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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Yaw stability control of tractor vehicle based on nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Yaw stability is very important for commercial traction vehicles, the yaw stability control of traction vehicle based on nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode is studied in this paper. Firstly, the sliding mode control with high robustness is selected for the yaw moment controller, and the traditional sliding mode, fast terminal sliding mode, and nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) are derived. The rear axle side deflection angle is monitored, and the traditional yaw stability control strategy is improved. When computing actuator response value, the calculation of the target slip rate and the target engine torque are added on the basis of the traditional calculation of the target braking pressure, and the variable parameter PID method is introduced in the torque calculation part to improve the effect of torque control. A simulation and a real vehicle test are carried out, and the results show that the effect of the developed nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller is significantly better than the fast terminal sliding mode method and has strong vehicle directional stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passing Ability Impact Factors Analysis of Heavy Tractor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passing ability of articulated vehicles is analyzed, which are combined of different 6 × 4 tractors and different semitrailers. According to the requirements of GB 1589-2016 ‘Limits of dimensions, axle load and masses for motor vehicles, trailers and combination vehicles’, passing ability of different structure articulated vehicles are simulated by using AutoTURN software. Tractor front overhang, distance between center of tractor fifth wheel and tractor first axle, semitrailer first wheel space is selected as the main factors of articulated vehicle passing ability, in order to analyzing passing ability impact factor of articulated vehicles type and structure. Simulation analysis is used to study how tractor front overhang, distance between center of tractor fifth wheel and tractor first axle, and semitrailer first wheel space impact passing ability. Some reasonable suggestions is proposed by analysis how parameters change impact passing ability. The validity of the simulation model is validated by the test data of ‘3rd Swap Trailer Transport Recommended Vehicles Test’. The results provide a useful reference for improving articulated vehicle passing ability level and promote the development of vehicle industry technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 08:51:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Distribution of benzene and formaldehyde in tractor cabin: Effects of components, ventilation conditions, and vent positions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tractor cabin is a relatively closed microenvironment in which operator is exposed to various pollutants that can adversely affect human health. In this study, the distribution of benzene and formaldehyde inside tractor cabin was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and verifying its effectiveness with field measurements. The effects of pollution source, ventilation, and vent position on the distribution of pollutants were discussed by using the validated CFD model. The results indicated that the areas with high concentration of pollutants are mostly distributed in the corners, and the ceiling contributes the most to its emission. The concentration difference of benzene and formaldehyde in the driver’s breathing area can reach a maximum of 20% by adjusting the air supply angle. It can also be reduced by 3.9% and 4.3% for every 1 m s⁻¹ increase in air supply speed when the airflow angle emitted from the vent was 90°. In the common vent locations, the vent arranged on the front ceiling has the best pollutant reduction effect. This study provided a reliable CFD simulation method for benzene and formaldehyde distribution, offered a theoretical basis for the selection of ventilation conditions and the design of internal layout in tractor cabins for improving air quality. It also suggested that then environment and air quality of non-road mobile machinery cabs should be paid more attention in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2024 11:10:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Heavy vehicle/agricultural machinery stakeholder engagement road safety strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441622</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Local councils in New South Wales have the ability to form strong collaborative partnerships within their community which allows road safety strategies targeting road trauma reduction to be implemented. As a road authority, the Griffith City Council (GCC) sustains a legal and moral obligation to reduce crashes on roads under its management. An analysis of crash data in the GCC area from 2010 – 2014¹ showed heavy/agricultural vehicle crashes climbed exponentially as a consequence of the region’s increased freight task. Council resolved that reducing crashes in this sector was not achievable on their own therefore ongoing engagement with primary production stakeholders and the general community commenced in 2015 to establish and address causal factors associated with heavy/agricultural vehicle related crashes. The outcomes of this new alliance saw the development of educational and long term engineering strategies which significantly contributed to the reduction of heavy/agricultural vehicle crashes across the district.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 13:33:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441622</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Improved Genetic Algorithm Research on the Production Logistics System Distribution Routing Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the existing factory production logistics management system, the problem of tractor routing is catching more and more attention. This paper targets the characteristics of tractor distribution routing in the factory's every service position, combines a genetic algorithm and an intervention method, and introduces an improved genetic algorithm for rapid and efficient optimization of tractor distribution routing in the production logistics system. In addition, a program interface is designed for ease of use and is of significance both in theory and practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2024 16:36:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Special Crash Investigations: On-Site Ambulance Crash Investigation; Vehicle: 2008 Ford Econoline E350 Super Duty Type III Ambulance; Location: South Dakota; Crash Date: August 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the investigation of a crash involving a 2008 Ford Econoline E350 Super Duty Type III Ambulance that struck a 2020 Volvo VNR 640 tractor truck and a 2019 Walker tanker trailer. The Ford was traveling southbound and the Volvo was traveling northbound on a divided interstate highway. The ambulance occupants were a belted 22-year-old male EMT driver and an unbelted 29-year-old female EMT front passenger. No occupants were in the patient compartment. The ambulance driver fell asleep and the vehicle departed the roadway on the right edge, where it struck two delineator posts. The driver woke up, steered left, and returned the vehicle to the roadway. He overcorrected his steering, crossing over the southbound lanes and center median before entering the northbound lanes, where the front of the ambulance struck the left side of the Volvo. A second impact occurred when the right side of the ambulance struck the left side of the tanker. The right side door of the ambulance opened; the front passenger was fully ejected. She struck the tanker and sustained fatal injuries. The Volvo and tanker then tripped and rolled one quarter-turn onto their right planes and came to rest on the roadside. The ambulance driver complained of pain and was transported by ambulance to a hospital where he was treated and released. The driver of the Volvo was not injured or transported. The Ford, Volvo, and tanker were towed due to damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 17:07:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Yaw Instability Due to Longitudinal Load Transfer During Braking in a Curve</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active vehicle dynamics control ensures improved safety. So far, yaw instability is mostly associated with transient steering manoeuvres when driving at a constant speed. However, braking related load transfer affects yaw stability. Intense braking at high friction combined with elevated and forwarded CG amplifies this influence on unloaded tractors. Designing a dynamic stability system to enhance active safety requires fresh insight into braking related yaw instability. This investigation covers a theoretical analysis of braking influence on yaw stability on unloaded 4×2 tractors, being applicable to vehicle braking while cornering, including steering induced by other asymmetrical forces, since it focuses essentially on small steering angles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2023 11:49:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Features of the Kubota Grand L30 Series Compact Tractors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1801816</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Kubota Grand L30 Series Compact Tractors are powerful, user-friendly compact tractors that have advanced functions to provide the maximum performance. Many new features such as IntelliPanel enable users to obtain high workability, comfort, and operability. IntelliPanel is an advanced function that displays information on a liquid crystal display to help users' with operation and maintenance. An electronically controlled multi-gear GST (Glide Shift Transmission) enables users to choose gears for 12 travel speeds using one lever, during travel without operating a clutch. An ECU (Electric Control Unit) controls solenoid valves and a proportional reducing valve to allow for smooth gear changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 11:32:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1801816</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Coaxial Counter Rotating Rotary Tilling System at Front Rotary Type Compact Walking Tractor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1801774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A computer simulation of tilling force has been conducted for a compact walking tractor equipped with rear driving wheels and a front rotary shaft to estimate the effect of tilling force on behavior and tilling depth for a down cut rotary and a coaxial counter rotating rotary. The tractor uses a down cut rotating tine that rotates in the same direction of the driving wheels, and a coaxial counter rotating tine that rotates on the same shaft simultaneously. Further, an actual machine test was conducted to examine the correlation between the simulation and test results. It was demonstrated that by using the coaxial counter rotating rotary, the effect not only stabilized the behavior of the tractor but also accomplished twice the tilling depth of a conventional down cut rotary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jun 2022 15:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1801774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cost Efficient Tier 4 Final Solution for NRMM Engines up to 37 kW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasingly stringent emission legislations provide a continuous challenge for the non-road market. In parallel to transient test cycles, increased emission durability as well as real driving emissions must be fulfilled. The enormous diversification of engines within the different power classes as well as the specific operation requirements regarding various duty cycles, robustness and durability, requires specific solutions to meet these legal limits. The publication shows a cost efficient, reliable and durable approach based on the example of a tractor engine jointly developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. (M&M) and AVL. It was found that a naturally aspirated (NA) application equipped with common rail and combined with cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is able to fulfill all legal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 4 requirements with a minimum effort on the exhaust aftertreatment side by using only a diesel oxidation catalyst. In the paper the technical feasibility, the boundaries and challenges of such an application, as well as a trade-off between power density and technology for tractor engines in this segment are defined. The performance and emission reduction technology was been developed jointly by AVL & M&M and will be seen on M&M Tier 4 tractors in production.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2022 17:16:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decision Tree Regression to Identify Representative Road Sections for Evaluating Performance of Connected and Automated Class 8 Tractors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology is being developed for Class 8 tractor trucks aimed at improved safety and fuel economy and reduced CO₂ emissions. Despite extensive efforts conducted across the world, the reported efficiency gains were varied from different research groups, raising concerns about the fidelity of models, the performance of control, and the effectiveness of the experimental validation. One root cause for this variation stems from the fact that the efficiency gain obtained from the CAV is sensitive to real-world conditions, including surrounding traffic and road grade. This study presents an approach aimed at identifying representative public road sections and facilitating CAV research from this perspective. By employing the decision tree regression (DTR) method to the Fleet DNA database, the most representative road sections can be identified. High-level metrics and detailed information of the derived road sections are also illustrated and discussed, which demonstrate their representativeness and the effectiveness of the approach. Meanwhile, the capability of this approach can be easily extended by integrating specific constraints into the DTR algorithm. As an example, a specific representative road section with an aggressive road grade profile was also provided via this approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 2021 09:59:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human Subject Kinematic Response to Low-Speed Sideswipes Involving a Truck Tractor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The kinematic response of vehicle occupants involved in tractor-to-passenger vehicle sideswipes was examined through a series of 13 crash tests. Each test vehicle and its occupants were instrumented with accelerometer arrays to measure and quantify the impact severity at various inter-vehicular angles and impact velocities. The passenger vehicle was occupied by a volunteer test subject in the driver and right-front passenger positions. The impact angle was varied between 3° and 11° to produce a sideswipe collision between the front bumper, steered wheel, and side components of the tractor and the side panels of the struck vehicle. The passenger vehicles were struck at different locations along their longitudinal axis at impact velocities between 3 mph and 11.5 mph. Accelerations were measured at the lumbar, cervicothoracic, and head regions of the driver and right-front passenger of the struck vehicle and the tractor driver. Approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) was obtained prior to the study. The volunteers included male and female occupants between 24 and 62 years of age. Snagging was observed in 11 of 13 tests. The average resultant acceleration for the driver occupants was 1.9 ± 0.6 g at the lumbar region, 2.0 ± 0.7 g at the cervicothoracic region, and 2.1 ± 0.9 g at the head. The average resultant acceleration for the right-front passenger occupants was 1.8 ± 0.7 g at the lumbar region, 2.0 ± 1.1 g at the cervicothoracic region, and 2.0 ± 0.7 g at the head. The average resultant acceleration for the tractor driver was 1.1 ± 0.8 g at the lumbar region, 1.0 ± 0.3 g at the cervicothoracic region, and 1.2 ± 0.6 g at the head. The acceleration levels experienced by the volunteers were compared to activities of daily living. Symptoms were reported by some of the test subjects (5 out of 38 exposures) and were limited to muscle soreness that resolved within a matter of a few days.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 12:04:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Yard tractors: Their path to zero emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Yard tractors (YTs) are trucks used for moving trailers and containers short distances around freight terminals and port facilities, and their diesel engines contribute significantly to nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions to a port’s inventory for the cargo handling equipment (CHE) category. Over time, tougher regulations have forced the introduction of new engine and emission control technologies to reduce emissions from YTs. This paper reviews the history and emissions from a range of technologies that were introduced during the past years with the understanding that a variety of technology solutions may be used by ports worldwide to address air pollution concerns. These new technologies included: cleaner engines, new liquid and gaseous fuels (natural gas [NG] and liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]), and new emission control technology. The results show how technology improvements in YT emissions control technology have led to reductions of >70% in NOx and >90% in PM in the emissions inventories for CHE at ports in Southern California.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 11:56:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of 48V and High Voltage Parallel Hybrid Diesel Powertrain Architectures for Class 6-7 Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrification of heavy-duty trucks has received significant attention in the past year as a result of future regulations in some states. For example, California will require a certain percentage of tractor trailers, delivery trucks and vans sold to be zero emission by 2035. However, the relatively low energy density of batteries in comparison to diesel fuel, as well as the operating profiles of heavy-duty trucks, make the application of electrified powertrain in these applications more challenging. Heavy-duty vehicles can be broadly classified into two main categories; long-haul tractors and vocational vehicles. Long-haul tractors offer limited benefit from electrification due to the majority of operation occurring at constant cruise speeds, long range requirements and the high efficiency provided by the diesel engine. However, vocational applications can realize a significant benefit from electrified powertrains due to their lower vehicle speeds, frequent start-stop driving and shorter operating range requirements. As the heavy-duty industry deals with solving challenges around the application of electrified powertrains, there are multiple pathways that can be explored to meet future regulatory requirements. This paper is the first part of a two-paper series that focuses on evaluating electrified solutions for Class 6-7 medium heavy-duty vehicles in the 2027 and beyond time frame. In this paper the focus is on investigation of near-term hybrid solutions that provide reasonable fuel efficiency improvements within a two-year payback period.         To investigate the various hybrid electric architectures, FEV has developed a system level approach for the selection and sizing of heavy-duty diesel hybrid powertrain components using GT-SUITE. The approach has been applied for a Class 6-7 urban vocational truck, which typically experiences low speed driving with frequent start-stops. A dynamic model for the baseline diesel vehicle was developed and calibrated to test data. The baseline diesel vehicle was then updated with hybrid powertrain components to evaluate different parallel hybrid architectures (P1, P2, P3, P4) at two different voltage levels: ≤48V (mild hybrid) and >150V (full hybrids). The evaluation was conducted over multiple drive cycles, including the ARB Transient Cycle and a real-world drive cycle. In the evaluation, key trade-offs were identified between fuel consumption, initial investment cost, payback period and freight efficiency. The trade-off analysis demonstrated that for a two-year payback period, a P3 architecture provided the best fuel consumption value for full hybrid applications. In a P2 or P3 configuration, a 48V system also showed considerable fuel efficiency improvements compared to the baseline diesel vehicle. The final P3 hybrid powertrain configuration for Class 6-7 vocational truck shows a 27% fuel consumption reduction for a 350V system while a 48V system shows a 22% fuel consumption reduction when considering a payback period of two years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jul 2021 13:42:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A new approach in modelling of hitch joint of a tractor semi-trailer using virtual Pacejka tyre model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a new approach in modelling of hitch joint of a tractor semi-trailer is proposed by adopting virtual Pacejka tyre model. The virtual Pacejka tyre model is connected with a 16 DOF tractor semi-trailer combinations in Matlab-Simulink software and verified using validated software known as TruckSim. Two sets of simulations are conducted in the verification process which involves a double lane change (DLC) and steep steer cornering (SSC) test. It is observed from the results that by modeling hitch joint as a virtual Pacejka tyre model, the behavior of the developed model closely follows the behavior of the validated TruckSim model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2021 15:48:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862648</guid>
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