest life safety risk route being achieved by directing some classes of dangerous goods through the tunnel and retaining other classes on the surface route. Road authorities, competent authorities and risk specialists will find the case study a useful demonstration of the intent of the method that is detailed in the second report of the project AP-R704-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Manual for Using DG-QRAM in the Australasian Context. This report provides background on the development, capabilities, and limitations of a Dangerous Goods Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (DG-QRAM) as well as guidance as to how the DG-QRAM tool should be applied to road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. The first report AP-R703-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Best Practice Review presents best international practice in road tunnel DG risk assessment and provides justification for the selection of DG-QRAM as the tool most appropriate for comparative DG risk assessments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 13:51:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methodology for comparing dangerous goods risks in road tunnels to those on alternative routes: manual for using DG-QRAM in the Australasian context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is the second of the three reports produced as part of a project undertaken to establish a comparative risk assessment method for assessing whether a tunnel route is safer than a surface route for the road transit of dangerous goods (DG) materials. This report provides background on the development, capabilities, and limitations of a Dangerous Goods Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (DG-QRAM) as well as guidance as to how the DG-QRAM tool should be applied to road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. The first report AP-R703-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Best Practice Review presents best international practice in road tunnel DG risk assessment and provides justification for the selection of DG-QRAM as the tool most appropriate for comparative DG risk assessments. The third report AP-R705-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Case Study Using DG-QRAM in the Australasian Context illustrates the stages of the comparative assessment, with incorporation of mitigation measures. The case study is a demonstration of the intent of the method that is detailed in the manual.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 13:51:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methodology for comparing dangerous goods risks in road tunnels to those on alternative routes: best practice review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is one of the three reports produced as part of a project undertaken to establish a comparative risk assessment method for assessing whether a tunnel route is safer than a surface route for the road transit of dangerous goods (DG) materials. This report reviews best international practice in road tunnel DG risk assessment and provides justification for the selection of a Dangerous Goods Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (DG-QRAM) as the tool most appropriate for comparative DG risk assessments. The second report AP-R704-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Manual for Using DG-QRAM in the Australasian Context provides background on the development, capabilities and limitations of the DG-QRAM tool as well as guidance as to how the DG-QRAM tool should be applied to road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. The third report AP-R705-24 Methodology for Comparing Dangerous Goods Risks in Road Tunnels to Those on Alternative Routes: Case Study Using DG-QRAM in the Australasian Context illustrates the stages of the comparative assessment, with incorporation of mitigation measures. The case study is a demonstration of the intent of the method that is detailed in the manual.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 13:51:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348529</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>International Comparison of Dangerous Goods Shipping Document Regulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes research carried out for Transport Canada (TC) involving an international scan of regulations that require a “shipping document” to accompany dangerous goods (DG) while they are being transported. DG are transported daily throughout Canada and globally by all modes. These shipments, totalling millions in Canada annually, have great potential for endangering life and damaging property and the environment. Accordingly, governments around the world have developed regulations governing all stages of DG transportation. A core feature of these regulations is the requirement that a shipping document containing specified information accompany DG during their transportation. This is to inform emergency services, in case of an accident, about the DG being transported and help determine the mitigation actions required. In Canada, the definition of the DG shipping document and the specification of its form and contents can be found in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations. Currently, TC is considering ways to modernize its DG shipping document regulations while maintaining safety. In 2020, TC launched a pilot to test the use of electronic DG shipping documents, aiming to understand whether changes in safety might be brought by using electronic documents. The research described here was carried out to inform TC on the DG shipping document regulations of other countries. A range of international DG shipping document practices was investigated with the intent to identify best practices and possible opportunities to modernize Canada’s DG shipping document regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2023 17:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>North American Crude Oil Movement: Pipeline vs. Railway Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[“What is the most responsible and sustainable way to move crude oil?” This is a delicate transportation question in North America – and one of great importance. Land-based movement of crude oil has increased over the past decade. Public concern over oil transportation has grown as well. Transportation systems, both railways and pipelines, are highly integrated on this continent. However, Canadian and U.S. circumstances are not quite the same. Experience in one is not necessarily applicable to the other, especially given somewhat different regulatory regimes. One unexplored aspect in comparing safety for crude oil is jurisdictional-related quantitative differences. That is the focus of this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2023 17:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent Legal Developments of Interest in the Transport of Petroleum Products by Rail in Comparison to the Transport of Petroleum Products by Pipeline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent years have seen a significant increase in the transportation of petroleum by rail. There are several factors for this, including new sources of production where pipelines are not present or lack capacity, stalled or abandoned pipeline projects, and higher demand for capacity. This paper presents a high-level retrospective analysis of topical industry and legal developments of interest to those involved with the transportation of petroleum products by rail and pipeline. It does not address the legal challenges and developments related to the construction (including replacements and expansions) of railways and pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2023 09:33:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108302</guid>
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