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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Experimental Evaluation of Tiled Finishes and Bonded Fire Resistive Coatings for Normal Weight Concrete Tunnel Liners under High Intensity Thermal Exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This experimental program examines the relative fire resistance offered by the following bonded coatings for normal weight concrete tunnel liners: ceramic tiling on mortar, spray-applied fire resistive material (SFRM), and intumescent paint (IP). Sixteen panel specimens (150 mm [6 in.] thick, 457 mm [18 in.] wide, and 610 mm [24 in.] tall) were subjected to single-sided heating using a gas-fired radiant panel, which can apply heat flux of similar intensity as a hydrocarbon fuel fire. All specimens were cast from a single batch of normal weight concrete (with compressive strength of 39.8 MPa [5769 psi]), and included a single curtain of steel reinforcing bars with 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) of concrete cover to the heated face. All specimens were vertically loaded to a service level of compressive uniaxial stress (i.e. at 13-18% of ambient compressive strength), which remained relatively consistent during each test. Four bare concrete panel specimens were tested as a control group, and a ceramic tile finish was installed on six specimens in accordance with a state department of transportation specification. The remaining six specimens were coated with fire resistive material (three with SFRM and three with IP) at thicknesses corresponding to a 1-hour fire resistance rating per manufacturer specifications. Thermally-induced explosive concrete spalling was observed in 3 of 4 control specimens, in 4 of 6 tiled specimens, and none of the six SFRM/IP coated specimens. When conventional installation methods are used, the tiled finishes did not provide reliable, substantive fire resistance relative to that provided by the SFRM or IP fire protection materials. Temperature time histories through the outer 25-mm thickness of the heated concrete were recorded and are used to evaluate the relative fire resistive capabilities of each surface finish comparisons. Heat-induced damage depths are examined, and post-fire removal of the surface finishes is demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 16:24:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543866</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Energy generation in public buildings using piezoelectric flooring tiles; a case study of a metro station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1893862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The building sector is benefitting from the significant advancements in clean energy harvesting technologies. The function of building products is witnessing a huge leap to extend beyond mere functional requirements to account for the environmental benefit as well. Piezoelectric flooring tiles are amongst the most promising for indoor energy generation especially in public buildings with great occupancy patterns and intensity. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive review of literature for the use of piezoelectric. The next step deducted parameter integration for the proper selection of piezoelectric tiles. This determined its successful application in the building industry-especially the transportation section which has a notable contribution to energy consumption and emission release. These were divided into factors related to the project type and location, as well as proper selection of the piezoelectric tile product. This hypothesis was tested in the case study. Hence, the application of piezoelectricity was investigated in a Metro station in a core urban area in Egypt, with an estimate of almost 57,000 daily passengers. The selection of the metro line and station as well as the location of installing the tiles was based on the highest passenger density class which provided the greatest step-footage. Furthermore, the selection of the number and type of piezoelectric tiles was determined based on the current project's energy consumption. The study compared the two shortlisted types of tiles in terms of their power generation capacity, initial capital cost, lifespan and expected savings. The results showed that twelve tiles were needed to generate the station's needs for electric energy using Sustainable Energy Floor tiles while only eight tiles were needed using Waynergy piezoelectric tiles. The results also showed a decrease in energy consumption and carbon emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Dec 2021 16:08:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1893862</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Application of hybrid intelligent systems in predicting the unconfined compressive strength of clay material mixed with recycled additive</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered as an ultimate goal of many geotechnical laboratory works. In this study, after planning and conducting a series of laboratory works, some basic properties of marine clay treated with recycled tiles together with their unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained. Then, these basic properties were selected as input variables to predict the UCS values through the use of two hybrid intelligent systems i.e., the neuro-swarm and the neuro-imperialism. Actually, in these systems, respectively, the weights and biases of the artificial neural network (ANN) were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialism competitive algorithm (ICA) to get a higher accuracy compared to a pre-developed ANN model. The best neuro-swarm and neuro-imperialism models were selected based on several parametric studies on the most important and effective parameters of PSO and ICA. Afterward, these models were evaluated according to several well-known performance indices. It was found that the neuro-swarm predictive model provides a higher level of accuracy in predicting the UCS of clay soil samples treated with recycled tiles. However, both hybrid predictive models can be used in practice to predict the UCS values for initial design of geotechnical structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 12:03:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in French Drain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A field study of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in French drains was conducted to evaluate in situ exfiltration drainage performance of RCA as a pipe backfill material. The project was aimed at: (i) developing field test protocols to measure the exfiltration drainage performance of the RCA French drain, (ii) long-term monitoring (12 months in this study) of the field drainage behaviors of RCA French drains, and (iii) investigation of clogging buildup in the drains over time. Four French drains were designed and constructed with different aggregate type and condition, which involve limestone, RCA ‘as is’, RCA with 2% fines, and RCA with 4% fines. Field and laboratory tests were conducted. First, the flow rate and discharge rate of French drains were monitored for 12 months to evaluate the short- and long-term performances of RCA French drains. Second, permittivity testing was conducted on the geotextile samples taken from the four French drains after 12 months of field conditioning. Third, visual inspection inside the pipes was conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Lastly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted on RCA field models, which were embedded underground for 6, 12, and 18 months to identify re-cementation and calcite precipitation.  The results of laboratory and field tests indicated that the drainage performance of RCA French drain is mainly controlled by soil conditions (e.g., groundwater table, permeability of surrounding soils, etc.) and the amounts of excessive fines in the drain system; however, the aggregate type is not a critical factor affecting exfiltration drainage performance. Therefore, it was concluded that RCA in French drains performs similarly to limestone and causes no significant reduction in exfiltration drainage performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jul 2019 16:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632598</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Viability of the Use of Nanoclay-Modified Asphalt Binders in Roofing Shingles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt shingles are the most commonly used material on residential roofs in the United States. Asphalt is the primary input in the production of roofing asphalt shingles. In the production process of modified asphalt membranes for shingles, asphalt is modified with thermoplastic polymers such as atactic-polypropylene (APP) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). On the other hand, the use of nanoclays or organoclays is a potential alternative of traditional polymers, which are very expensive and not abundant. Nanoclays are derived from naturally occurring clay minerals and are capable of improving the physical and mechanistic properties of polymers and rubbers. Studies have showed that nanoclays improve stiffness, aging, and fire resistance behavior of asphalt binders. The objective of this study is to find out the viability of nanoclay as a modifier for asphalt binders to be used in roofing shingles and to find out the moisture susceptibility of nanoclay-modified asphalt binders by surface free energy analysis. To this end, different percentages of natural nanoclays in the form of bag fines (PBF) obtained from a local asphalt plant were used modify a base (straight run) binder. Nanoclays have not shown any detrimental effects on the delamination resistance of the binder. Thus, nanoclays are expected to be a viable alternative of expensive polymers and have potentials to reduce material costs, produce durable shingles, and induce sustainability in asphalt roofing practices in the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Oct 2018 17:12:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Skid Resistance Value of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Tiling Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492435</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research focuses on the use of adaptive artificial neural network system for evaluating the skid resistance value (British Pendulum Number; BPN) of the glass fiber-reinforced tiling materials. During the creation of the neural model, four main factors were considered: fiber, calcium carbonate content, sand blasting, and polishing properties of the specimens. The model was trained, tested, and compared with the on-site test results. As per the comparison of the outcomes of the study, the analysis and on-site test results showed that there is a great potential for the prediction of BPN of glass fiber-reinforced tiling materials by using developed neural system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:20:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492435</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adhesion of Air Lime-Based Mortars to Old Tiles: Moisture and Open Porosity Influence in Tile/Mortar Interfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of tiles in Portuguese facade coatings began in the nineteenth century with industrialized production of tiles. Nowadays, many nineteenth century facades are degraded and in urgent need of maintenance. New bonding mortars must be developed in order to substitute the existing ones. Compatibility, durability, and reversibility with the old materials must be respected. The tile/mortar adhesion strength is a very important characteristic in old tiles reattachment. It mostly depends on characteristics of mortars, porosity, and moisture content of tiles. Mortar in contact with a wet tile will have different binding characteristics than that in contact with a dry tile. This work studies the adhesion of lime-based mortars to old tiles and the influence of moisture and open porosity in the tile/mortar interface. New tiles with similar porous characteristics as nineteenth century tiles were used. A newly designed test was used to test the tile/mortar adhesion strength. The composition of mortars and moisture content of tiles was varied. Some trends of variation of mortar compositions and moisture conditions of tiles were observed in tile/mortar adhesion strength. The increase of moisture in tiles causes the increase of mortars’ open porosity. Mortars applied in wet tiles have higher values of adhesive strength than mortars applied in dry tiles. The tile/mortar adhesive strength increases with increasing open porosity of the mortar in the interface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2014 09:12:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tire-Rubber Anti-Vegetation Tile Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316340</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project is to evaluate the ease and cost of installing anti-vegetation tiles made from recycled tires to control vegetation around guardrail and sign posts. The project also compares their effectiveness and life-cycle costs to other Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) approved designs, such as using grout or concrete installed around guardrail posts or signposts. Several TxDOT districts evaluated their long-term performance in diverse climate conditions. Selecting a set of sites in Texas with diverse climate and terrain will make the project’s findings useful across much of the United States. TxDOT used Recycled Materials Resource Center Investigative Research funds to purchase these anti-vegetation tiles. If tire-rubber tiles for guardrail and sign posts are eventually accepted for use in new construction, retrofits, and maintenance to control vegetation, this could consume more than 500,000 tires’ worth of scrap tire rubber that is generated in Texas each year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2014 12:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316340</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Study on CFRP Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Masonry Infill Walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last decade, a new strengthening methodology has been developed for reinforced concrete (RC) frames with hollow clay tile (HCT) infill walls by means of diagonally applied carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics. In the experimental part of a study conducted by the authors, this user-friendly methodology was experimentally investigated considering different aspect (height/width) ratios of the infill walls. In this study, first a numerical model of the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened infill walls strengthened with the proposed methodology is developed. Afterwards, the numerical simulation results are validated by use of experimental response curves and finally, a parametric study, which further investigates the effect of aspect ratio of HCT infill walls is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2014 09:30:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intrinsic beauty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When the city of Madrid constructed tunnels to relocate the sections of a ring road that had been constructed on either side of the Manzanares River, the reclaimed land became available for urban parks. To help pedestrians cross the river between these parks, distinctive bridges have been constructed, two of them graceful arched structures designed as reinforced-concrete shells and decorated internally with mosaics that depict local residents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Aug 2011 07:51:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Factory-Waste Shingles and Cement Kiln Dust to Enhance the Performance of Soil Used in Road Works</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/982051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental work was conducted to study the use of factory-waste roof shingles to enhance the properties of fine-grained soil used in road works. Cement kiln dust (CKD), a cogenerated product of Portland cement manufacturing, was used as a stabilizing agent while the processed shingles were added to enhance the soil tensile strength. The effects of shingles on strength and stability were evaluated using the unconfined compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. The results showed that the use of CKD alone resulted in a considerable increase in the unconfined compressive strength but had a small effect on the tensile strength. The addition of shingles substantially improved the tensile strength of the stabilized soil. A significant reduction in the capillary rise and a slight decrease in the permeability were obtained as a result of shingle addition. An optimal shingle content of 10% is recommended to stabilize the soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 07:24:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/982051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>June 2010 Edition – AASHTO Provisional Standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/933389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This fourteenth edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Provisional Standards includes a complete set of current protocols containing a total of 60 Provisional Standards.  A chronology of the year-to-year status of the Provisional Standards during the past eight years is included immediately following the Table of Contents.  Subjects covered by these Provisional Standards are as follows:  Aggregates; Bituminous materials; Box culvert, culvert pipe, and drain tile; Concrete; Metallic materials and coatings for bridges; Pavement structures; Quality assurance; and Soils (fly ash for embankments).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Sep 2010 16:29:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/933389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Sintering Characteristics of Pavement Tiles Incorporating Waste Catalyst</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/904083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The sintering characteristics of pavement tile made from a blend with waste catalyst were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of the reuse of the waste catalyst. It was found that the water absorption and porosity increases with the amount of waste catalyst added to the mixture. Increasing the amount of waste catalyst in the pavement tiles reduces the ignition. The hardness test results show that the hardness of the clay and waste catalyst pavement tiles depends strongly on the amount of waste catalyst present in the pavement tile and the heating temperature. The correlation between the water absorption and the porosity ratio demonstrates that the water absorption rate increases with the porosity. The effects of sintering temperature and the quantity of the waste catalyst mixed with clay on the properties of the prepared pavement tiles are reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 08:55:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/904083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>June 2009 Edition – AASHTO Provisional Standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/896088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thirteenth edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Provisional Standards includes a complete set of current protocols containing a total of 41 Provisional Standards.  A chronology of the year-to-year status of the Provisional Standards during the past eight years is included immediately following the Table of Contents.  Subjects covered by these Provisional Standards are as follows:  Aggregates; Bituminous materials; Box culvert, culvert pipe, and drain tile; Concrete; Metallic materials and coatings for bridges; Pavement structures; Quality assurance; and Soils (compost for erosion/sediment control; fly ash for embankments).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2009 15:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/896088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Separation Between Pedestrians and Bicyclists</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the effort to separate pedestrian and bicycle traffic from motorised traffic the solution often is to let the pedestrians and bicyclists share space. However, combined pedestrian and bicycle paths lead to problems for both pedestrians and bicyclists; for pedestrians it is a security and safety problem and for bicyclists a mobility problem. Seniors and visually impaired pedestrians are especially concerned as they often feel insecure when cyclists pass close to them, especially as they neither can see nor hear cyclists coming from behind. The safety problem is primarily linked to pedestrians walking on the bicycle side of the tracks. Designing the tracks so that the pedestrians and bicyclists keep to their side respectively is important to improve the situation. Field studies were performed at over 100 pedestrian and bicycle tracks and the results were analysed with respect to materials, separation line, flow, signs, dimensions, road markings and surroundings. The results show that the design has a great impact on whether the road users keep to their side of the pedestrian and bicycle tracks or not. The most efficient design seems to be a difference in material, asphalt on the bicycle side and tiles on the pedestrian side, together with a separation of the two sides, e.g. by paving stones or curbs. Signing has no impact at all whereas the road markings has a great impact, which is interesting both from a perceptional view point and also from the point of view that Swedish rules do not support the use of markings but signing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:26:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851273</guid>
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