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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Special Crash Investigations: On-Site Heavy Truck Underride Crash Investigation; Vehicle: 2017 International ProStar LF687 Truck Tractor; Location: California; Crash Date: December 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the on-site investigation of a fatal heavy-truck underride crash involving a 2017 International  ProStar LF687 truck tractor pulling a 2010 Hyundai trailer and a 2002 Ford Mustang in California in December  2022. The International was driven by a belted 52-year-old male. The Ford was driven by a belted 29-year-old male  with an unbelted 28-year-old female in the front passenger seat, a belted 9-year-old male in the second-row left seat,  and a 2-year-old female in the second-row right seat. The 2-year-old was using an unknown type of child restraint.  The International entered the intersection and began a left turn. The tractor had completed the turn, but the trailer was  still in the westbound lanes. The Ford’s front plane struck the Hyundai trailer’s left plane. The Ford underrode the  trailer, became wedged beneath, and came to rest. The Ford driver was fatally injured. The Ford’s passengers were  transported to a local trauma center with minor to moderate injuries. The International driver was not injured.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:33:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672496</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Factors Influencing the Severity of Motorcycle Single-Vehicle Crashes and Multi-Vehicle Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the factors influencing different types of motorcycle collisions and explores the characteristics of the severity of accidents across collision types. Motorcycle traffic accident data from 2016 to 2023 in Shandong Province is analyzed. Fourteen independent variables were extracted related to the person, vehicle, road, environment, collision, and time. A random parameter logit model and a random parameter logit model with both mean and variance heterogeneity are used for analysis. The best-fitting model was selected to assess the variability of each factor’s impact on accident severity. Results show that collision type, motorcyclist gender, season, time of the accident, lighting conditions, and road segregation play significant roles in motorcycle accidents, with behavioral factors influencing the severity of accidents across different collision types. Findings indicate that the differing factors affecting the severity of motorcycle accidents depend on collision type and call for targeted interventions to reduce collision severity and mitigate motorcycle accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613280</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A new data-driven model for vehicle and pedestrian safety: statistical approach based on spatial decision-making</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Minimizing the losses that occur after traffic accidents is a primary duty for all humanity. To do so, it is necessary to examine and analyse the potential risk factors that affect the severity of traffic accidents. In this article, a new spatial decision-making-based statistical solution methodology is proposed to determine the accident risk factors that occur in three different accident types using 5-year (2015–2019) accident data. (i) 22 independent variables and 157 sub-variables were determined for the traffic accident categories where vehicle-vehicle, vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-other collision types occurred, (ii) the fuzzy simple weight calculation method was preferred to determine the effects of risk factors on accident categories, (iii) spatial analyses of risk factors were provided via geographical information system and combined with the obtained effect values, (iv) the current effect of risk factors on accident categories was tested with the multinomial logistic regression model. The multinomial logistic regression model results revealed a strong model fit (McFadden 𝘙² = 0.749) and identified the variables that significantly increase or decrease the probability of each crash type compared to the reference category. For instance, while the geo-intersection had the highest effect for vehicle-vehicle crashes, the pedestrian defect had the highest impact for vehicle-pedestrian crashes. Spatial analysis results also showed that accident severity tends to be higher in the western, southern, and central regions of Türkiye. The proposed methodology offers a comprehensive framework that supports evidence-based policy development for improving traffic safety. The resulting findings serve as a guide for local administrators, policy makers, and traffic safety experts with regard to vehicle and pedestrian safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622028</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling injury severity in HAZMAT truck-involved crashes: Accounting for heterogeneity in a developing country</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the types of crashes that has a high fatality rate is the Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) truck-involved crashes. Investigating the factors affecting the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes can assist authorities in making more accurate evaluations of policies to increase road safety and reduce the injury severity of crashes involving these vehicles. In this study, the main goal is to investigate the factors that affect the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes. Considering the heterogeneity of the injury severity of crashes can provide a more accurate assessment of the factors involved in those crashes. In this regard, by using the data of 482 HAZMAT truck-involved crashes in Iran and also by using a Random Parameter Ordered Logit (RPOL) model, the factors affecting the injury severity of those vehicle crashes and systematic and random heterogeneity have been investigated. According to the results of the model, crashes with multiple vehicles involved have a significant effect on the increasing the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes. Furthermore, the presence of public vehicles in HAZMAT truck-involved crashes, and the driver's risk-taking in driving at high speed based on driving records has a significant effect on the decreasing severity of crashes. In addition, the results showed that there is an interaction effect between the variables of vehicle age and upside-down crashes on increasing the injury severity of the crashes. On the other hand, the results indicate that there is an interaction effect between the variables of front-to-front, front-to-back, and low heavy truck traffic on the road with the variable of the crash caused by HAZMAT truck on increasing the injury severity of the crashes. The results of the study confirm that there is random heterogeneity based on the normal distribution function for the mean of injury severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636187</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Special Crash Investigations: Remote Move-Over-Law Crash Investigation; Vehicle: 2020 Ford F-150; Location: Utah; Crash Date: April 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the remote investigation of a crash selected by NHTSA’s Special Crash Investigations group of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to be included in its Move-Over-Law investigations. The crash occurred in April 2022 in Utah when a 2020 Ford F-150 county sheriff’s vehicle was stopped straddling the right and middle lanes with its red and blue emergency lights activated. The Ford was occupied by two sheriff deputies, the unbelted 37-year-old female driver, and an unbelted 42-year-old male front right seat passenger. An unoccupied 1998 Honda Accord involved in the previous crash was parked in front of the Ford. A 2014 Kenworth tractor pulling a refrigerated trailer was being driven by a belted 42-year-old male when it drove through a traffic cone pattern and struck the back of the Ford. The Kenworth continued north and struck the right plane of the Honda. The Honda rotated clockwise and struck a metal guardrail, struck the Kenworth a second time, and struck the guardrail a second time. Both sheriff deputies were transported to a local trauma center where they were treated and released. The Kenworth driver was not injured.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 13:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642319</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Truck Accident Rate in Terms of Major Causes: A Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to familiarize the reader with a case study of the main causes of road trucks' (RT) accidents on roads by applying analytical methods and a questionnaire survey. In the introductory part of the paper, the theoretical foundations in the field of road safety from the view of road infrastructure and vehicle construction, which are applied nowadays to prevent and minimize the severity of traffic accidents, are briefly described. Subsequently, the above-mentioned issues are applied in a real environment, when, based on the analysis of registered traffic accidents of RT and a questionnaire survey among professional drivers, the main causes of these accidents were identified and measures were proposed, including the possibility of their implementation in real traffic conditions. In the final part of the paper, a short evaluation of the variants of measures is carried out in terms of the expected impact on the accident rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 10:32:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610753</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A method for investigating the responses of cable-stayed bridge exposed to distinctive tank truck fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper designs novel tank truck fires on deck and establishes a fire-structural calculation method for cable-stayed bridges. The designed fires include tank fire, spill fire, and their combined fire, the features of fire sources are configured based on surface conditions of deck and thickness of fuel. The established calculation method is traced in three stages, reproducing tank truck fires on deck by fire dynamics model, simulating thermal conduction in finished cables via heat transfer model, and analyzing thermal-mechanical performances of entire bridge through multi-scale finite element model. The calculation process of fire-exposed cables is experimentally validated and utilized for capturing fire responses of a cable-stayed bridge under the three fire scenarios. The main findings indicate that, tank fire causes a more significant reduction in force on several cables before their fracture than spill fire; spill fire eventually induces the fracture of more cables than tank fire; their combined fire contains the differences in fire behaviors of tank fire and spill fire; and a steeper deflection or rotation increment eventually occurs under spill fire or combined fire. The designed tank truck fires and the proposed calculation method provide an accessible approach for evaluating fire responses of cable-stayed bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on temperature distribution characteristics of steel-shell concrete tower in double-deck steel truss suspension bridge under tanker fire</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel-shell concrete bridge towers are widely used in long-span bridges due to their excellent mechanical performance and construction efficiency. However, studies on their temperature distribution and heat transfer behavior under extreme fire conditions remain limited. This paper investigates the thermal response characteristics of a steel-shell concrete tower on a double-deck truss-stiffened suspension bridge using a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) approach, considering tanker fire scenarios on both upper and lower decks. The results indicate that wind speed significantly affects flame shape and wall temperature distribution, with the area of high-temperature zones and peak air temperatures initially increasing and then decreasing as wind speed rises. The longitudinal position of the fire source along the bridge also has a notable impact on thermal effects. A comprehensive evaluation method is proposed, incorporating wall air temperature and high-temperature zone area, to identify the most unfavorable fire scenarios. The findings show that upper-deck fires pose a greater risk to the tower than lower-deck fires. Under the most severe upper-deck fire condition, the maximum temperature of the steel shell reaches 972 °C, while the peak temperature of the concrete is around 650 °C, decreasing approximately linearly with depth to below 50 °C at 200 mm. The steel shell and ribs exhibit rapid heat transfer, forming distinct temperature gradients, while the internal concrete shows delayed temperature rise, demonstrating good thermal inertia. These findings clearly reveal the heat transfer characteristics of steel-shell concrete towers under fire exposure and provide valuable reference for fire-resistant design and safety assessment of similar structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding Factors Influencing Truck Crashes with Vulnerable Road Users: A Panel Data Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project is to define the spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic factors that most significantly contribute to truck-related accidents involving vulnerable road users (VRU) and to determine how variations in these factors alter the frequency of crashes. VRUs, such as pedestrians and bicyclists, are at the greatest risk when interacting on roadways, and accidents involving trucks and VRUs very frequently result in severe injuries or fatalities. This research will be conducted in New Mexico and Tennessee, both served by major interstate highways and characterized by unique economic patterns. To achieve this, the research will employ panel data regression analysis using crash records from both states, combined with socioeconomic and economic activity indicators at the Zip Code level. The dependent variable will be the frequency of truck-related accidents involving VRUs, while independent variables will include demographic, economic, and contextual factors, with controls such as weather conditions. The models will be tested for robustness, and results from the two states will be compared to identify context-specific patterns and to develop policy recommendations that enhance roadway safety for VRUs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 16:15:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625592</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hotspot Stability of Freight Vehicle Crashes Involving Vulnerable Road Users: A Spatio-Temporal Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will analyze the interaction between two of the most different transportation road users that interact on roads—freight vehicles and vulnerable road users (VRU), i.e., pedestrians and bicyclists. The research objective of this project is to identify the temporal stability of hotspots in (1) non-fatal crashes, (2) fatal crashes, and (3) all crashes (non-fatal and fatal) between freight vehicles and VRU in two U.S. States. This research proposes a novel spatiotemporal analysis to answer whether crash hotspots intensify over time (i.e., the number of crashes increases over time at the same location) or if it stays the same over time.  In terms of processes, the first one is collecting the data on fatal, non-fatal, and all crashes of both States into a single file, cleaning it, and ensuring its validity/accuracy/consistency. Once the data collection is ready, the second process focuses on merging the panel data into a space-time cube. This arrangement will host on a single data array geographical and temporal data of the total number of (1) non-fatal crashes, (2) fatal crashes, and (3) all crashes between freight vehicles and VRU for each State. The third process is calculating a Local Indicator of Spatial Association Statistic (the Gettis Ord*) to identify crash hotspot locations for each year of analysis for each State, and estimate emerging hotspot patterns based on the panel data results. The fourth process will use crash hotspot locations (identified in process three) and data from the County Business Pattern data, the Census Tract Data, and the American Community Survey to compare urban economic and built environment characteristics between different types of hotspots (e.g., recent versus consecutive hotspots), and identify common factors and differences. Specifically, the research team will compute an ANOVA and a post hoc test to identify statistical differences between crash hotspot locations. The last process focuses on visualizing the results on a geographic information system (GIS) software or tables for statistical analysis.  The results of the spatiotemporal analysis will be correlated with urban economic and built environment features to identify common factors in hotspot locations that could have influenced road crashes in both States. These factors include built environment attributes and the number of establishments by industry sector, among others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 14:19:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Navigating spatial inequities in freight truck crash severity via counterfactual inference in Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight truck-related crashes pose significant challenges, leading to substantial economic losses, injuries, and fatalities, with pronounced spatial disparities across different regions. This study adopts a transport geography perspective to examine spatial justice concerns by employing deep counterfactual inference models to analyze how socioeconomic disparities, road infrastructure, and environmental conditions influence the geographical distribution and severity of freight truck crashes. By integrating road network datasets, socioeconomic attributes, and crash records from the Los Angeles metropolitan area, this research provides a nuanced spatial analysis of how different communities are disproportionately impacted. The results reveal significant spatial disparities in crash severity across areas with varying population densities, income levels, and minority populations, highlighting the pivotal role of infrastructural and environmental improvements in mitigating these disparities. The findings offer insights into targeted, location-specific policy interventions, suggesting enhancements in road infrastructure, lighting, and traffic control systems, particularly in low-income and minority-concentrated areas. This research contributes to the literature on transport geography and spatial equity by providing data-driven insights into effective measures for reducing spatial injustices associated with freight truck-related crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2025 08:46:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment and Repair of Prestressed Bridge Girders Subjected to Over-height Truck Impacts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the impact of over-height vehicle collisions on prestressed concrete bridge girders and explores effective repair strategies to restore their structural integrity. The study addresses a critical concern in bridge resilience, as vehicle impacts can cause varying degrees of damage and severe prestressing strands which compromise girder flexural strength and overall safety. A comprehensive approach was employed, integrating numerical modeling and experimental testing to assess damage mechanisms and evaluate the effectiveness of different repair techniques. Key findings include the determination of equivalent static force for semi-tractor trailers and rigid objects. Shear failure was identified as the dominant failure mode of prestressed concrete girders under impact loading. Additionally, accidental lateral eccentricity was found to reduce flexural resistance, necessitating a 15% reduction factor in AASHTO LRFD guidelines. A practical technique for measuring residual prestress forces was developed and validated with an experimental test and found to be conservative by 9.4%. Repair methods using mechanical strand splicing successfully restored up to 95% of the original strength for strand losses ranging from 17% to 33% using innovative confinement techniques. Moreover, externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) repairs fully restored flexural strength for up to 33% strand loss, with an additional strength reserve of 15%–23%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 17:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highway Investigation Report: Multivehicle Collision and Postcrash Fire on Interstate 70, Etna, Ohio, November 14, 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[​​On Tuesday, November 14, 2023, about 8:47 a.m. eastern standard time, a combination vehicle, operated by Mid-State Systems Inc., was traveling west in the right lane of Interstate 70 near Etna, Ohio. As the combination vehicle approached a traffic queue that had formed due to an earlier minor crash, the driver did not slow and crashed into the rear of the traffic queue. The resulting chain-reaction collision and postcrash fire involved five vehicles, including two passenger vehicles, a motorcoach, and a second combination vehicle. Immediately before the crash, the combination vehicle was traveling about 72 mph, and the other four vehicles were traveling between 3 and 15 mph. As a result of the crash, 6 occupants were fatally injured, 4 were seriously injured, and 37 sustained minor injuries. Fifteen occupants were uninjured. Safety issues identified in this investigation include inadequate guidance for traffic incident management to reduce the incidence of secondary crashes, driver inattention and lack of standards for collision avoidance technology for heavy vehicles, and inadequate standards for postcrash fire protection on motorcoaches and insufficient school district processes for chartering motorcoach transportation. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issues new safety recommendations to the Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Ohio Department of Transportation, American Trucking Associations, Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association, American Bus Association, United Motorcoach Association, Amalgamated Transit Union, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Transport Workers Union of America, and Tuscarawas Valley Local School District. The NTSB also reiterates two recommendations to NHTSA and classifies one of these recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combining Bayesian hierarchical modeling with matched pair sampling for exploring gender differences in driver injury severity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gender equality is fundamental for achieving inclusive growth of the global community. To promote gender equality, challenges in designing inclusive and gender-sensitive public policies must be launched. For example, understanding gender differences in traffic safety is important for aiming to an equitable transportation system. Over the years, significant improvements have been made in vehicle safety technology, road design and crash test standards; however, systematic gender differences in injury severity persist. Literature shows contrasting findings concerning the effect of gender on crash injury severity. It seems that conflicting evidence is mainly due to confounding factors and unobserved heterogeneity in crashes. To examine gender differences in driver injury severity, this study proposes an innovative approach based on combination of matched pair sampling with Bayesian hierarchical modeling, analyzing 2022 police-reported motor vehicle crash data. Specifically, naturally occurring pairs of male and female drivers in two-vehicle crashes are analyzed. Results suggests that females face a higher risk of injury severity, but this gender difference seems less obvious when alcohol/drugs are involved. These findings highlight the need to develop safety policies oriented to minimize the gap, e.g. revising vehicle safety standards to better protect females, developing gender-sensitive safety interventions, and promoting effective driver training programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2025 11:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highway Investigation Report: Cargo Tank Combination Vehicle Roadway Departure, Rollover, and Release of Anhydrous Ammonia, Teutopolis, Illinois, September 29, 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On September 29, 2023, about 8:41 p.m. central daylight time, a minivan began passing a truck-tractor cargo tank combination vehicle (combination vehicle) carrying anhydrous ammonia while traveling west on two-lane United States Highway 40 (US-40) near Teutopolis, Effingham County, Illinois. As the minivan, operated by a 17-year-old driver, was still in the process of passing, in the no passing zone, an oncoming vehicle approached. To accommodate the passing minivan and prevent a head-on collision in the opposite lane, the combination vehicle driver steered right. The combination vehicle departed the roadway, entered a drainage channel, overturned, rolled onto its right side, and slid forward until the front of the cargo tank struck a utility trailer parked in a residential yard. The collision with the trailer punctured the cargo tank, causing the release of anhydrous ammonia. The release caused five fatalities among nearby residents and vehicle occupants, serious injuries to nine, and minor injuries to four. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the Teutopolis, Illinois, roadway departure and overturning of the combination vehicle was the unsafe passing maneuver by a teen driver that caused the combination vehicle driver to initiate an evasive action that resulted in loss of vehicle control and rollover. Contributing to the severity of the crash was the subsequent impact of the overturned cargo tank with a parked utility trailer that resulted in the release of anhydrous ammonia.​]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 17:10:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601294</guid>
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