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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Research on Electromagnetic Interference Identification of Track Circuit Equipment Based on CNN Transformer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a track circuit interference identification model, which combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformer architecture to identify common types of electromagnetic interference in track circuit equipment. The model maps the time-frequency characteristics of the input monitoring signal into high-dimensional features through the deep learning model, and classifies the interference modes. Subsequently, a variety of common interference signals are generated for experimental verification, and the proposed model performs well on the test data. Ablation experiments show that the combination of convolutional neural network and attention mechanism can effectively improve the classification performance of interference.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 09:10:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Noise Immunity of Audio Frequency Track Circuits Using Neural Networks and Data Classification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Track circuits are key elements of railway automation systems, and train safety depends on their reliable operation. During the operation, they are exposed to numerous noises. The article considers a method to improve noise immunity of audio frequency track circuits (AFTC) so that the influence of noise can be reduced by opening the transmission path at the input of a track receiver in the intervals between signal current pulses. It allows to increase the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of a track receiver from 10% to 30%, depending on the noise parameters and the useful signal level. To eliminate noise in the intervals between pulses of the useful signal more effectively, a method of adaptive delay line control is proposed, which will allow to correct adaptively the interval of opening the transmission path, adjusting it to the parameters of the AFTC: the length of the rail line, the carrier frequency of the signal, the insulation resistance and the frequency of the modulating signal. A series of studies was conducted using simulation; according to the results of the studies, a database was created with tables of concordance of the values of the AFTC operation parameters with the signal transmission time. Once the data classification problem was solved, the optimal model structure based on neural networks was chosen, which implements the adaptive delay line control method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2024 13:08:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Electromagnetic Impact of High-Power Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor on Track Circuit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The high-power direct drive permanent magnet synchronous motor (DD-PMSM) has become a hotspot because of its excellent performance compared to the asynchronous motor. Due to limitations like suspension structure and field clearance, the bottom of the windings is closer to the rail surface in a direct drive system under the same power load, which causes more disturbance energy coupling into the track circuit equipment in the form of magnetic field radiation than that of the asynchronous motor. Therefore, it may cause a wrong decision on track occupancy if the disturbance falls into the sensitive frequency band, leading to signaling failure. This paper first studied the magnetic field radiation from DD-PMSM and its influence on adjacent devices and determined the disturbance coupling path between the motor and the track circuit. Next, the calculation and analysis are accomplished on the radiated magnetic field and electromotive force disturbance. Then the FEM model is established for simulation and verification. Finally, engineering verification is carried out by the field test data to prove the validity of the theoretical model. This research helps to improve the EMC of locomotive and signaling systems, as well as mitigate signaling faults and safety risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2024 11:59:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Interlocking Devices in a Cloud Computing Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors report on their study and proposal for interlocking devices in a cloud computing environment. This proposal realizes resilience, reduces time and cost of replacement, and provides interlocking processes as a service. The proposed system has the feature of processing interlocking logics of different stations independently. Furthermore, the proposed system has three layers: terminal devices to interface track circuits, signals, and switches, etc., logic units to process interlocking logics, and controllers to assign the interlocking table to logic units. The authors defined the specifications for terminal devices, logic units and controllers, and verified them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Oct 2024 09:04:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Method and Analysis of Improving the Transport Capacity of Mixed Running Line Based on Incremental Adaptive Dynamic Coding of Track Circuit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The common-line operation of trains with different speed levels can significantly reduce the transport capacity of the line, so improving the transport capacity of the mixed running line has become a continuous research topic. China has successfully solved the problem of mixed running of passenger trains (fast) and freight trains (slow) on the same line affecting transportation capacity through the use of signal three-aspect and four-aspect technologies on the ordinary speed railway. This manuscript aims to reduce the impact of mixed running of trains at different speed levels on the transportation capacity of high-speed lines by changing the railway signaling system. A novel Incremental Track Circuit Adaptive Dynamic Coding method (I-TCADC) is proposed. This method adds Object-oriented Track Circuit Coding (OTCC) function, using different codes for trains with speed levels of 350km/h and 250km/h. OTCC can effectively shorten the tracking interval distance of mixed trains and improve the transportation capacity of mixed running lines. This manuscript explains the principle of improving the transport capacity of the mixed running line and verifies efficiency by establishing the cellular automata model of train tracking operation. Taking Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway as an example, compare the transport capacity before and after adopting this method by the deduction coefficient method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:43:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation on RFID-odometer-based localization of an automated shunting vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2322821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous information on the current location of a vehicle in its infrastructure is essential for automated driving. However, industrial railways and shunting operations may entail boundary conditions which are not suitable for widespread satellite-based positioning. Hence, this paper presents a positioning system, based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) and odometer, which was developed and tested on an automated road-rail vehicle for shunting at low velocities. The achieved accuracy for discrete positioning with RFID was estimated at 0.22 m. In quasi-continuous positioning between consecutive RFID tags, the odometer exhibited an error of −2.2% to 0.7% of travelled distance depending on the investigated stationary driving states and sensor data evaluation. Apart from enhancement potentials for the RFID system, the results also indicated the odometer to be prone to the shunting vehicle dynamics when the rotation of its rail wheels is measured. Furthermore, the shunting vehicle appears to run constantly with a notable lateral displacement even on straight tracks due to the property of its running gear, causing a systematic underestimation of the travelled distance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2024 09:25:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2322821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual Block Track Circuit Assessment Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (MxV Rail), in collaboration with a railroad technical advisory group (TAG), through Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)-funded research and proof-of-concept field testing with a supplier’s equipment, found that a Virtual Block Track Circuit (VBTC) concept has the potential to reduce train headways and increase rail network capacity. The VBTC concept uses track circuit-based detection methods to divide conventional physical signal blocks into multiple virtual blocks, without adding wayside devices at virtual block boundaries or modifying the current Positive Train Control (PTC) onboard system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 17 Dec 2023 17:01:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Multi-dimensional Health Index Calculation Algorithm for ZPW-2000A Track Circuit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the complexity of the ZPW-2000A track circuit system, A multi-dimensional health index calculation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm consists of two parts. One is to calculate a health index based on RAMS, which selects 4 quantitative indicators, and the other is to calculate another health index based on data stored in centralized monitoring system, which extracts a total of 10 time domain and frequency domain features. Finally, the entropy weight method is used to assign the weights for two health indexes to calculate the final comprehensive health index. The algorithm can effectively simulate the trend of track circuit health condition, which verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 2023 09:38:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114702</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adaptive Fault Diagnosis System for Railway Track Circuits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway track circuits is an important device of the train control system. Track circuits should realize the occupation detection of train on the track. However, failure of track circuit is unavoidable and disruptive, especially in the main lines in China. To realize the fault detection and diagnosis of track circuit, the paper proposed a hybrid method combining the model-based approach and the pattern recognition approach. The model-based approach is used to acquire the normal data and faulty data based on the multi-track model. The pattern recognition approach is used to extract fault features from the simulation data and build the fault diagnosis system. In the final, a test rig containing track circuit and condition monitoring system is built to carry out the fault diagnosis test. According to the test results, it shows that the proposed method can achieve the fault diagnosis accuracy up to 98% and fault diagnosis time within 15 s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2023 16:59:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault Diagnosis of Impedance Match Bond in High-Speed Railway Concerning Risk Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-speed railway stations adopt track circuits equipped with impedance match bonds to effectively suppress the interference of unbalanced traction currents on the signaling system. Concerning the harsh working environment of the impedance match bonds, the present manual experience method for trouble shoot will inevitably affect the operation efficiency and safety. Under this background, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method considering the impact of hidden risks on railway safety. This novel method is based on the risk assessment of different hazards to define the types of safety-related faults, selects the radial basis function kernel to establish a support vector machine prediction model, and optimizes the parameters through the differential evolution algorithm. Further, making use of the characteristic under different working scenarios of equipment in data processing, the fault diagnosis of the impedance match bonds is designed. The verification results based on measured data demonstrate that the high-risk fault diagnosis integrated model proposed in this paper can achieve 100% prediction accuracy under the given data set, realize accurate fault identification, and is helpful for safety maintenance and risk management of high-speed railway systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2023 16:59:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Approbation of the State of Track Circuit Data Processing Method in Intelligent Systems of Control and Diagnosis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents the results of experimental researches of the method of processing data on the state of a track circuit, based on the use of mathematical apparatus of conformal mappings and fractional-linear transformations. The correlation of the results of calculations with experimental data is 93%, which proves the possibility of practical application of the developed methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2023 15:12:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ways to Determine the Pre-Failure States of Traction Rail Network Elements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approaches to the creation of methods of technical diagnosis of choker and interchoker jumpers, as well as the determination of their pre-failure states are considered in the article. Timely detection of a pre-failure condition allows to eliminate the fault in timely manner, and to avoid failure of an element and the system as a whole. As a result, train downtime is reduced, reputational risks and financial losses are mitigated. Practical application of the obtained results is possible during building of systems for monitoring of the technical condition of the traction rail networks (both DC and AC). Development and implementation of these systems is necessary due to the development of heavy-weight traffic on the railroad network and the transition to unmanned technologies. Similar systems have found wide application in the railway automation and telemechanics industry, and their distribution in the railroad infrastructure complex shall become a priority, which will require the development of new technical solutions, as well as science-based methods of data collection and processing, including the use of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, such as neural networks and Big Data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 11:08:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120043</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis on Transmission Characteristic of Integrated Track Circuit in Station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1998148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the analysis of transmission characteristic for integrated track circuit (ITC), a simulation model based on uniform transmission line theory is proposed, and each part of ITC is represented using equivalent four-terminal network (EFTN). Then, the working performances of ITC in normal and shunt states are analyzed. The influence of ballast resistance on transmission performance of ITC are taken into account. Besides, the relationship between the total length of ITC and receiving-end voltage is obtained in this paper. The comparison of the field test data and simulation results show that the model proposed in this paper is effective and accurate, and it can provide a theoretical basis for field commissioning and maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Jan 2023 17:17:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1998148</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual Block Track Circuit Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2048491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To research the Virtual Block Track Circuit (VBTC) concept and evaluate the performance of a supplier’s prototype, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) sponsored Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (MxV Rail) from 2021 through August 2022 to perform a capacity analysis related to potential efficiency improvements that can be achieved by implementing VBTC where Positive Train Control (PTC) is in operation. The research and testing within this project demonstrated that the expectation of the VBTC system is to be able to reduce train headway and improve line-of-road capacity without modifications to the PTC architecture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Oct 2022 11:11:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2048491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis, development of a model and an algorithm in the concept of the growth of tone jointless rail circuits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An increasing increase in freight and passenger traffic, as well as an increase in train speeds, which reach up to 350 km/h, sets the task of improving sensors for controlling track sections and ensuring the reliability in work of the sensors. Throughout the world, one of the sensors are track circuits, as with insulating joints, so and without insulating joints. To realize a more reliable system, intelligent track circuits are proposed based on a jointless voice frequency connections, in which different principles can be used: regulation of the power supply voltage, correlation methods for switching on rail lines and devices of rail circuits with electromagnetic dependences, receiver sensitivity adjustment, comparison of electrical parameters of several track circuits at different block sections, as well as the combination of these methods and the continuity of the incoming information. Therefore, such improvement of continuous welded rail circuits becomes relevant, which would improve the reliability of the elements, use a modern microprocessor element base in devices for monitoring the state of track sections, and thereby ensure the quality of synthesis of information processing. This will significantly reduce the cost of building and operating interval control systems and increase the safety of train traffic. These requirements are met by intelligent, jointless rail circuits of tone frequency, which take into account the current value of the insulation resistance, longitudinal asymmetry, rate of change in the resistances of these circuits and the disturbing factors that affect the operation of the track circuits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2022 17:06:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993215</guid>
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