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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Quality Evaluation of Translation Ability Training for Logistics Management Talents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper firstly introduces the development logistics industry in recent years, and then analyzes the problems in the training of logistics management talents’ translation ability. It establishes a quality evaluation index system of logistics management talents’ translation ability training, and designs an evaluation method based on information entropy theory. It puts forward the western logistics management talents translation ability training strategy from the teaching program, teaching materials, teaching staff, teaching methods, assessment system and other aspects, and gives specific measures to propose targeted personnel training program in order to promote the western logistics management talents translation ability training work. The method presented in this paper can help to evaluate the quality of translation ability training for logistics management talents. And we give training strategy of international foreign language talents based on the computing case and the results analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:38:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Day-to-night image translation via transfer learning to keep semantic information for driving simulator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, autonomous driving technologies require robust perception performance through deep learning with huge data and annotations. To guarantee performance, perception accuracy should be robust even in nighttime. However, lots of perception technologies perform poorly with nighttime data. It is because most current datasets with annotation are composed of daytime scenes and there are few datasets for adverse conditions especially in nighttime. A massive cost of human resources and time is required to collect large amounts of data with annotation. To deal with the upper problem, many image translation methods by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are proposed to generate realistic synthetic data. However, there is a significant limitation in traditional image translation methods. It is that generated images are inconsistent on semantic information to their original images. To handle this limitation, the authors propose an image translation with applying transfer learning to keep semantic information. There are two steps to train the proposed network. First, the segmentation network is trained on the source domain, i.e., daytime. After that, the authors transfer the pretrained segmentation weights to the encoder of generator and retrain only the decoder of GANs for day-to-night image translation. Experimental results show that the proposed method can generate more semantic consistent nighttime images than traditional studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 09:34:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211812</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reliability of the Turkish version of the European Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening (EUROSAS) questionnaire for drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903734</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening (EUROSAS) questionnaire has been developed by the Driver License Committee of the European Union as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea in drivers. The questionnaire was translated into Turkish, and in this paper the authors assess the reliability of the Turkish version of EUROSAS. The questionnaire was subjected to a test and a re-test. Data were collected twice with a 15-day interval among 150 participants – 50 professional male drivers (PMDs), 50 non-professional male drivers (NPMDs), and 50 non-professional female drivers (NPFDs). The EUROSAS score ranges between 2 and 25, with scores greater than 10 indicating sleep apnea. The median EUROSAS scores in the first test were 8. Values in the re-test were 9.5 (PMD), 8.0 (NPMD), and 5.0 (NPFD), respectively. The EUROSAS score of greater than 10 was found among 34% in the first test and 50% in the re-test in PMDs, 34% against 24% in NPMDs, and 8% against 16% in NPFDs. There was a positive correlation between the two tests, but while the Turkish EUROSAS version is easy to understand, the reliability of the test and re-test is poor. The questionnaire needs further validation by sleep studies and tests of fitness-to-drive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903734</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aerospace and Ergonomic Methods for Ear Anthropometry Supported by Bulgarian Research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1750849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Translation into English has recently been completed for excerpts on ear and craniofacial anthropometry from an innovative, unpublished Bulgarian-language doctoral thesis written in 1986 by a plastic surgeon, M. M. Madzharov, MD-PhD; MD-SC. Most remarkable among the many benefits of the translation was revelation of heretofore unavailable text descriptions for 49 dimensions. Of these, 43 explain the titles and abbreviations with summary statistical data on ear measurements for young adults that were published in 1989 in the English language. Especially valuable among these data were four new and unique, long-axial ear lengths, all measured from a common ear landmark. These could locate “station planes” for cross-section views of human ears, similar to those for 3-D coordinate systems in aircraft and spacecraft fuselage engineering. Examples explaining the concepts and values of such a new approach to ear anthropometry are herein introduced, described and illustrated, together with previously recommended improvements in ear anthropometry notation and illustration, a virtual Ear Primary View Plane, a section plane through the ear long axis, newly introduced “semi-width” measurements extending perpendicular to the aforementioned section plane, new concepts of “view depths,” which are measured perpendicularly from the Ear Primary View Plane toward ear surfaces and a previously described three-axis aircraft motion analogy for defining static ear orientation. These innovative approaches are advocated for adoption by future researchers, designers of related hardware, modelers and standards developers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2021 15:25:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1750849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Translation Theories and Pragmatics – Analysis of Maritime and Legalese Language Based Examples</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Translators and interpreters need to rewrite or retell the essence of a message to be conveyed in a foreign language through cognitive grammar, implicatures, connotations and sometimes standardized phrases to bring out the full and true meaning in the translated work. The aim of this paper is to acquaint with the specificity of the translator's workshop, familiarization with the working framework for translations of implied meaning, theories of translation and elementary principles to be followed, so that, the reference meaning of the communicated content could impart pragmatic meaning. In view of the constraints of literal translation, special attention is given to linguistic aspects of pragmatics with regard to the conveyance of context sensitivity, precision, intentionality of the communicating sender, influence of the translator’s linguistic intuition and approach, and communicating receiver. Different approaches to translations and possible limitations are exemplified and explained with the use of Polish and English equivalents adopted from standard, maritime and legalese language.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2020 09:57:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672558</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>On the problem of constructing routes, Part I: Preface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a preface of the translation of the 1967 paper by Linis and Maksim, "On the problem of constructing routes" (in Russian) (in the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Aviation Engineering, Issue 102, pp. 36-45). It marks 50-year to the deficit function (DF) model initially developed in this 1967 work; the DF model then paved the way to further research of vehicle-fleet management in terms of optimal routing and scheduling. The merit of this translation is to describe the roots of the DF modelling to enable further studies to emerge with more contributions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2017 09:19:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Integrated Workload Scale – Translation and validation of a subjective workload scale</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Integrated Workload Scale (IWS) is a scale for the assessment of subjective workload in real-time that was specifically designed for use with train traffic controllers. The IWS has nine anchor points that describe the degree of workload – ranging from ‘not demanding’ to ‘work too demanding’ – and captures the multi-dimensionality of workload by incorporating items that reflect time, demand and effort. In this paper, we describe how we translated the IWS into Dutch and subsequently validated the translation by having English-language students, Dutch students and Dutch train traffic controllers rate the individual items of the IWS according to the amount of workload each item conveyed, on a scale ranging from 0 (‘no workload at all’) to 150 (‘complete overload’). A comparison between the ratings of the English and Dutch items showed no significant differences, suggesting that the English and Dutch versions of the IWS are perceived similarly. Moreover, a comparison between the Dutch students and train traffic controllers also showed no apparent differences in the items' ratings. Regression analyses showed a strong linear component reflecting that the items were roughly equidistant on the rating scale. In a final analysis, alternate translations were tested as possible substitutes for some of the original items, but were not considered to substantially improve the scale. In sum, the similarity of the Dutch IWS to the original IWS, as well as the fact that train traffic controllers and students gave similar ratings on the Dutch IWS, suggest that it is a robust and reliable tool for subjective workload assessment across different populations and that it can be reliably translated to other languages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 17:09:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standardization of Graphics for Service Information and Translation Expense Reduction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cost of human natural language translation of Service Information, Assembly Instructions, Training Materials, Operator Manuals and other similar documents is a major expense for manufacturers. One translation avoidance method involves replacing most of a document’s text with still and/or animated graphics. While the graphics with minimum text concept has savings potential, clarity of communication must be maintained for widespread application of this technique. The necessary clarity should be achieved if standards are established for the symbols and graphical conventions used.         This paper provides an example of a repair procedure documented using the graphics with minimum text paradigm, describes many of the anticipated standards and provides an update on the progress towards achieving a standard development project.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2017 16:57:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Peculiarities of Maritime Romanian Terminology and Some Implications for the Current Translation Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[English is widely regarded as having become the global language. Today it is used for many purposes and it is present  in  all  spheres  of  life.  English  is  the  language  of  technological  and  scientific  development,  trade,  maritime industry, media, etc. and it is widely used in everyday conversation as well. Technical vocabulary is most likely to accept foreign words and maritime language is not excluded from this influence. The present paper approaches a few issues related to the features of maritime Romanian terminology nowadays. The first section includes an outline of the representative corpus of terms established to point out the  main peculiarities of  maritime Romanian terminology, a terminology that is in a continuous process of modernization. From among the peculiarities, attention is also focused on term  formation,  assignment  term-concept  with  special  emphasis  on  Romanian  equivalents  and  adaptation  of Anglicisms, slang terms and expressions.  Mention has to be made that the maritime specialists’ tendency to combine maritime English with Romanian has given rise to the so called phenomenon of Romglish which is also tackled in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 09:59:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427165</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Linguistic Insight into the Notion of LSP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427164</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper sets to highlight some aspects of language for specific purposes. After a short overview of theories related  to  both Language for General  Purposes (LGP)  and  Language for Specific Purposes (LSP),  the authors  focus  on  some  of  the  linguistic  peculiarities  of  specialized  languages,  more specifically, on maritime language. The authors aim is to make an analysis of the main theories and debates upon the issue of specialized languages, as the number of articles and writings on the topic is tremendous. The authors also wish to make a brief presentation of the most important contributions in the domain of LSP. However, the authors have to admit that the list of authors and articles is much longer, so the authors had to make a selection, due to the editorial limitations of this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 09:59:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427164</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Naredbe na brodu nekad i danas: engleske i hrvatske</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lyons (1994) connects meaning and communication and asserts that the meaning cannot be theoretically clarified without its reliance on the language in use. Commands are expressions which impose, propose course of action or pattern of behaviour and indicate that it should be carried out. The feature of a good command is that it is short and completely nderstandable to anyone to whom it refers. In addition, it should be monosemic and precise. Comprehension and completion of orders is very important in maritime industry. There have been contrastively analysed 57 exclamatory sentences (commands) aboard vessel from the corpus of American popular 19th century novel (Dragojević, 2007). Namely, in novel Moby Dick (author Herman Melville), the commands of that time in English and their equivalents in Croatian (translators Z. Gorjan and J. Tabak, 1985) have been compared. The orders have been classified into various semantic groups. Literary translations deal with the spirit of both languages (English and Croatian) and their translations might be used in comprative linguistic stylistics. Thus, the stylistic features in the source language which cannot be rendered in the text of target language are evident, because they best reveal the proper peculiarities of a language (Bonačić, 1999). Technological advancement in seafaring is evident in the language of orders. At the time of sailing vessels, the Master had to order to his lower officers which rope had to be tightened or loosened. (Stolac, 1998) The errors might have led to a disaster. Today, IMO prescribes standard steering and engine orders. This paper gives the comparison of Moby Dick novel orders and those ones in use today, both in English (source language) and Croatian (target language).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2016 15:02:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SMCP Development for Pilotage and Tug Assistance in the Light of Diffusion of Innovations Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is based in part on an earlier publication on SMCP development, but includes new chapters on sociolinguistic and cultural issues arising during pilot’s taking the vessel into/out of harbour with tug assistance. In this case the multinational, multilingual and multicultural bridge team is further extended onto pilot/s communicating with the tug master(s). A request has been made by the IFSMA2 to provide shipmasters with a set of phrases for pilots and tug masters in their working language - English - to be used during manoeuvring, since the existing Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) have not been considered elaborate enough for the operation. Maritime English lecturers twinned with maritime professionals have provided a set of appropriate phrases and exercises to help students/ trainees adopt them, as the conclusion of the 2014 seminar organized by G.A.M.E. - Gesellschaft für Ausbildung in Maritimem Englisch (German Association for Maritime English) with the seat at Bremen University of Applied Sciences, Nautical Department, in order to meet the requirements from the maritime industry. A sociolinguistic and cultural issue has arisen as a result of the IFSMA’s invitation to G.A.M.E for a further development of the SMCP Pilotage and Tug Assistance Phrases and for presentation of the newly developed phrases for assessment to the IMO as a most influential safety factor. It would be a great benefit for shipmasters worldwide who regularly find themselves in situations when they cannot follow the pilot’s communication with the tug master(s) because it is carried out in a local language and the pilot, due to being involved in communication with several external parties, is often not in the position to translate the communication for the ship’s master due to the shortage of time. This intention of the IFSMA has met an overt disagreement by the pilot representatives taking part in the activities of the 2014 G.A.M.E. seminar and previously by the EMPA as their association. Therefore, following the approach starting from Rogers’ Diffusion of innovations theory (1960), revised later by Clarke (1999) and Orr (2003), is proposed here to present the stages through which a technological innovation, this extension of SMCP being rightfully considered one, passes on its way to successful adoption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2016 09:21:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Insights into specialized translation. The case of maritime texts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper intends to raise awareness on the important role played by globalization in the production and perception of language, as well as the changes brought to the status of English as an international lingua franca. The emergence of the new branch of Translation Studies, namely LSP translation, draws attention towards an imminent search for standardization of terminology. For this purpose, the corpus-based approach suggested in the paper attempts to highlight the recurrent problems encountered at a lexical and terminological level in different stages of a translation project involving an institutional text.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2014 17:19:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On nominalization in maritime discourse</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A very common syntactic phenomenon of specialized discourse is nominalization. Reliance on nominalization can be explained as a search for greater conciseness of expression, the information conveyed in a concise, direct, condensed form having a greater impact upon the reader. Thus, in maritime discourse a great amount of semantic and syntactic information is compressed into a highly compact form, i.e. nominal compounds, compound nominal phrases or complex nominal groups. The purpose of the present approach is to enlarge upon the concept of nominalization and its productivity in maritime discourse.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2014 17:19:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Dula Dangerous Driving Index in China: An investigation of reliability and validity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1291063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to translate the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) into Chinese and to verify its reliability and validity. A total of 246 drivers completed the Chinese version of the DDDI and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). Specific sociodemographic variables and traffic violations were also measured. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the internal structure of the DDDI, and the four-factor model was supported in China. Measures of convergent and criterion validity demonstrated that the Chinese DDDI was valid. Its convergent validity was supported by its positive relationship with the DBQ, and its criterion validity was tested using its relationship with self-reported accident involvement and traffic violations. Finally, score comparisons between different demographic groups revealed significant differences, thereby linking age and driving years to dangerous driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 2014 16:13:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1291063</guid>
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