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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Analytical Parametric Study of a Tied-Back System for Reinforcing Distressed Bridge Abutments: Volume III: Source Listing of Programs BART, PLOT, and PLOT2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many bridge abutments in South Dakota have experienced significant lateral movements. One of the proposed remedial methods for repairing this distress condition is a tied-back reinforcement system that consists of regularly spaced tie-rods with deadman provided at their ends. Anchorage by means of cylindrical drilled-in concrete pile deadman have typically been employed. A computer program, which includes a design method based on the limiting equilibrium approach and an analysis method using the generalized plane strain finite element method for a detailed study of tie-back reinforcement system, was developed by the authors. This parametric study is intended to identify qualitatively the relative significance of several design parameters that typically govern the behavior of the tied-back abutment reinforcing system. To generalize the results of this parametric study however, it is necessary to include other geometric and material configurations than those considered in this study. This volume, Volume III, contains the source listing of the programs BART, PLOT, and PLOT2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2025 12:25:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519079</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Strain Analysis of a Steering Tie Rod</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is focused on developing a method to analyze the strain of the steering tie rod capable to be used for numerical investigation. The strain is determined using two experimental methods: bonded strain gauge and Digital Image Correlations (DIC). Experimental data obtained by the two methods will be compared and correlated. In conclusion, the study will develop a procedure for complex investigations of the deformation state/conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2024 13:52:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and Repair of a Damaged Sheet Pile Barge Dock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will present a case study of the evaluation and repair of a barge dock on the Ohio River. The dock facilitates the delivery by barge of raw materials for a major manufacturer. The dock is a three-sided steel sheet pile wall structure and was constructed in the early 1990s. A failure occurred in the upstream wall in 2015 that resulted in that wall bowing out horizontally and rotating vertically, such that the top of the wall is now located approximately 15 ft (4.6 m) upstream of its original position. Several of the tie rods that supported the wall were broken. However, the sheet pile remained intact, and complete failure of the wall did not occur. Later tie rod inspections revealed that additional tie-rod failures continued to occur, calling into question the long-term stability of the dock. This paper aims to present the methods used to evaluate the condition of the dock and develop a strategy for its repair and continued long-term safe use. This paper will address issues that arose during the project related to tie-rod failures, flooding, scour protection, corrosion protection, and the susceptibility of high-strength steels to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2022 09:55:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Influence of Tie Rod Hardpoints in Suspension Kinematics and Handling Behavior of a Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Designing suspension system is a time-consuming process, it involves selecting appropriate suspension geometry, hardpoint location, spring rate determination, and so forth. McPherson strut is one such system that is widely used in vehicles due to various advantages it offers over other conventional systems, such as compactness of the system, weight reduction, and cheaper manufacturing cost. Even though it provides so many advantages, designing and tuning the system to achieve desired performance is difficult. In this study, influence of the tie rod hardpoints on various kinematics of a vehicle as well as handling behavior was studied. The kinematics and handling behavior for various configurations of the vehicle were obtained from MSC Adams, and finally results obtained were compared to the kinematics and handling of a baseline model and conclusions were drawn regarding the same.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jun 2021 12:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on tie rod force characteristics in electro-hydraulic power steering system for heavy vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The tie rod is one of the key components affecting the steering stability and reliability in the steering system of heavy vehicles. In order to meet the heavy load steering requirements of heavy vehicles, the steering system is universally the electro-hydraulic power steering system (EHPSS). The hydraulic actuators used in the EHPSS are double hydraulic cylinders, which are connected in series and symmetrically installed in this study. The hydraulic drive system in the steering system will affect the steering mechanism of stress state, leading to the tension of the tie rod in most working conditions. The tie rod be compressed only in extremely unequal loading of dual-tires. The tie rod force model is established based on Lagrange equation and verified by the tie rod test platform. Three key parameters describing the force rule of tie rod are obtained by adopting quasi-steady state analysis method, including pump pressure, difference value and sum value of left and right tires steering resistance torque. Pump pressure is the key factor affecting the tie rod force. The higher the pump pressure is, the greater the pull force of tie rod is. The steering resistance torque will further affect the variation law of the tie rod force. In the analysis when the tire at middle position, with the increase of difference value of steering resistance torque, the tie rod force offset between loading conditions and no-load conditions increases. When the tire turns from the middle to both sides, the increase of sum value of steering resistance torque will result in the rising of tie rod force change rate. This study reveals the variation law and key parameters of the tie rod force of heavy vehicles. It can provide basis for stability and reliability design of steering system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:20:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement of the loads applied to a steering system – Tie rod and steering column</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently in the automotive industry it is indispensable the evolution of technology applied in the design and manufacturing of components, either for a specific performance improvement or even as part of a cost reduction plan. For these main reasons, it has been constantly invested in methods that may help engineers to understand the dynamic efforts to which the components are submitted. In order to determine the loads suffered by the steering system of a vehicle in motion, the Group of Automotive Technology from the Lutheran University of Brazil (also known as “GTA”) conducted tests using a front-wheel drive road vehicle with a 1.4L transverse engine. The steering column (which joins the steering wheel to the steering gearbox ) and the tie rod (which connects the steering rack to the steering knuckle) were used as elastic elements to form load cells by the attachment of resistive strain gages in a full Wheatstone bridge. The steering column was used to measure the applied torque and the tie rod to measure the resultant force. The calibration of the load cell formed by the tie rod presented linearity with R2 of 0.98 and the one formed by the steering column a R2 of 0,99. Analyzing the obtained results it is possible to infer that under standard driving conditions the highest loads occurred during hard braking combined with steering wheel maneuvers (cornering). In this condition the measured force in the tie rod achieved 300 N whilst the torque reading for the steering column was at 0.6 Nm. In a straight line the maximum resultant loads remained under 80 N and 0.3 Nm, respectively. When the vehicle is stationary and without the hydraulic assistance the torque applied to the steering column is about eight times higher in comparison to a moving vehicle (4.55 Nm and 0.55 Nm, respectively).       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2019 07:45:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A consideration of Frequency Analysis by Multiple Sinusoidal Input with the Amplitude Characteristics Obeying Beta Distribution.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1623137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a way of thinking about analyzing the vibration characteristics of a component by using multiple sinusoidal input. The amplitude of the input is obeyed beta distribution being nearer natural phenomenon. The characteristics of plural inputs are to be reflected by one waveform. By using this input data, the time of test is shorten than the case of using the data of real road surface. When the authors checked this result by using Bayes statistics, it was revealed that variance of the mensuration consequence was small.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2019 20:01:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1623137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Failure Simulation of a Non-reactive Suspension Tie Rod for Heavy Commercial Vehicle Using a Road Simulator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The suspension system in a vehicle isolates the frame and body from road shocks and vibrations which would otherwise be transferred to the passengers and goods. Heavier goods vehicles use tandem axles at the rear for load carrying. Both the axles should be inter-connected to eliminate overloading of any one axle when this goes over a bump or a ditch. One of the inter-connecting mechanism used is leaf spring with tie rod, bell crank & linkages, when the first rear axle moves over a bump, the linkages equalize the loading on the second rear axle.         This paper details about the failure analysis methodology to simulate the tie rod field failure using a six poster road simulator and to identify the root cause of the failure and further corrective actions. The methodology involves the study of field usage conditions and the nature of failure, strain gauging and instrumentation of tie rod, strain and load analysis on tie rod at various conditions, various experiments to re-create or simulate the failure, identification of failure modes and root cause analysis. Various conditions were simulated using six poster road simulator and certain conditions seemed to have significant impact and the failure was simulated.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2019 10:24:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of bushings characteristics on suspension ball joint travels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a short-long arm type front suspension is represented using multi-body dynamics model established with ADAMS®, where the suspension bushings modelled as linear and nonlinear elements, respectively, are integrated with a flexible cradle and other suspension components. A ball joint travel, defined as the angular displacement between the two parts connected with the ball joint, is calculated, where the measured wheel loads and spindle accelerations from a proving ground severe durability test schedule serve as the input data. The ball joints considered in this study include lower ball joints, upper ball joints, outer tie rod ball joints, and inner tie rod ball joints. The results clearly illustrate that the bushing stiffness and nonlinearity are important for an accurate prediction of ball joint travels and the ball joint travel sensitivities to considered design variables are important for engineers to understand and ensure reliable designs of ball joints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jul 2018 14:42:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of the Steering HILS System Using Multibody Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have developed a steering real-time simulator that is a bench test method for steering system using a Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) to improve the efficiency of the steering system development. In this study, a suspension model based on a multibody kinematic analysis was developed to improve the accuracy of tie rod axial force calculation in the real-time simulation environment. The evaluation of the developed multibody kinematics model was carried out by comparing the calculation results in the off-line simulation with those of commercial software and reproduced tie rod axial force in the HILS test with those of actual track test.車両のリアルタイムシミュレーションとステアリングシステムの試験機を組み合わせ，台上で走行状態を再現し，システムの評価を可能とするステアリングリアルタイムシミュレータのタイロッド軸力計算精度を向上するため，リアルタイム機構解析モデルを提案し，走行再現の精度を検証した．]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2018 16:47:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue strength and weight optimization of threaded connections in tie-rods for aircraft structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tie-rods are connecting elements used in an aircraft and they basically consist of a straight tube and two screwed in adapter ends. In order to optimize the tie-rod in terms of weight reduction a detailed knowledge of its fatigue strength is important. However, the complex load and contact distribution within the threaded connection between tube and adapter end make a secure and efficient fatigue design challenging. Moreover, the connection is realized with a thread insert to assure smooth adjustability of the adapter ends, which further increases the complexity of a fatigue strength assessment. Thus, cyclic fatigue tests with a load ratio of R = 0.01 are performed to investigate the influences of thread insert length and position on the fatigue life of three different configurations. The experimental results are explained by Finite Element analyses using a detailed Finite Element model of the threaded connection. Finally microscopic examinations as well as the Finite Element analyses are utilized to further optimize the threaded connection in terms of reduced weight and high fatigue strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2018 18:13:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504098</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Effects upon Vehicle Stability Exerted by Tie Rod End Clearance Under Slalom Maneuver</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tie rod end clearance is an important parameter influencing automobile stability under slalom maneuver. In this paper the steering mechanism is simplified into a plane linkage mechanism and an analysis of the effects on vehicle stability exerted by kinematic pair clearance under slalom maneuver is also presented. A 4DOF mathematical model of vehicle maneuvering system is thus being built. On the basis of this model, we adopt the numerical analysis method to conduct a simulated analysis about the stability of prototype vehicle side slip angle as the clearance parameter changes. According to the results, vehicle slalom dynamics behaviors manifest itself in shifting from single cycle to chaos directly. With the increase in clearance, nearly no change is displayed in the upper critical frequency of vehicle slalom instability. However, an increasing rise is shown in the lower critical frequency. The instability frequency bandwidth, accordingly, bears an increase as well and a marked difference manifests itself with regard to the characteristics of window dynamics in chaotic areas.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 2017 16:09:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Wall Replaces an Aging Timber Dock in Coos Bay, Oregon</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The timber shipping industry has faced a great number of challenges over the last few decades including new environmental regulations, a slumping economy, and aging port facilities. For many terminal operators and owners, the difference between thriving and failing is innovation. Ocean terminals is a privately held company that has demonstrated such innovation by taking a unique approach to replacing its aging infrastructure. Ocean terminals owns a timber export and import facility located on Coos Bay in North Bend, Oregon. The facility’s aging timber pier was nearing the end of its service life, however halting operations for an extended period of time to replace it was not viable. To keep the terminal operating, a new bulkhead was built around the existing timber pier structure in phases between ship loading operations. The new 59-foot (17.98 meter) tall tied-back bulkhead wall was built using a unique combination of H piles, cold formed sheet piles, and large diameter high strength tie rods. By staying innovative, ocean terminals was able to take on the challenge of replacing an aging facility while their terminal remained in business to serve the local economy and community of North Bend.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:52:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lyttelton Port of Christchurch Reconstruction of CQ2 Wharf Following the 2010/2011 Earthquakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lyttelton Port of Christchurch (LPC) suffered four major earthquakes between September 2010 and December 2011 which severely damaged the port’s wharf structures. Following these events, an assessment was completed into the performance requirements required for the replacement structures to maintain operational continuity throughout multiple seismic events. This paper discusses the assessment, analysis, design and performance characteristics of two designs that utilise tie rods and anchor piles to provide a greater level of seismic resilience. One design is a hybrid design where the tie rods from a 23 m wide wharf are linked to cement deep soil mixed (CDSM) columns. The second design comprises a typical 34 m wide marginal wharf cross section, with tie rods linked to tubular steel anchor piles 30 m behind the wharf. The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of the late Emeritus Professor Nigel Priestley, who provided invaluable advice as peer reviewer from concept through to detailed design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:52:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410562</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASTM F1624 rising step load (RSLtm) testing for hydrogen embrittlement threshold of threaded cut outs of A354BD rods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1387856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2016 16:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1387856</guid>
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