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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NIGHT VISION AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND CHANGES IN ILLUMINATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/111208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NIGHT VISION OR DARK ADAPTATION IS A FUNCTION OF THE NATURE OF THE VISUAL STIMULUS AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES OF THE VIEWER. NIGHT VISION EFFICIENCY VARIES ON PERSONS OF THE SAME AGE, AMONG PERSONS OF DIFFERENT AGES, AND WITH THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF THE VIEWER. LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, OXYGEN DEPRIVATION, CO POISIONING, AND DIETARY DEFICIENCY ALL TEND TO REDUCE THE FINAL LEVEL OF NIGHT VISION AND THE TIME REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE IT. DARK ADAPTATION, RECOVERY FROM LIGHT SHOCK, VISUAL ACUITY, DEPTH PERCEPTION AND VISIBILITY UNDER GLARE CONDITIONS WERE STUDIED WHEN THE TARGETS WERE SEEN THROUGH TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS. RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE OBTAINED WITH FILTERS, OR WITH FILTERS OF DIFFERENT ABSORPTIVE PROPERTIES. THE TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS USED IN THESE TESTS IS AN ABSORPTIVE FILTER OF LIGHT BLUISH- GREEN TINT WITH A TRANSMISSION MAXIMUM NEAR 500 MILLIMICRONS. THRESHOLDS ARE ABOUT 0.15 LOG UNITS HIGHER IN DARK ADAPTATION TESTS, WHEN TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS IS USED IN FRONT OF THE TEST LIGHT AS COMPARED WITH THE CONDITION WHEN NO FILTER WAS USED. AFTER A LIGHT SHOCK, RECOVERY TIME IS 1.2 TO 1.4 TIMES LONGER WHEN THE TEST TARGET IS SHIELDED BY TINTED GLASS WINDSHIELD GLASS THAN WHEN NO FILTER IS IN FRONT OF THE TARGET. VISUAL ACUITY IS LESS WHEN A TINTED WINDSHIELD IS PLACED BETWEEN OBSERVER AND TARGET THAN WHEN NO FILTER IS USED. DEPTH PERCEPTION TESTS WITH A VERHOEFF STEREOPTOR YIELDS ABOUT 25% POORER RESULTS WHEN A TINTED WINDSHIELD IS IN THE PATH OF VISION THAN WHEN NO FILTER IS INVOLVED. WHEN THRESHOLDS ARE DETERMINED AT WHICH TARGETS AT FIXED ANGULAR DISTANCES FROM A GLARE SOURCE BECOME VISIBLE, IT IS FOUND THAT THE RATIOS OF GLARE LUMINANCE ARE THE SAME. TEST RESULTS CANNOT BE INTERPRETED AS BEING FAVORABLE TO THE USE OF TINTED WINDSHIELDS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF A LARGE SAMPLE RANGING FROM 16 THROUGH 89 YEARS OF AGE INDICATES THAT AGE IS THE BEST KNOWN PREDICTOR OF THE EVENTUAL LEVEL OF DARK ADAPTATION. AGE, THE INITIAL LEVEL OF ADAPTATION, AND THE ASYMPTOTES OF THE CONE AND ROD CURVE ARE RELIABLY STATISTICALLY CORRELATED. THE INITIAL LEVEL OF ADAPTATION IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE ASYMPTOTE OF THE ASYMPTOTES OF THE CONE AND ROD CURVE, AND THE FINAL LEVEL OF ADAPTATION, OR THE ASYMPTOTE OF THE ROD CURVE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/111208</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS ON FIVE VISUAL FUNCTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TINTED WINDSHIELDS AND SIDE WINDOWS IN AUTOMOBILES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED FOR TWO PURPOSES: (1) TO ELIMINATE A MAJOR PORTION OF RADIANT INFRA-RED ENERGY, AND (2) TO REDUCE EXCESSIVE BRIGHTNESS AND GLARE. THE COMMONLY USED BLUISH- GREEN TINTED GLASS HAS A TRANSMISSION OF 65 TO 70 PERCENT, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF SUNGLASSES OF LIGHT SHADE. AT PHOTOPIC (DAYLIGHT) LUMINANCE LEVELS THE ABSORPTION OF THE GLASS IS HARDLY NOTICEABLE. AT MESOPIC (DUSK) AND SCOTOPIC (NIGHT) LUMINANCE LEVELS A 30 PERCENT REDUCTION IN TRANSMISSION MAY INTERFERE SERIOUSLY WITH VISION. TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS ON VISION AT VARIOUS LUMINANCES, TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON (1) DARK ADAPTATION, (2) RECOVERY FROM THE SHOCK OF A BLINDING LIGHT FLASH, (3) VISUAL ACUITY, (4) DEPTH PERCEPTION, AND (5) THE EFFECTS OF GLARE. DARK ADAPTATION TESTS SHOWED THAT WHEN LOOKING THROUGH A TINTED WINDSHIELD THE THRESHOLDS FOR RECOGNITION OF A TEST STIMULUS WERE HIGHER THAN WITHOUT AN ABSORPTIVE FILTER IN THE LIGHT PATH. THE RISE IN THRESHOLD CORRESPONDED EXACTLY TO THE BRIGHTNESS LOSS PRODUCED BY THE TINTED GLASS. WHEN THE EYES WERE ADAPTED TO LOW LEVELS OF LUMINANCE OR TO COMPLETE DARKNESS AND WERE SUDDENLY EXPOSED TO A BRIGHT FLASH OF LIGHT, RECOVERY FROM THE LIGHT SHOCK AND REGAINING OF THE PREVIOUS SENSITIVITY LEVEL WAS NOT ENHANCED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS. VISUAL ACUITY WAS REDUCED SLIGHTLY BY TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS. WHEN ACUITY WAS MEASURED WITH TARGETS OF SMALL DIFFERENCES IN SIZE (LANDOLT RINGS) IT WAS FOUND THAT WITH THE TINTED WINDSHIELD THE INTRINSIC DETAILS COULD BE SEEN ONLY IF THEY ARE 10 TO 20 PERCENT LARGER THAN WHEN SEEN WITHOUT AN ABSORPTIVE FILTER IN THE PATH OF LIGHT. DEPTH PERCEPTION WAS ALSO INFLUENCED BY TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS. A 25 TO 35 PERCENT LOSS IN DEPTH PERCEPTION WAS OBSERVED WHEN THE TEST OBJECT WAS SEEN THROUGH TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS. WHEN TEST TARGETS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE VICINITY OF A GLARE SOURCE AND THE RATIOS OF GLARE LUMINANCE/TARGET LUMINANCE WERE DETERMINED WHEN THE TARGETS ARE VIEWED THROUGH TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS AND WITHOUT THE FILTER, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE RATIOS REMAINED THE SAME WHETHER TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS WAS IN THE PATH OF VIEW, OR VISION WAS NOT OBSTRUCTED BY FILTERS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DARK ADAPTATION AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RELATIVE EFFECTS ARE MEASURED OF LIGHT-ABSORBING, CLEAR, AND TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS ON THE TERMINAL LEVELS OF DARK ADAPTATION IN A SAMPLE OF 240 SUBJECTS WHO VARIED WIDELY IN AGE. THE INSTRUMENT USED THROUGHOUT WAS A MODIFIED HECHT-SCHLAER ADAPTOMETER, WHICH WAS HOUSED IN DARK ROOMS. CONCLUSIONS REACHED ARE: (1) BOTH CLEAR AND TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT REACHES THE RETINA OF THE VEHICLE DRIVER'S EYE, (2) TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS TRANSMITS ABOUT 20% TO 35% LESS LIGHT THAN CLEAR WINDSHIELD GLASS, (3) SOME AREAS OF TINTED WINDSHIELD TRANSMIT LESS LIGHT THAN IS PERMITTED BY THE AMERICAN STANDARD SAFETY CODE, (4) DARK ADAPTATION IS A FUNCTION OF AGE, (5) CLEAR WINDSHIELD GLASS INTERPOSED BETWEEN THE TESTLIGHT AND THE EYE OF THE SUBJECT AT TERMINAL LEVELS OF DARK ADAPTATION IS FOLLOWED BY A GREATER DEMAND FOR LIGHT TO JUST SEE THE TEST STIMULUS, AND THEREFORE A RISE IN THE DARK ADAPTATION CURVE, (6) TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS INTERPOSED BETWEEN THE TESTLIGHT AND THE EYE OF THE SUBJECT AT TERMINAL LEVELS OF DARK ADAPTATION IS FOLLOWED BY A DEMAND CAUSED BY CLEAR WINDSHIELD GLASS, AND (7) BOTH CLEAR AND TINTED WINDSHIELD GLASS ARE IMPEDIMENTS TO VISION UNDER LOW LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR PERSONS RANGING IN AGE FROM 16 THROUGH 89 YEARS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF TINTED WINDSHIELDS ON NIGHTTIME-VISIBILITY DISTANCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/111256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO ESTABLISH ACTUAL DRIVER TEST CONDITIONS WHICH WOULD INDICATE WHETHER OR NOT ANY DIFFERENCES IN NIGHTTIME VISIBILITY DISTANCES RESULT FROM A CHANGE IN THE COLOR AND VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTABLE OF THE WINDSHIELD. DRIVERS WERE PERFORMING UNDER ACTUAL ROADWAY CONDITIONS WITH VISIBILITY DISTANCES MEASURED BY A RECORDER MOUNTED INSIDE THE VEHICLE. THE TINTED GLASS USED HAS A VISIBLE LIGHT TRAMSMITTANCE OF 71%, MEASURED PERPENDICULAR TO THE SURFACE. CLEAR GLASS WAS EMPLOYED AS A STANDARD WHICH HAS TRANSMITTANCE OF 89%. RESULTS SHOWED GREAT VARIATIONS IN THE EFFECT OF TINTED GLASS ON VISIBILITY DISTANCES AS COMPARED TO CLEAR GLASS. THE GREATER PART OF THE DATA OBTAINED SHOWED CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN VISIBILITY WHERE THE GREEN-TINTED GLASS WAS USED. ITS USE APPEARS TO CAUSE A REDUCTION IN VISIBILITY DISTANCES IN NIGHT DRIVING. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE 70-PERCENT-MINIMUM LUMINOUS TRANSMITTANCE REQUIREMENT FOR WINDSHIELDS IN THE AMERICAN STANDARD SAFETY CODE BE RECONSIDERED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/111256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF WAVE-LENGTH CONTRASTS ON DISCRIMINATION THRESHOLDS UNDER MESOPIC VISION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/111275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VARIOUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN MADE OF THE EFFECT OF FILTERS, TINTED GLASSES AND WINDSHIELDS AS THEY AFFECT SEEING AT NIGHT. ON THE AVERAGE ALL RESULTS HAVE SHOWN A DELETERIOUS EFFECT ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUAL OBSERVERS SOMETIMES MAY SHOW A SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT. THESE VARIATIONS IN DIRECTION ARE UNDOUBTEDLY CHANCE ERRORS AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED FROM ANY LARGE NUMBER OF MEASUREMENTS. LAUER INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM CERTAIN WAVE-LENGTH BRIGHT HEADLIGHTS AT NIGHT BUT THAT LOSSES IN VISUAL INCREMENT OF NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASED TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT AND LEGIBILITY OF LETTERS AS MEASURED BY THE CLASON ACUITY METER. MORE RECENTLY, STUDIES BY OTHERS HAVE SUPPORTED THESE EARLIER FINDINGS IN GREATER OR LESSER DEGREE. IN OTHER WORDS, THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SOME TYPES OF FILTERS WHICH LOWER LIGHT TRANSMISSIONS MAY INCREASE ACUITY AT NIGHT IS REJECTED. /AUTHOR/ LUMINANCE APPEAR TO BE SUFFICIENTLY GREAT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/111275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TINTED WINDSHIELD INVOLVEMENT AMONG CPIR ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 9222 vehicles in the CPIR3 data set were examined for evidence that would indicate whether tinted windshields cause or prevent accidents. Windshield-tint condition was known for 4185 vehicles, and these were almost evenly split between clear and tinted windshields. The proportions of tinted windshields among these accident vehicles were smaller than those for U.S.-produced vehicles of comparable model years. Weighted least squares regressions showed that the proportion of drivers having tinted windshields increases as age increases, but that there are no statistically significant differences between daytime and nighttime conditions. It was concluded from the regression analyses that the data do not support the hypothesis that older drivers are negatively influenced at night with tinted windshields. It was also found that tinted windshields are associated with a variety of driver and vehicular variables believed to influence accident risk. Because of these uncontrolled, confounding variables, and because of methodological limitations associated directly with the CPIR file, it is not possible to isolate the influence of windshield tinting in accident causation or prevention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Dec 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FULL VIEW OF THE ROAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE EFFECTS OF REDUCING THE LIGHT INTENSITY AT NIGHT BY THE USE OF TINTED WINDSCREENS IN CARS. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AS MUCH LIGHT REACHES THE RETINA AS POSSIBLE. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 40% OF ACCIDENTS ARE DUE TO VISUAL IMPEDIMENTS. NIGHT VISION DIFFERS CONSIDERABLY FROM DAY VISION AND, ALTHOUGH THE USE OF TINTS MAY BE TOLERABLE DURING THE DAYTIME, AT NIGHT THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED. ANTIGLARE GLASSES FOR NIGHT USE CANNOT BE JUSTIFIED. TINTED VISORS, WORN BY MOTORCYCLISTS, CONSTITUTE AN UNNECESSARY HAZARD AT NIGHT. ALL TRANSPARENT SCREENS USED AT NIGHT SHOULD BE CLEAR AND SHOULD HAVE MAXIMUM TRANSMITTANCE OF LIGHT. ANY LIGHT FILTERING REQUIRED DURING DAYLIGHT SHOULD BE PROVIDED BY ACCESSORY BUT REMOVABLE MEANS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF WINDSHIELD TINT ON THE TEMPERATURE IN AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER COMPARTMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect of tinting the glass of windshields on the air temperature in automobile passenger compartments was investigated. Measurements were performed with two nearly identical vehicles, one equipped with tinted windshield glass and one equipped with clear windshield glass. All other glass in both vehicles was tinted. Tests were performed statically, with the cars parked facing south, and dynamically, with the cars driven at approximately 80 km/h. In the static tests, the interior air temperatures as determined by liquid-in-glass thermometers were typically 2 to 3C cooler in the vehicle with the tinted windshield. In the dynamic tests, the differences in the interior air temperatures were smaller, typically about 0.5 to 1.5C. The interior air temperature differences determined with thermocouples varied with the thermocouple position.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/23552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TINTED WINDSHIELDS DON'T INCREASE ACCIDENT RISK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/115415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BASED ON A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF OVER 6000 ACCIDENTS, IT IS SHOWN: (1) THAT WINDSHIELDS WITH TINTED OR HEAT-ABSORBING (HA) GLASS DO NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ACCIDENT RISK; (2) THE PROPORTION OF NIGHTTIME AND DAYTIME ACCIDENTS OF HA GLASS WINDSHIELDS CORRESPONDS TO THE PROPORTIONS OF VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH HA WINDSHIELDS; (3) CARS WITH HA WINDSHIELDS ARE NOT INVOLVED IN AN EXCESS OF NIGHTIME ACCIDENTS; AND (4) OLDER DRIVERS USING CARS EQUIPPED WITH HA WINDSHIELDS DO NOT PRESENT AN INCREASED ACCIDENT RISK WHEN DRIVING AT NIGHT. HOWEVER, THE ABOVE CONCLUSIONS DISAGREE WITH THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S EARLIER PUBLICATIONS THAT WERE USED IN PROPOSING A STANDARD ON LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE. THIS PROPOSAL WOULD REQUIRE AT LEAST 80% LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE IN THE PRIMARY VIEWING ZONE OF THE DRIVER, THUS EFFECTIVELY RULING OUT THE USE OF HA GLASS IN WINDSHIELDS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/115415</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT VISION AND DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/113248</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MANY PEOPLE THINK SUNGLASSES WILL CUT GLARE, EVEN AT NIGHT, WITHOUT REALIZING THAT SUNGLASSES ALSO REDUCE VISIBILITY. TINTED WINDSHIELDS MAY ALSO REDUCE VISIBILITY. HORNS ARE USED TO ALERT PEOPLE TO DANGER, BUT THEIR SOUND DOES NOT CARRY AS FAR AS THE LIGHT FROM FLASHING HEADLAMPS WOULD CARRY. IT MAY BE THAT RAPID FLASHING OF HEADLAMPS SHOULD REPLACE HORN USAGE OR BE SYNCHRONIZED WITH IT. MANY PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TAUGHT TO WATCH THE FRONT WHEELS OF AN ONCOMING CAR TO DETECT TURNING MOVEMENT, BUT AT HIGH SPEEDS THIS DOES NOT GIVE SUFFICIENT WARNING. STATE DRIVER LICENSE STANDARDS ON CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ACUITY ARE CRITICIZED AS INSUFFICIENT. THE ACCIDENT RATES OF INEXPERIENCED YOUNG DRIVERS AND DRIVERS OVER 45 ARE HIGHER THAN AVERAGE, AND IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THIS IS PARTLY DUE TO THEIR DRIVING OLD CARS WHICH ARE NOT IN GOOD CONDITION. THE PROBLEM OF HEADLAMP GLARE FROM ONCOMING CARS IS ALSO DISCUSSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/113248</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPRAY-ON TINTING OF WINDSCREENS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/108980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DATA ARE PRESENTED ON CLEAR, INTERNALLY TINTED AND SPRAY- ON TINTED WINDSCREENS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE ARE DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO NIGHT VISIBILITY, SIGNAL DETECTION AND COMFORT. PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS MADE ON SOME OF THE SPRAYS ARE DESCRIBED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT TINTING OF THE WINDSCREEN BY ANY MEANS IS UNSATISFACTORY BECAUSE OF ITS INHIBITING EFFECT ON RED TRAFFIC SIGNAL DETECTION. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PUT FORWARD REGARDING THE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION REQUIREMENTS OF WINDSCREENS. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jun 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/108980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY HAZARD OF TINTED AUTOMOBILE WINDSHIELDS AT NIGHT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS OF TINTED OPTICAL MEDIA, PARTICULARLY OF HEAT-OBSORBING AUTOMOBILE WINDSHIELDS, UPON VISIBILITY DISTANCES ON THE HIGHWAY AT NIGHT ARE ANALYZED THEORETICALLY. THE LOSS PERCENTAGES IN VISBILITY DISTANCES CAUSED BY REPLACING CLEAR WINDSHIELDS WITH TINTED ONES ARE CALCULATED AS FUNTIONS OF THE VARIABLES INVOLVED, VIZ., TRANSMITTANCE OF THE TINTED OPTICAL MEDIUM, ISOCANDLE PROFILE OF THE HEADLAMP, ANGULAR SIZE AND REFLECTANCE OF THE TARGET. IT IS FOUND THAT THE LOSS PERCENTAGES IN VISIBILITY DISTANCES ARE FURTHER DEPENDENT UPON THE DISTANCE OF THE TARGET ITSELF, WITH THE LOSSES INCREASING WITH DECREASING DISTANCES. LOSSES IN VISIBILITY DISTANCES CAUSED BY COMMERCIAL BRANDS OF TINTED WINDSHIELDS AMOUNT TO BETWEEN 9 AND 15 PERCENT AT VISIBILITY DISTANCES RANGING BETWEEN 1000 AND 200 FT. RESULTS AGREE FAIRLY WELL WITH THE DATA OF BLACKWELL AND WITH DATA OBTAINED EXPERIMENTALLY IN THE FIELD BY OTHER AUTHORS. THE ANALYSIS SHOW THAT THE LOSSES IN VISIBILITY DISTANCES ARE GREATER FOR TARGETS SO NEARLY MATCHED TO THE BACKGROUND THAT THEY MAY BE SEEN EVEN WITH CLEAR WINDSHIELDS ONLY AT SHORT DISTANCES. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS THE LOSSES MAY BE AS HIGH AS 30 TO 45 PERCENT. A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 70 PERCENT MINIMUM TRANSMITTANCE REQUIREMENT FOR WINDSHIELDS IN THE AMERICAN STANDARD SAFETY CODE Z26.1-1950 IS RECOMMENDED /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VISUAL EFFECTS OF PINK GLASSES, GREEN WINDSHIELDS, AND GLARE UNDER NIGHT-DRIVING CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE USE OF TINTED GLASS IN AUTOMOBILES IS DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF DECREASED VISUAL EFFICIENCY AT NIGHT. UNDER NIGHT-DRIVING CONDITIONS THE VISUAL ACUITY IS 20/32 ON SNELLEN TYPE THROUGH COLORLESS GLASS. LIGHT-YELLOW NIGHT- DRIVING GLASSES CHANGE THIS TO 20/34 THE SECOND SHADE OF PINK GLASS REDUCES VISUAL ACUITY TO 20/40, WHILE THE GREEN WINDSHIELD GLASS REDUCES IT, FURTHER TO 20/46. THE COMBINATION OF PINK GLASSES AND GREEN WINDSHIELD IS PARTICULARLY BAD, RESULTING IN A VISUAL ACUITY OF 20/60. EVEN MORE DAMNING IS THE EFFECT OF TINTED GLASS ON RESOLVING POWER DURING NIGHT DRIVING. THE THRESHOLD IS DECREASED FROM 10 TO 42 SECONDS ARC BY THE GREEB WINSHIELD ALONE. A PAIR OF OBJECTS WOULD APPEAR SEPARATE AT 100 FT. THROUGH A CLEAR WINDSHIELD, WHICH WOULD APPEAR SINGLE THROUGH A GREEN WINDSHIELD UNTIL THE DISTANCE HAD DECREASED TO 25 FT. OTHER FACTORS OF VISION, LIKE STEROSCOPIC ACUITY, INSTANT COUNTING SPAN, OR DISCRIMINATION OF ANGULAR VELOCITY, SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST, INTENSITY CHANGE, OR DIRECTION OF A LINE TARGET, ARE LIKEWISE DEFECTIVE IN NIGHT-DRIVING CONDITIONS WITH TINTED GLASS. GREEN WINDSHIELD GLASS SHOULD BE IN A SEPARATE LAYER, TO BE MOVED ASIDE FOR NIGHT DRIVING. PERSONS WITH DEFECTIVE VISION, INCLUDING COLOR BLINDNESS OF THE COMMON TYPE, SHOULD BE ADVISED TO ADD AUXILIARY HEADLIGHTS TO THEIR AUTOMOBILES AND AVOID ANY TYPE OF TINTED GLASS FOR NIGHT DRIVING. SINCE GLARE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE AREA OF THE SOURCE, AUTOMOBILE HEADLIGHTS SHOULD BE DESIGNED LARGER IN AREA. /SRIS/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107732</guid>
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