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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Comparison of the Human Transcriptional Response to Three Hypoxic Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2166325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hypoxia awareness training is a standard facet of military aviator training that is performed to familiarize aviators with the symptoms of hypoxia. The three most common training devices are the hypobaric altitude chamber (AC), the normobaric reduced oxygen breathing device (ROBD), and the normobaric reduced oxygen breathing environment (ROBE). The AC creates hypoxic conditions using reduced atmospheric pressure. The ROBD and ROBE create normobaric hypoxic conditions by supplying a controlled reduced-oxygen gas mixture to trainees who don an aviation-style breathing mask or occupy a sealed chamber, respectively. To determine if differences in the transcriptional response to each of these training devices exist, blood ribonucleic acid (RNA) samples from ten volunteer participants were analyzed by microarray. The resulting gene expression measures were screened for significant changes across time points within and across device runs. Few genes were significant in these comparisons; the most significant differences between timepoints were observed in small nucleolar RNAs and noncoding RNAs, as well as one microRNA and one transfer RNA. The transcriptional response to each training device differs slightly as determined by differences in transcription between time points. However, the role of these transcriptional changes is unclear, as little information exists as to their function or role in the hypoxic response. As all the examined methods induced hypoxic symptoms, and very little difference was observed in gene expression between methods, this limited study did not detect the presence of substantial differences between hypoxia awareness training devices. Future studies using more sensitive sequencing-based gene expression analysis techniques and larger sample sizes may improve the detection of transcriptional differences induced by each training device.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 09:26:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2166325</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparison of the Human Transcriptional Response to Three Hypoxic Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hypoxia training is a standard facet of military aviator training, performed to familiarize airmen with the symptoms of hypoxia.  The three most common devices used for this training are the hypobaric altitude chamber (AC) or the normobaric restricted oxygen breathing device (ROBD) and restricted oxygen breathing environment (ROBE).  The AC creates hypoxic conditions by means of reduced atmospheric pressure. The ROBD and ROBE create normobaric hypoxic conditions by supplying a controlled reduced-oxygen gas mixture to trainees who don an aviation-style breathing mask or occupy a sealed chamber, respectively. In order to determine if differences in the transcriptional response to each of these training devices exist, blood RNA from ten volunteer subjects was analyzed by microarray, and resulting gene expression measures were screened for significant changes across timepoints within and across device runs. Few genes were significant in these comparisons, most significant differences between timepoints were in small nucleolar RNAs and non-coding RNAs, as well as one microRNA and transfer RNA.  As unique genes were changed by each device, the transcriptional response to each device does differ slightly. However, the role of these transcriptional changes is unclear, as little information exists as to their function or role in the hypoxic response.  As all of the examined devices induce hypoxic symptoms, and very little difference was observed in gene expression within devices, this limited study did not detect the presence of substantial differences between hypoxia training devices. Future studies utilizing more sensitive sequencing-based gene expression analysis techniques may improve detection of transcriptional differences induced by each device.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2022 16:03:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083615</guid>
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      <title>Effectiveness of Personal Computers to Meet Recency of Experience Requirements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1883843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of Personal Computer Aviation Training Devises (PCATDs) and Flight Training Devices (FTDs) to meet FAA recency of experience requirements for instrument flight. Two types of training devices were tested: 1) an FAA approved PCATD; and 2) a Frasca 141 FTD. An Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC) was given to all subjects in the airplane to establish a performance baseline (IPC #1). After the completion of IPC #1 in the airplane, the subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the PCATD, the FTD, the aircraft or the control group with a balancing constraint so that the subjects successfully completing IPC #1 were equally distributed among the four groups. During the six-month period, each subject received two recency of experience flights of about 1.8 hours each in either the PCATD, the FTD or the aircraft; the control group received no recency training. These recency of experience flights included three instrument approaches, holding procedures, and intercepting and tracking navigation radials and courses. After the six-month period, performance on an IPC in the airplane (IPC #2) compared pilots who received recency of experience in the training devices to a control group. The subjects in the PCATD and FTD group were also compared to the aircraft group who received recency of experience in the airplane. A comparison of the three training groups with the control group performance on the final instrument proficiency check indicated that the training groups performed significantly better than the control group. The study also indicated that PCATDs are effective in maintaining recency of experience for instrument rated pilots over a period of six months. The two recency of experience practice sessions resulted in significantly better performance for the PCATD group on an IPC compared to the control group. Practice in either the PCATD or the FTD resulted in higher pass rates compared to the control group and practice in the PCATD and the FTD was found to be at least as effective as practice in the airplane. Finally, the performance of the PCATD group was statistically indistinguishable from the FTD group. These findings present compelling evidence that the FAA should permit the use of PCATDs to maintain recency of experience for instrument pilots.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 17 Oct 2021 17:23:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1883843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Augmented Reality Technology’s Impact on Speed of Learning and Task Performance in Aeronautical Engineering Technology Education</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1861677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study compared learning and skill transfer among university aviation students using interactive Augmented Reality (AR) technology versus traditional paper-based instruction. While similar AR use and research in university education exists, this study piloted a comparative method assessing knowledge retention and transfer.  AR technology is a popular tool used in technical education. But learner behaviors observed like game play and exploration during this study could impact future learning strategy design as AR use increases.  36 university undergraduate students enrolled in a university aeronautical engineering technology program were divided into AR and paper-based groups and compared on first-time task execution times for starting an aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU). A two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test comparing times for task completion was used.  Learner task times using AR were consistently faster, replicating similar AR studies, compared to learners using paper-based. However, AR test subjects also took longer interacting with the technology, including gaming-style “play” and exploration of the digital twin AR flight deck environment. This is believed to enhance learner innovation, knowledge retention and transfer, warranting further study.  AR users had significantly reduced task execution times. Pre-task “gamification and play” were also observed among the AR users, which could impact how educators and the industry assess and leverage learning strategies when using AR for job task training.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Oct 2021 09:22:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1861677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digitalizing the Full Documents of Deck Log Book of Sail Training Ship “Kaiwo Maru I” and a Study for the Usage of the Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Sail Training Ship “Kaiwo Maru I” was built in 1930 and retired in 1989. After her retiring, she was moored at Fushiki-Toyama port and permanent preservation of her was decided. Afterward, events such as full-sail exhibition or maritime educational program have been held. And, many ship’s documents, such as Deck log book, Engine log book, Radio log book, some construction documents and so on, have been preserved in the ship. These documents are historical heritage for the field of navigation, shipbuilding, maritime education and so on. So, the authors tried to create the digital archives of Deck log book. First, the authors took pictures of the log Book, which had been written at every day for about sixty years and one booklet for one month, by the digital camera. Secondary, the authors made a list of the booklet of the log Book. Next, the authors had actual-finding investigation of “Maiden oceangoing voyage to Truck islands”, “Challenging voyage to Bering sea” and “Training voyage at Pacific War”. These investigations find out the possibilities of some maritime education effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:45:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LTE Radio Field Intensity Investigation for Improving Multipath Communication at Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, a great deal of attention has been focused on marine engineering research involving the combination of information technology and communication technology, leading to the development of applications such as remote maneuvering. Wireless communication properties (e.g., stability, speed, low latency, and available location) are important factors for the performance of these applications. However, the quality of these properties on the open sea is unclear. In this paper, the authors investigated the received signal strength and transmission speed for each LTE band at sea in order to design a multipath controlled maritime wireless communication system. The authors developed a device that can measure the received LTE signal strength for each band and installed it on the compass deck of the training ship “Shioji-maru”. Using the measured data, the authors investigated the distribution of received signal strength for LTE bands 1, 3, and 19, as well as the difference of transmission speed in each band in Tokyo Bay and off the coast of Tateyama. These results have the potential to be used for the selection of the LTE band for optimal communication performance at a given position and the form of line aggregation that can satisfy the communication performance required by the application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2020 10:15:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Independent training alternative : as a follow-on to the author's article, "Better Tech for Training" in the last issue, Vertiflite looks at training solutions providers who are developing simulator packaging on their own without the input of the OEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:14:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Better tech for training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rotorcraft pilot and mechanics training has for years taken a back seat to the fixed-wing in the use of advanced technology. Not anymore.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 2019 11:18:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AR and VR suggest a new reality : augmented and virtual reality technologies have considerable potential, but more development is needed before they can be used routinely in the field</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1651949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2019 16:42:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1651949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern day marvels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1586316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cabin crew training has traditionally been provided using classroom instruction, on-aircraft and with part-task trainers. But airlines and service providers are increasingly looking at mobile devices, interactive, virtual and augmented-reality solutions. Emma Kelly reports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2019 15:57:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1586316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flight simulation devices in pilot air training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article deals with issues related to the use of flight simulation devices in pilot training. It also discusses the regulations included in the legislation defining the scope of simulator use in flight training processes for particular aviation ratings. In addition, the methods for using flight simulation devices in pilot training and practical training processes are presented, taking into consideration civil and military aviation applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jul 2018 09:22:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VR will be the new normal, says IATA : airports, airlines, and other stakeholders recognise the potential of virtual reality for training their staff</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 May 2018 16:40:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual reality new tool for technician training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2018 11:35:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Educational Effect of Tall Ship Training―Using the Positive Memories of People with Experience of Joining Tall Ship Training Course</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1440782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a pre-survey to tall ship training, the captioned survey collects data in the questionnaires completed by 155 people with experience of joining tall ship training course and thus analyze the educational effects of the tall ship training course accordingly. This analysis is also conducted by the focusing on the words appearing repeatedly in the questionnaire and further study the meaning and educational effects stemming from the mentioned words. Basically, the authors can find below words frequently appearing in the questionnaires, that is, nature, training, experience, oversea, tall ship, navigation, funny, memory, works and friends. However, the word “nature” draws our attentions since it is often mentioned by the different terms in the questionnaires, such as “respects to natures”. The captioned outcome also supports the ideas what the tall ship training course always reiterates until now.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 09:37:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1440782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Next-generation flight operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Operations nexus : industry cultivates the seeds of connectivity, surveillance and visual immersion -- On track : airline tracking options increase -- Helping hands : crowdsourced information could soon fill voids in the weather grid -- Bionic eyes : head-up displays evolve into head-worn devices -- Games for gain : virtual scenarios for maintenance, repair and overhaul training keep aircraft flying.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2016 14:02:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400723</guid>
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