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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Vulnerability Assessment of International Container Shipping Networks under National-Level Restriction Policies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops a systematic methodology to assess the vulnerability of International Container Shipping Networks (ICSNs) amid national-level restriction policies potentially caused by the increasing international trade disputes and health crises. It designed a holistic vulnerability assessment framework that explores the impact of two disruption scenarios—direct and complete trade restrictions, which incorporates new measures of vulnerability and centrality to evaluate a country's susceptibility to international restrictions and its impact on other countries' ICSNs. Subsequently, correlation and dependence analyses are conducted to explore relationships between vulnerability/centrality and eight international network characteristics, identifying key factors. Finally, an enhanced k-means algorithm classifies the impact degrees of various countries' restrictive policies on a country of interest, and examines the effects of both partial and collective disruptions of identified critical countries. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness in revealing the varied impacts of different restrictive policies on distinct performance metrics, identifying critical factors that influence vulnerability and centrality, and precisely classifying different countries’ restriction impacts to help identify key influential countries. These insights not only deepen understanding of ICSNs under national-level disruptions but also aid in optimizing international shipping from an operational perspective and providing strategic guidance for proactive disruption management from a preventative standpoint.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:35:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EU's “three-in-seven” road haulage cabotage rule – Impact imbalances across member states and the geography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road cabotage within the EU, as a share of domestic transport of goods, varies greatly across member states. This can partly be attributed to EU's regime for consecutive cabotage. In addition to economic factors that reflect incomplete market integration, spatial factors appear to affect the impact of the current regime. The impact seems stronger for geographically large and centrally located countries with interregional homogeneity in trade. This may reflect that foreign hauliers under such conditions can utilize the characteristics of their standardized long-range trucks better, or because the likelihood of successfully fixing three favourable long-distance cabotage assignments within the seven days limit increases. Potential amendments to regulations in order to equalize the impact of EU's consecutive cabotage regime across member states' spatial characteristics include removing the limits to the number of trips within the seven days' time frame or shortening the time frame for carrying out the current maximum of three trips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2024 09:07:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440463</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of Sunday Trade Ban on Traffic Volumes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of the analysis of the impact of the trade ban on Sundays into the daily traffic volumes on weekend days on the road network of the medium Polish city are presented in this paper. The analyzes were carried out on the basis of data collected by the local ITS system, on traffic volumes counted in a continuous mode. Comparison of the results of traffic volume counts for the whole 2018 year, in which every two Sundays per month were indicated as allowed for trade, enabled a large research sample to determine changes in these volumes. The presented data may provide guidance for future activities in the field of planning and organizing road transport on weekend days, as well as enable determination of the impact of trade restrictions on transport pollution and environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 09:28:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the impacts of Sunday trading restrictions on urban public transport: An example of a big city in central Poland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper evaluates the temporal and spatial variability of the use of city public transport resulting from statutory Sunday trading restrictions and the COVID-19 pandemic as exemplified by Łódź, a big city in central Poland. Data on the number of tickets validated in urban public transport vehicles is provided in three forms. The first one presents the number of validations in all vehicles in an hourly distribution, the second one shows the number of validations according to individual tram and bus lines, while the third one gives information on the number of validated tickets assigned to a tram/bus stop within the range of which the validation was made. The outcomes from the conducted research show an increased fluctuation in public transport load on Sundays depending on whether it was possible to conduct all types of commercial activity. This variability is observed to a much lesser extent in the presence of other mobility constraints (the pandemic situation). A spatial shift in mobility towards the periphery and inter-district connections is also observed, which may indicate changes in travel destinations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2023 15:59:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211691</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The evolution of Cuba's air transport network in the Embargo Era: 1967–2017</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beginning in 1961 the United States government enacted a series of laws that embargoed, or prohibited, trade and travel between the U.S. and Cuba. Because of these actions, from 1962 until August 2016 there were no regularly scheduled commercial flights between the United States and Cuba. With improvement in relations under the Obama administration, U.S. airlines were given the green light to resume such operations. This renewed relationship has created an opportunity to examine the changes in Cuba's air transport network during the first 50 years of the embargo. This paper examines the evolution of Cuba's air transport network after losing connectivity with the U.S., and attempts to establish a baseline for future research that evaluates the air network changes resulting from regained U.S. connectivity. The paper hypothesizes that the U.S. embargo inadvertently helped create a broader air transport network for Cuba because the island was forced to seek new alliances and sources of revenue. This hypothesis is evaluated by reconstructing Cuba's air transport network using historical airline schedules between 1967 and 2017, and analyzing changes in air transport links, gateway access, and capacity. Results point to a more restricted air transport network up until the collapse of the Soviet Union; and a period of development characterized by a wider international reach, deeper penetration at home, and the internationalization of Cuba's capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:27:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Software for the Application of the Restriction Assessment Methodology in Logistics Chains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents a methodology for evaluating restrictions in logistics chains using intermodal transport. Based on scientific methods and consultations with experts, the methodology determines a set of potential limitations in the logistics chain and makes it possible to compare different variants of the implementation of logistics chains. Based on the definition of conditions, the methodology allows the selection of a suitable variant of the logistics chain with emphasis on the specific conditions of the evaluator. The methodology is processed in the form of a software tool, which allows its wide application in practice in the planning and selection of a suitable variant of the logistics chain with the entry of specific conditions. Logistics operators, forwarders, carriers, shippers or other entities, can use the methodology for logistics chain planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2021 17:22:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Obligation to Provide Air Travel in the Covid-19 Era (A European Perspective)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846315</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper takes the reader on a circular journey. The setting is the European Union with the primary focus exploring the “vital” need for transport and mobility, specifically the obligation to ensure the provision of air transport services.  Historical contextualization is firstly provided, which reveals a background of State protectionism in the field of aviation, including the use of subsidies to national airlines.  The internal liberalization of the market through a series of packages is then considered. The key emphasis of this research is to investigate the Public Service Obligation (PSO) mechanism – which includes a case study as applied to cross-border PSO use.  The latter part of the paper discusses the Covid-19 pandemic – the consequences and implications to airlines, passengers, and national governments are all discussed.  This includes the restrictions to individual movement and the impact to airline businesses.  In this current environment and a post Covid-19 world, the research concludes that there will be an increased need to support airlines through bailouts and that there is a likelihood that more routes will necessitate the use of PSOs.  However, recognition is also given to the fact that this potentially will risk a return to an anti-competitive environment, and to the liberalized internal market itself.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 2021 09:42:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846315</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decision of the International Court of Justice on the Qatar Issue and the ICAO Council</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In June 2017, Qatari aircraft were banned from the skies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.  Those States, joined by Bahrain and Egypt, alleged that Qatar posed a security threat in its alleged support of Islamic militants linked to Iran.  Qatar petitioned ICAO for relief, claiming that the restrictions imposed by those States violated their obligations under the Chicago Convention.  The States argued that the Council had no jurisdiction to hear the dispute because the issue went beyond the scope of the Convention.  The Council rejected the claim and held it had jurisdiction to hear the issue.  The States appealed to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), claiming the Council’s decision that it had jurisdiction to hear Qatar’s petition was wrong.  The ICJ has now ruled that the Council was right, leaving the petition to be heard in substance by the Council.  This article picks up from the author’s previous paper for this journal, penned shortly after the matter came to light.  It analyzes the ICJ opinion in detail, in particular the claim that the ICAO Council had failed to “act judicially,” and whether the Council is, in fact, a judicial institution in the proper sense of that term.  It also discusses the appropriateness of the substance of the dispute for determination by the Council and makes suggestions as to how the Council should proceed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 2021 09:42:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding maritime transport route choice among Irish exporters: A latent class approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reduction in the level of maritime connectivity between Ireland and mainland Europe has been the focus of concern for Irish exporters since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union in January 2019. In a post-Brexit scenario, new proposals are being sought to address Ireland's reliance on the UK land-bridge. Policy developments aimed at circumventing the potential negative impact of UK customs checks for Irish exports include the proposals by the European Commission to introduce new direct shipping routes connecting main ports in Ireland with Zeebrugge and Antwerp in Belgium, as well as with Rotterdam in the Netherlands. From a transport policy perspective, finding alternatives to Ireland's reliance on the land bridge over Britain is a strategic priority. A better understanding of shippers' route preferences from Ireland to continental Europe is an important aspect in the formulation and assessment of future policies on freight transport. The objective of this paper is precisely to contribute to this by providing an analysis of route choice behaviour from the perspective of the shipper. The paper presents an analysis of non-observable heterogeneity from the estimation of a Latent Class Model (LCM). Using data from an efficient stated preference (SP) experiment undertaken to model route choice between Ireland and continental Europe, results from this paper provide an understanding of the effects that the main transport attributes such as cost and transit time have within identified Irish shipper segments. The paper contributes to transport policy by offering a strategically relevant insight into the demand side for maritime transport services in Ireland.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Mar 2021 11:13:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Contagion risk between the shipping freight and stock markets: Evidence from the recent US-China trade war</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1692142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper employs the tri-variate Markov regime-switching (MRS) copula model to investigate the dynamic dependence between the shipping freight and stock markets. Stronger contemporaneous and bidirectional lead-lag relationships between the two markets are detected in the contagion regime, which, however, are weaker in the normal regime. Compared with the Chinese stock market, the US stock market can affect and be affected by the shipping freight market in a more sensitive manner. Additionally, contagion risk between the two markets increases in most cases due to a decrease in the volume of the US-China trade. The results have important implications for market prediction and risk management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2020 09:11:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1692142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Purchase Restriction Policy on Car Ownership in China’s Four Major Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the improvement of living standards, the demand for residents’ travel has grown rapidly. At present, China has surpassed the U.S. to become the world’s largest vehicle sales country. By the end of 2018, there had been over 200 million private passenger cars in China. Meanwhile, the increase in the number of cars has also brought a series of other problems: energy consumption, air pollution, traffic congestion, etc. Therefore, some first-tier cities have successively introduced motor vehicle purchase restriction policies to constrain the surge of local private cars. However, existing researches have overemphasized the factors that promote the development of China’s motor vehicle market and ignored the importance of the purchase restriction policies. In this study, policies in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are introduced, and their impacts on local private passenger car stock are analyzed. The results indicate that purchase restriction policies kept the car ownership per thousand people in these cities in a relatively stable level with growing economy. Therefore, as the number of cities with restriction policies increases, it is necessary to take those policies into consideration in the forecast of possession. Meanwhile, the local governments should still think over policy contents from more aspects, like number of issued plates every year, special measures for new energy vehicles, and travel demand of residents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2020 15:54:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Congress 2017: A Noisy Hall with a Nightly Brawl</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460778</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article summarizes issues affecting the rail industry to be addressed in the 2017 Congress. The topics highlighted include: investment in rail infrastructure; trade barriers; tax policy; the Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA); competitive equity; the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA); and the Surface Transportation Board (STB).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2017 09:45:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460778</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Global Trade Creation, Trade Diversion, and Economic Impacts from Changing Global Transport Costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the complex political and economic trade environment, the generalized costs of transportation still play an important role in determining trade patterns. This paper analyzes how global trade patterns would simultaneously change as a result of new global transportation costs and for which countries the new patterns of global trade would be beneficial or detrimental. A random utility-based multiregion input–output model helps quantify the size of the impacts, identify the countries and sectors that would gain or lose the most, and explain the change in trade patterns that would create these impacts. Results suggest that Canada is most susceptible to negative economic impacts caused by decreases in global transportation costs, mainly because of its important trade relationship with the United States. Canada’s economy benefits from its proximity to the United States, but as transportation costs decrease, this proximity becomes less relevant as the United States increasingly trades with more distant countries. The United States suffers the same susceptibility to negative economic impacts with decreases in global transportation costs, but to a larger absolute (smaller relative) extent. However, global transportation cost reductions are especially beneficial to Japan, China, and South Korea, which absorb much of the trade diverted away from the United States and Canada.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2016 08:38:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crude Oil Export Restrictions: Studies Suggest Allowing Exports Could Reduce Consumer Fuel Prices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After decades of generally falling U.S. crude oil production, technological advances in the extraction of crude oil from shale formations have contributed to increases in U.S. production. In response to these and other market developments, some have proposed removing the four decade old restrictions on crude oil exports, underscoring the need to understand how allowing crude oil exports could affect crude oil prices, and the prices of consumer fuels refined from crude oil, such as gasoline and diesel. This testimony by Frank Rusco, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, discusses what is known about the pricing and other key potential implications of removing crude oil export restrictions. It is based on the Government Accountability Office's (GAO’s) September 2014 report (GAO-14-807), and information on crude oil production and prices updated in June 2015. For that report, GAO reviewed four studies issued in 2014 on crude oil exports; including two sponsored by industry and conducted by consultants, one sponsored by a research organization and conducted by consultants, and one conducted at a research organization. Market conditions have changed since these studies were conducted, underscoring some uncertainties surrounding estimates of potential implications of removing crude oil export restrictions. For its 2014 report, GAO also summarized the views of a nongeneralizable sample of 17 stakeholders including representatives of companies and interest groups with a stake in the outcome of decisions regarding crude oil export restrictions, as well as academic, industry, and other experts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2015 09:37:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Quotas on Turkish Foreign Trade: A Gravity Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1342313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Turkey's role as a world trade participant has grown in recent years, particularly as the country is capitalizing more on its unique geopolitical position. Given the important trade volume and rooted relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU), their trade and economic relations should be paid due attention and steps should be taken to further improve these relations. Turkey is the biggest economy in a Customs Union (CU) with EU but not in EU, along with Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino. When it joined the CU in 1996, Turkey has removed all customs duties and equivalent charges as well as quantitative restrictions. However some EU countries imposes quota limits to the Turkish road transporters that may indirectly restricts the trade between Turkey and the related country. In this study, the authors investigate the effect of road transport quotas on Turkish foreign trade with EU countries. A gravity model that is estimated with panel data from 18 selected EU countries between 2005 and 2012 is used for this purpose. Furthermore, as one of the leading sectors using road transportation for Turkey's export to EU countries, textile sector is analyzed as a case study. The results indicate that quotas have significant effects on Turkish total exports via road transport as well as the Turkish textile exports to EU countries. The estimated amount of the loss of the exports of Turkey to the selected countries in analyzed time period is 10.6 billion dollars in Turkey's total exports via road transport, and 5.65 billion dollars in Turkey's total textile exports. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quota limitations are against CU regulations because they do not limit not on the road transportation but also the trade between parties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2015 09:53:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1342313</guid>
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