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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Overlength vehicle detection and classification using tracking radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate vehicle length measurement and classification is essential for road safety and traffic management policy implementation. This is especially true where heavy vehicles are concerned, as restrictions on their movement may be limited only to certain lengths or classes. Heavy vehicle classification schemes rely on resolving their length, the number of axles, the axle groupings and spacing between these groups. In this paper, we describe a University of Melbourne PhD project sponsored by Sensys Gatso Australia and iMOVE to research and develop a non-invasive axle based vehicle classification system using tracking radar technology. The system can be pole mounted at the side of the road, without requiring any physical contact or modification to the road surface. This has the potential to improve road safety by easing installation and maintenance, whilst providing real-time traffic data (including speed and class) in situations where this was not previously viable using traditional invasive sensor technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Axle-based vehicle classification using tracking radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate vehicle classification is essential for road safety and traffic management policy implementation. This is especially true where heavy vehicles are concerned, as restrictions on their movement may be limited only to certain classes. Most heavy vehicle classification schemes rely on resolving their length, the number of axles, the axle groupings and spacing between these groups. In this paper, we describe a University of Melbourne PhD project (Deville et al., 2022) sponsored by Sensys Gatso Australia and iMOVE to research and develop a non-invasive axle-based vehicle classification system using tracking radar technology. The system can be pole mounted at the side of the road, without requiring any physical contact or modification to the road surface. This has the potential to improve road safety by easing installation and maintenance, whilst providing real-time traffic data (including speed and class) in situations where this was not previously viable using traditional invasive sensor technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 14:46:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431386</guid>
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      <title>Investigating the use of telematics to deliver messages to drivers: heavy vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) was engaged by the Department of Transport and Main Roads Queensland (TMR) as part of the National Asset Centre of Excellence (NACoE) research program to undertake a literature review which investigates the use of telematics to deliver messages to drivers (of heavy vehicles). Advancements in technology offer new opportunities to communicate access conditions to vehicles while on the road. This can provide more timely and cost-effective ways of communicating information which can potentially aid in the heavy vehicle driver and operator’s ability to better comply with the conditions. This document outlines the findings associated with this project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2022 14:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909651</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Implementing long-life pavement concept for Queensland: Year 2 – 2015/16</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the work that has been completed in Year 2 of the National Asset Centre of Excellence (NACOE) P39 project (NACOE 2015). In recent years, there has been much research on long-life asphalt pavement and the concept of fatigue endurance limit (FEL) or endurance limit strain (ELS). To implement the long-life pavement concept for Queensland, the project team has determined that the limiting design traffic approach is the simplest and most compatible with the current Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology, Part 2, AGPT02 (Austroads 2012) method. The design traffic limit is expected to be used in conjunction with the latest strain-based multiple-axle group design method (Austroads 2015, Moffatt 2015) recommended by Austroads. Research in this area is ongoing, and it is envisaged that Austroads will develop a nationally-endorsed methodology in coming years. When an Austroads method becomes available in the future, it is likely that TMR will adopt this method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2022 14:18:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909624</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Virtual weigh-in-motion and Queensland freight movement study (2019/20)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1870954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road network information is critical for allowing the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) to efficiently manage their network. As a result, TMR has invested in traffic counters, weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) sites to quantify the traffic on the network. While these sites provide valuable information, they only provide information at a point on the network. In order to provide greater visibility of the loading of the network the concept of Virtual WIM (V-WIM) has been explored in this report. V-WIM builds on existing data sources to extrapolate the information collected from WIM sites across a broader area of the network. The primary use-case for V-WIM is for the asset management of roads and bridges through better understanding road freight movement and the loads on the infrastructure. This report documents the scoping study that included: a review of existing data collection technology and locations; the feasibility of developing V-WIM; a review of data types and sources; a proposed framework for developing the V-WIM concept; and recommendations on methods for the network extrapolation. The study found that a V-WIM system is feasible and that a modular approach would allow the system to be implemented sooner while scoping the potential of further advancements that will improve the accuracy of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Aug 2021 16:25:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1870954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction and assessment of road traffic noise impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850930</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calculation of road traffic noise is important for environmental impact assessments. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and develop traffic noise prediction and assessment methods with a focus on heavy vehicle noise impact and night-time noise impact. A heavy vehicle noise emission model that considers the influence of translational vehicle dynamics on grade is analytically derived. The individual and combined contributions of rolling noise and engine noise are examined. The effects of acceleration and deceleration as well as the duration of heavy vehicle noise emission are presented. A multi-category vehicle noise emission model in free-flowing condition is derived to investigate the effects of changes in heavy vehicle axle configuration on noise source emission. Using the multi-category vehicle noise emission model, road traffic noise is predicted with higher accuracy compared to conventional models that assume the expansive variety of heavy vehicles are acoustically similar. Using the multi-category heavy vehicle noise emission model, road traffic noise profiles across a state road network are presented. Two supplementary noise indicators to identify the emergence of intermittent heavy vehicle noise from that of general commuter traffic noise and to describe diurnal traffic noise profiles are derived. Results obtained using the supplementary indicators are shown to spatially differentiate the road traffic profiles across the state road network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 May 2021 10:08:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850930</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mass limits for three-axle buses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transport Commission (NTC) investigated whether there is a need to increase the mass limits that apply to three-axle buses. The NTC considered the tare mass and loaded mass these buses carry and the implications of a potential increase in three-axle bus mass limits. This paper presents our findings which consider industry impact, risks and benefits. It is based on research and stakeholder engagement with states and territories and industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2018 11:20:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574899</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mass limits for three-axle buses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates whether there is a need to increase the mass limits that apply to three-axle buses to accommodate the current number of passengers that such buses may carry. It also assesses the implications of a potential increase in three-axle bus mass limits. The paper addresses project options, industry impact, risks and benefits. It is based on research and stakeholder engagement with states and territories, industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2018 10:13:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methods for Estimating Axle Factors and Axle Classes from Vehicle Length Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1494379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study developed methods to estimate axle factors and vehicle class from length-based data streams. A set of eight methods was proposed and evaluated in different testing schemes intended to observe performance on homogeneous and heterogeneous data. The initial analysis used length-based data from 61 sites in Wisconsin. The research team compared performance of the methods estimating axle factors and vehicle class proportions. Performance was comparable and consistent between homogeneous and heterogeneous subsets of data. The research team selected two methods for a final round of analysis based on their accuracy and robustness to heterogeneity. For the final round of analysis, the research team assembled a multistate dataset using data from Wisconsin and from 14 other states represented in a dataset from the Long Term Pavement Performance program. The final round of analysis compared performance under different seasons, facility type, and road character (urban vs. rural). Performance of the two identified methods was deemed appropriate and they are recommended for implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2018 11:57:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1494379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Study of Equivalent Modelling for Multi-Axle Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, equivalent modelling methods of a multi-axle vehicle are presented and compared. Firstly, for the sake of comparison, a single-track model of a three-axle and a two-axle vehicle is developed, and then existing equivalent modelling derivations are presented and discussed. Next, the proposed model-based dynamic equivalence of force/moment at the center of gravity (CG) is introduced and optimized. It represents the approximately equivalent steady-state and transient response of the yaw rate and side slip angle, which allows different cornering stiffness on the central and rear axle. Finally, to demonstrate how the proposed method is advantageous to the other equivalent models available in the literature, different simulation cases are compared in the dimension of time-domain, eigenvalues characteristics and frequency-domain. Furthermore, the proposed method is extended to any multi-axle vehicle configurations and a general expression is formulated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2018 15:22:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of national mass assessment procedures for oversize overmass vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1489321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the conduct of field trials involving repeated weighing of four different Oversize Overmass (OSOM) vehicle combinations using portable scales. The field test outputs were analysed to determine the level of accuracy to be expected when weighing such vehicles during roadside inspections with portable scales. A number of Mass Measurement Adjustment (MMA) values were developed, similar to those already in use for conventional vehicles (i.e. non-OSOM vehicles) across Australia. Procedures are described for weighing OSOM vehicles using portable scales on sites complying with the three Site Categories already used for roadside inspections. Findings are provided as draft guidelines for inspection work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 10:45:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1489321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National heavy vehicle mass and dimension limits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1480539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Heavy Vehicle National Law (HVNL) provides General Mass Limits (GML), Concessional Mass Limits (CML) and Higher Mass Limits (HML) for heavy vehicles operating on the national road network. This fact sheet summarises the conditions for operating general access and restricted access vehicles, relating to axle mass and configurations. High productivity vehicles, such as B-doubles and HML vehicles are important to the efficiency of the freight task in Australia. The larger capacity of these vehicles also reduces the number of vehicles required to transport a given amount of freight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Aug 2017 09:30:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1480539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Robust control of an A-double with active dolly based on static output feedback and dynamic feed-forward</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A steering-based control is proposed for improving the lateral performance of an A-double combination with an active dolly. The controller is based on static output feedback combined with dynamic feed-forward and is designed to ensure an H-infinity performance objective in the face of parametric uncertainty. The synthesis is performed via linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimizations. Two feed-forward design methods are proposed and one of them is highlighted as the more rigorous approach for dealing with parametric uncertainty. The verification results confirm a significant reduction in rearward amplification of yaw rates and high speed transient off-tracking even when the dynamic feed-forward from the tractor steering angle accompanies the static feedback only from the articulation angles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:57:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of longer modular concept configurations for British Columbia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives an overview of preliminary evaluations undertaken for two potential configurations which are capable of hauling two modular containers thereby improving hauling efficiency. Steerable trailer axles were utilized so that acceptable low-speed tracking performance could be achieved for these long configurations. Simulations indicate that acceptable performance can be achieved with forced steer axles using steering control strategies which are speed dependent. Further research and optimization will be required to improve the 9-axle (tandem drive version) configuration’s performance, but the 11-axle (tridem drive version) configuration’s performance was satisfactory for immediate implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:56:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477425</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Allowing truck trailers at PBS mass limits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transport Commission recently completed a project that investigated whether certain truck and trailer combinations that meet specific requirements could enjoy the productivity benefits of the Performance Based Standards (PBS) scheme, without having to endure the costs and time delays associated with the formal PBS assessment and approval process. Popular truck and trailer combinations, such as the six and seven axle combinations, account for approximately 60 percent of all PBS applications approved between 2008 and 2013. Based on the available data, it is clear that these vehicle combinations are safe to operate at increased mass limits on specific freight routes and a popular choice of combination with heavy vehicle operators. Migrating approved PBS designs into regulations is in line with the original policy of the PBS scheme which envisaged allowing innovative heavy vehicle combinations to operate in a controlled environment before including them as part of prescriptive access arrangements. This paper outlines the recommended approach to be followed by relevant authorities to allow specific PBS style specification envelopes to be included in regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:55:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477415</guid>
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