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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of train load and water on stress intensity factors of the crack in slab track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The crack in the slab track is a major problem for the operation of the China Railway Track System (CRTS) II slab track. This problem is serious in areas with abundant rainwater and poor drainage. To investigate the effects of the train load and water on the crack damage of the slab track, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of a slab track with a crack was established based on fluid–structure interaction theory. The effects of the train load (e.g. speed, axle load) and water on the crack were analyzed. The results indicate that the stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the crack tip are increased owing to the effect of the train load, resulting in a tendency of cracking in the sliding or scissoring shear mode. The SIFs at the crack tip increase with an increase in the train speed and axle load. The hydrodynamic pressure of the water in the crack below the rail is the largest when the crack in the track slab is filled with water, and the hydrodynamic pressure increases with an increase both in the train speed and axle load. However, the effect of water on the SIFs of the crack is not evident.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 12:03:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868382</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Local Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Kinked Cracks of Spot Welds in Commonly Used Specimens</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Local stress intensity factors (LSIFs) for kinked cracks of spot welds in four specimens, lap-shear, cross-tension, U-shaped, and coach-peel, were studied by three-dimensional finite element analyses. Finite element models for spot welds without and with kinked cracks were developed. Semi-elliptical cracks with various kinked crack lengths were assumed. Two dominant cracking modes for each specimen were considered. The global stress intensity factor (GSIF) solutions for spot welds without kinked cracks were first obtained to determine the analytical LSIF solutions for spot welds with infinitesimal kinked cracks. The LSIF solutions for spot welds with finite kinked cracks were then obtained. The LSIF solutions of the four specimens show similar general trends. As kinked crack length increases, the mode I LSIF solutions gradually increase and then decrease, while the mode II LSIF solutions show inverse trends. Finally, the applications of LSIFs for fatigue life estimations of various types of spot welds or spot joints are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2019 13:01:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598991</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improved Methods for Simulating Live Loads for Two-Dimensional Structural Analysis of Buried Culverts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications stipulates a “special distribution width” for two-dimensional (2D) live-load analysis of reinforced concrete (r/c) boxes and arches with less than 2 ft of soil cover. This special distribution width allows a significantly greater reduction of the applied surface load than permitted for other culvert shapes and materials. Neither the AASHTO commentary nor the underlying developmental report provide the physical reasoning for the special distribution width, or why it only applies to r/c boxes and arches. This paper provides a clear, physical understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) phenomena associated with the special distribution width and the interaction with longitudinal load spreading through soil. This is achieved with the aid of a flat-plate model, representative of the top slab of a box culvert, with a variable line-load width. The closed-form solution reveals that the physical reason is “3D stiffness effects” (3DSE), which occur when the line-load width is relatively short compared with the culvert’s longitudinal lay length. Moreover, it is shown that 3DSE disappear when the line load reaches a special width called the “critical distribution width” or Wcritical. Wcritical is dependent on the culvert’s span and length, and is a key parameter along with parameter Wmin needed to identify the limiting line-load width that evokes 3DSE. The key concepts of 3DSE, Wcritical, and Wmin are used to develop improved 2D analysis procedures using either the traditional reduced surface load approach or the more recent continuous load spreading approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2019 09:35:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599179</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparisons of Measured and Predicted Pavement Strain in Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using the measured three-dimensional (3D) tire contact stresses, the measured and predicted responses between a full-scale accelerated pavement test facility and that from a 3D finite element model were compared in this paper. The objective was prediction of asphalt mixture layer pavement response using the measured 3D tire contact stresses and comparison with the measured transverse strains in August and November. The transverse strains within asphalt layers were measured and the corresponding strains were predicted by 3D finite element analysis to achieve this objective. Additionally, the BISAR program, a layered elastic analysis, was used in corresponding field measurement prediction. There was reasonable matching of predicted transverse strains by 3D finite element analysis with the measured strains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Feb 2011 13:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavior and Efficiency of Bottle-Shaped Struts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/787798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper attempts to determine the strength of compressed struts to be used in strut-and-tie modeling.  The strength of the struts were evaluated for safety and accuracy as provided by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) provision guidelines.  In the experiment, 26 concrete panels were tested to failure.  The investigation examined various effects, including: reinforcement crossing strut axis, angle between reinforcing steel and strut axis, specimen width, specimen thickness, three-dimensional stress state, bundled versus distributed reinforcement, compression reinforcement and boundary conditions on tests.  It appears that the ACI’s specifications demonstrated erratic, but conservative results when compared with the test data, while the AASHTO’s standards were less conservative and more consistent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2006 07:49:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/787798</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STOCHASTIC RESPONSE OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL OFFSHORE TOWER TO ICE FORCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51840</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The probabilistic dynamic analysis of a fixed three- dimensional offshore tower presented forms part of a continuing research project on "Stochastic Analysis of Ice-Structure Interaction" which is relevant to the extensive program in Cold Regions-Oriented Ocean Engineering at Memorial University of Newfoundland.  The problem of identifying the x-directional flexural modes for a three-dimensional frame was resolved by using the frame stiffness matrix (obtained for x displacements only) for the lumped mass cantilever model.  This approach implies the concept of the three-dimensional frame simulator in modeling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/51840</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF OIL TANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, an oil tanker over 300,000 D/W tons has been built.  In designing such a large tanker, it is important to determine the most effective type of scantlings in the midship section in relation to the tank arrangement.  Many investigations have been done in regard to this problem as the shearing deformation of a wing tank.  In these investigations, however, the method of calculation and the boundary conditions to be considered somewhat restrict themselves for the sake of simplicity. In this study, the authors try to develop the method of a three dimensional strength calculation according to more general considerations.  The reliability of this method is verified by the results of experiments on an actual ship, and the load condition under which the strength calculation is to be carried out is examined.  Next, the effects of deformation of cross section upon the stress distributions of a transverse ring and the longitudinal shearing forces and bending moments are investigated.  Then the effects of the side girders upon the transverse and longitudinal strengths are discussed. From the results of this study, the outlines of characteristics of transverse and longitudinal strengths of the large tanker were grasped.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5316</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-5TH REPORT CONSTANT STRAIN MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF PLATE BENDING PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a triangular model for analysis of plate bending problem, which is not a conforming model but is a constant strain model having 6 degrees of freedom in one element. An investigation is made on relative accuracy of results obtained by the use of this model and 4 other triangular models, and it is verified that this model provides exceedingly accurate results by using reasonably fine mesh and has the advantage of monotonic convergence. Some examples of analysis of 3-dimensional plate structures using this model are presented. This triangular model is to be recommended for analysis of plate, 3-dimensional plate structure or shell with arbitrarily shaped boundaries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF PLATES WITH LARGE DEFLECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The static and dynamic behavior of plates with large deflections and rotations is considered.  The rigorous derivation of the nonlinear dynamical plate equations from the three-dimensional elasticity theory is presented. Hamilton's principle, together with a general method of expansion for kinematic variables, is used in the derivation.  The kinematic variables are represented by an infinite series of functions in terms of the thickness coordinate.  These functions are chosen either as unknown a priori and independent functions in plate space (Separation of variables technique) or as known functions which satisfy the prescribed geometrical boundary conditions (Rayleigh-Ritz procedure).  Accordingly, two alternative derivations of plate theory are consistently established, in which the effects of inertia, both transverse and in-plane, and of temperature are included, as is the influence of heterogeneity and anisotropy of the material. Simplifications are introduced in order to arrive at the Reissner and mindlin plate theories, and after complete Reissner and Mindlin plate theories, and after complete other physical effects, the well-known Karman equations are obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8701</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEATHER: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL ELASTIC RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A digital computer program for three-dimensional stress analysis of complex structures is presented.  The solution is based on the finite element technique employing a general 8-nodalpoint element with 3 translational degrees of freedom per nodal point.  The UNIVAC 1108 computer program is coded in FORTRAN IV; the plotting capabilities are designed for use with the SC-4060 software.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THREE DIMENSIONAL STRENGTH ANALYSIS FOR THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF A TANKER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the three dimensional strength calculation method for an entire ship structure, including the fore and aft parts of the hull.  This fore and aft calculation represents an extension of the strength analysis method used for the tank mid-body section.  A 200,000 DWT tanker was analyzed by this method.  The results are compared with the ordinary three dimensional strength calculation for the tank mid-body section and the fore and aft parts of the hull.  The study has shown that the ordinary three-dimensional strength calculation of the tank mid-body will suffice.  When considering the fore and aft hull regions the expanded three-dimensional method of strength will be required.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SUPERTANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the structural design problems of supertankers and describes a finite element program written for their stress analysis.  This program written completely in FORTRAN minimizes data preparation and computer time and makes practicable the three dimensional analysis of the entire cargo length.  The need for three dimensional analysis is demonstrated and it is shown that a correct analysis need involve no more work than cruder approximations.  The need for using correct loadings and wastage allowance and for an understanding of collapse the program suitable for rapid design are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2846</guid>
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