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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Navigation Spoofing Source Deployment Algorithm for Critical Infrastructure Under Illegal UAV Threats Utilizing Site-Adaptive NS-MOPSO With Local-Best-Driven and Directed Mutation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the intensification of uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) “black flight” threat, the dynamic cooperative deployment of navigation spoofing jamming sites faces the triple challenges of integrity coverage, spoofing signal mutual interference suppression, and resource cost optimization. In this paper, we propose an intelligent deployment framework that breaks through the limitations of traditional algorithms of fixing the number of stations, fixing the radius, and optimizing only the location of stations. By constructing a multi-objective optimization model, we innovatively design a hybrid optimization mechanism that includes velocity-position update with local-best-driven, site-adaptive maintenance, and directed mutation. Among them, the local-best-driven module generates particle motion gradients through site-level dual-objective evaluation to solve the global guidance failure problem in dynamic scenarios; the site-adaptive maintenance module achieves site-level dynamic optimization through the judgement of site absence and redundancy; and the directed mutation module further optimizes the redundant resources through the transformation of inefficient sites. Simulation results demonstrate that this method significantly improves the reliability and economy of the deployment of the active protection system in the complex electromagnetic environment and provides theoretical support for the construction of adaptive protection networks in critical areas such as cities and coastal areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 13:54:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658684</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Simulation of DoS and jamming attacks on railway control systems over TCP/IP and radio frequency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We present a simulation framework for analysing cyber-attacks on intelligent railway control systems, based on threat modelling. The system simulates a TCP/IP communication link between a control centre (server) and a train unit (client), transmitting real-time operational data such as speed and signal status. The simulation includes: (1) train behaviour modelling using OpenRails and MATLAB, (2) control centre logic in MATLAB, and (3) network communication and attack emulation in real-time. Two attack scenarios are evaluated: DoS attack that floods the server with fake requests, and a Jamming attack that injects noise into the FR medium. Performance metrics such as packet loss, latency, and response time are recorded under normal, attack, and recovery phases using MATLAB Simulink. Results show increased delays, packet loss, and reduced system reliability during attacks. Telemetry data and visualisations highlight system degradation and recovery behaviour. The framework offers a practical model for simulating real-world cyber threats against railway communication systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658111</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>India’s maritime security dilemma and geopolitical competition in Indo-Pacific</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime security is a major concern in the contemporary global environment. Rapid technological progress has facilitated the exploration and utilisation of oceanic resources in remote offshore regions. Traditionally, the maritime domain has faced several threats, such as sea piracy, armed robberies, and illegal drugs. In the twenty-first century, with the rise of China as an important maritime power, geo-strategic competition has increased among great powers. India has long enjoyed a sphere of influence in the Indian Ocean Region has been challenged. The rise of China poses a credible security threat to India in the Indo-Pacific region. This article explores the dynamic backdrop of global, regional, and domestic politics and their effects on Indian foreign policy through the ocean. This article contends that the marine security initiatives and actions observed over the last decade necessitate more comprehensive consideration. In global maritime politics, India and the USA look to each other as partners to counterbalance China. Nevertheless, India is not ready for any military alliance against China based on Indian national interests. Therefore, this paper examines how India has pursued its ‘strategic autonomy’ in the region during the power rivalry between China and the US.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Security Monitoring for High Performance Vehicle Computers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increasing connectivity of modern vehicles, cybersecurity threats have become a critical concern. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) play a vital role in securing in-vehicle networks and embedded vehicle computers from malicious attacks. This presentation shares about an IDS framework designed specifically for POSIX-based operating systems used in vehicle computers, leveraging system-level monitoring, anomaly detection, and signature-based methods to identify potential security breaches. The proposed IDS integrates lightweight behavioral analysis to ensure minimal computational overhead while effectively detecting unauthorized access, privilege escalation, communication interface monitoring etc. By employing a combination of rule-based and OS datapoints, the system enhances threat detection accuracy without compromising real-time performance. Practical series deployments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in mitigating cyber threats in automotive environments, ensuring safer and more resilient vehicle systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663400</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating European Maritime Infrastructure Resilience through Constructive Simulation and Infrastructure Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European maritime security is challenged by geopolitical tensions. This development necessitates robust protection strategies for critical infrastructure. Recent events, including suspected attacks on subsea cables and drone sightings near energy terminals, underscore the infrastructure vulnerability. We propose the application of constructive simulation models to evaluate the protection and resilience of maritime infrastructures. Constructive simulation offers an analytical tool for assessing the effectiveness of security measures. These simulations are today used in the defense field, e.g. for informing procurement decisions, optimizing ways on how well these systems are used for countering such threats, and for training practitioners. We see advantages in using this approach also in the civil security field. A simulation to replicate potential threat scenarios enables the evaluation of system capabilities and the development of effective countermeasures. This paper describes a variety of frameworks for the creation of constructive simulations. Each framework offers different advantages. A single simulation often proves insufficient in addressing the complexity of such scenarios. Thus, the use of co-simulations has become a prevalent approach. This concept requires diverse distribution standards, which in turn can be employed to establish a connection between potential simulations and infrastructure models. These standards are further described in this paper. Moreover, integrating detailed infrastructure models, exemplified by a recently developed offshore wind farm model, allows the simulation of infrastructure failures and the assessment of repair logistics. We discuss how this approach allows testing of infrastructure resilience against attacks, in terms of preventing and recovering from them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 16:16:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648041</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cybersecurity in Maritime Transport Systems: Threats, Trends, and Countermeasures in the Last Decade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing digitization and automation of maritime transport systems have introduced significant cybersecurity challenges across both vessel-based and port-based infrastructures. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current cyber threat landscape affecting the maritime domain, examining key vulnerabilities in modern maritime systems, including navigation, communication, and cargo handling technologies. It outlines recent trends such as the emergence of autonomous shipping and evaluates their implications for cybersecurity. A detailed classification of cyber threats—ranking from ransomware and phishing to advanced persistent threats and denial-of-service attacks—is presented alongside real-world case studies that illustrate the technical complexity and operational impact of cyber incidents. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the main risk factors contributing to cyber vulnerabilities in the maritime sector. Building on this, it explores state-of-the-art strategies and technologies aimed at mitigating these threats, including intrusion detection systems, blockchain applications, cybersecurity training protocols, and international regulatory efforts. The study concludes with key recommendations for strengthening cyber resilience in maritime operations, emphasizing a proactive and multilayered approach to securing this critical global infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:37:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Threats to Shipping in the Black Sea and Their Global Impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604599</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article examines the threats to cargo transportation in the Black Sea and the directions of their impact on the maritime transport industry both regionally and globally. The assessment of the military component of these threats is important for all aspects of the transport fleet, primarily because the significance of military threats is greater than that of other risks to maritime transport. In particular, it is indicated that the consequences of threats to the merchant fleet due to hostilities in the Black Sea are not only sunken and damaged vessels, people lost, but also dynamic changes in freight rates and even an increase in the average service life of merchant vessels of the warring parties. This increases the risks of accidents and has already led to significant threats to marine biocenosis, which contradicts the principles of green shipping. The above principles, as proven by research, are also contradicted by the trend of reducing the development of alternative fuel infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in the possibilities of its further use by merchant fleet vessels. The importance of introducing fragmented logistics schemes, primarily expanding the use of the ro-ro network, for reducing the impact of threats is noted. The study confirms that the threat of sea pollution with a significant uncertain component is also represented by the systematic illegal transshipment of oil products in the open sea to avoid sanctions. At the same time, the study indicates that the significant uncertainty of wartime threats complicates the relevant assessment and forecasting of the parameters of all aspects of maritime transportation. It is also noted that the impact of the uncertainty of military risks limits the use of recursive vector autoregression for forecasting the freight rate. Therefore, a mathematical model is proposed to separate uncertainty from the impact of other factors that are considered as "colored" noise. It is also proposed to use an interval approach with an uneven distribution of the resulting function over the area of existence with its subsequent refinement by parameter estimation methods with other metrics. The mathematical model allows taking into account the different orientations of the impact vectors of uncertain factors, which increases the relevance of the forecast. The increasing relevance of maritime transport forecasts will contribute to risk prevention measures and resource provision to mitigate their consequences. Taking into account the uncertain component of risks is important not only in wartime, since this component is also present in maritime transport risks in peacetime. This will ensure the appropriate level of sustainability of cargo transportation by sea, reasonably shape the directions for the introduction of digital, green technologies, methods for optimizing logistics routes, etc. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604599</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a methodology for evaluating the susceptibility of naval surface ships based on naval engagement simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a simulation-based methodology for evaluating the susceptibility of naval surface ships in realistic engagement environments. Susceptibility is a critical indicator of ship survivability, yet most prior assessments have relied on deterministic or static probabilistic chains that assume fixed probabilities for detection, tracking, and interception. Such approaches fail to capture the dynamic and conditional nature of actual naval engagements. To overcome this limitation, the proposed framework integrates stochastic modeling with discrete-event simulation, allowing probabilistic variables to be dynamically updated in response to real-time factors such as sensor degradation, adaptive threat maneuvers, environmental uncertainty, and realistic operational constraints (e.g., command latency, resource limitations, and human-in-the-loop decision structures). This enables a comprehensive evaluation across both ship design and operational dimensions. The methodology is implemented within a naval engagement simulator that incorporates probabilistic target detection, dynamic weapon assignment, guided-missile interception logic, and countermeasure deployment. Compared with conventional methods, the framework demonstrates enhanced adaptability and fidelity in modeling multi-threat, time-sensitive scenarios. A case study illustrates its application to derive and assess susceptibility reduction strategies, confirming its utility as a decision-support tool for survivability-driven ship design and tactical planning. Importantly, this study is the first to formalize susceptibility as a dynamic probability redistribution process within a DEVS-based simulation framework, thereby bridging the gap between theoretical survivability models and realistic naval engagement scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault tolerant mission management for UAV under random threat using Markov decision process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research introduces a comprehensive framework for mission accomplishment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in threat-prone zones. Leveraging a Markov Decision Process (MDP), the proposed model ensures mission accomplishment and optimal resource utilization by incorporating UAV state-of-charge, post-fault capabilities, and threat navigation strategies. The framework addresses sensor, actuator, and vision camera faults, enabling dependable operations even under adverse conditions. A key feature of the model is the integration of UAV battery levels to evaluate operational range relative to mission objectives, optimizing task distribution while conserving energy. Additionally, the incorporation of adaptive navigation modes enhances UAV agility and robustness by enabling threat avoidance during operation, closely emulating real-world scenarios. By synthesizing repair protocols, recharging strategies, and stochastic modeling of recurrent goals and threats, the framework offers a holistic solution to improve resilience and mission success in hostile environments. Stochastic dynamic programming ensures the rapid application of precomputed optimal policies during mission execution. A simulation-based case study demonstrates the framework's effectiveness in navigating threats, mitigating faults, and ensuring mission reliability in energy-constrained scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 16:49:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583091</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automotive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment in Practice: A practical guide to TARA following the ISO/SAE 21434 standard for automotive embedded and IT/OT systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The surge in automotive cybersecurity regulations necessitates a structured risk management method. This work examines these regulations, details the European cybersecurity legal framework, and explores the ISO/SAE 21434's threat analysis and risk assessment (TARA) approach. Implementing TARA in real-world scenarios presents challenges, such as identifying the correct assets or performing accurate threat modeling. This book employs a pragmatic approach to TARA across three domains: electrical and electronic systems within the vehicle, the vehicle's connected ecosystem, and manufacturing plants, integrating insights from ISO/IEC 27000 and IEC 62443 standard series without seeking to harmonize them. This book offers a technical guideline for TARA, presenting detailed case studies across these domains and emphasizing technical rigor while ensuring efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AI-driven manipulative technologies and the evolution of transport threats: a risk-based assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background: The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into communication, surveillance, and transport systems has generated concern regarding its potential misuse for ideological radicalization and behavioral manipulation. While no documented cases of AI-facilitated terrorist attacks have occurred to date, international agencies have begun issuing early-warning assessments regarding emerging digital risks in critical infrastructure sectors. Methods: This article conducts a multidisciplinary synthesis of international threat reports and early alert frameworks from organizations such as ICAO, Europol, UNOCT, and OSCE. It develops a conceptual framework linking manipulative AI technologies—such as adaptive chatbots, algorithmic echo chambers, and generative personas—with potential vectors of behavioral infiltration in the transportation domain. Results: The study identifies a dual-risk trajectory: (1) external radicalization of lone actors through personalized ideological conditioning, and (2) internal manipulation of insiders via deceptive or coercive AI stimuli. These patterns are mapped against transportation-specific vulnerabilities, particularly in aviation and metro environments. Conclusion: Although AI-based terrorist attacks have not materialized operationally, the convergence of psychological influence and transport-access technologies requires urgent attention. A forward-looking risk typology is proposed to support early detection, personnel screening, and system-wide resilience in the face of AI-augmented behavioral threats.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:34:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of incidents involving disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in commercial airports has increased in recent years. However, much of the response to these incidents has been focused on addressing behavior in flight, leaving airport operators with limited guidelines tailored to the airport environment.  ACRP Research Report 280: Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, presents a practical guide for reducing and responding to incidents of disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in an airport setting. The guide examines the topic holistically and offers a structured approach to understanding root causes, prevention and mitigation strategies, coordinated response, and postincident analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2025 16:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Management of the Airport Security Process Based on the Conservation Law of the Object’s Integrity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of aviation and the increase in passenger traffic flow leads to increased threats to the safety of air transportation, which plunges the airport security system into a contradictory situation: it is necessary to reduce the time for detecting and neutralizing security threats with an increasing number of controlled parameters. The composition of the response time to emerging threats to the airport is presented in the study based on a mathematical model of a management decision using the Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations. The model includes three components: the time of threat formation, the time of threat detection and recognition and the time of threat neutralization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:56:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyber Threat Susceptibility Assessment for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on ISO/SAE 21434</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TARA, which stands for Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment, serves as the foundational stage of cybersecurity implementation, particularly in the context of vehicular systems. While various considerations and risk assessment frameworks have been discussed in recent years, there is a notable lack of TARA models specifically designed for heavy-duty (HD) vehicles. The security considerations and vulnerabilities in HD vehicles differ significantly from those in light-duty (LD) vehicles, leading to different security impacts and varying attack feasibility. This makes existing models inadequate for accurately assessing risks in the context of HD vehicles. This study introduces a novel risk assessment model tailored for HD vehicles, addressing gaps in existing TARA frameworks such as EVITA, HEAVENS, and ISO/SAE 21434. The key contribution of this work lies in the customization of impact and feasibility metrics within the ISO/SAE framework to better account for the unique security challenges posed by HD vehicles. Unlike prior models, this approach adapts the impact criteria to reflect the diverse range of security concerns specific to HD vehicles, which have been inadequately addressed in existing frameworks. Additionally, through a comprehensive analysis of threat vectors and vehicle interfaces, the model refines feasibility criteria, ensuring a more accurate and context-aware assessment of security risks. By adopting these enhancements, the proposed model offers more precise risk assessments that align with HD vehicle considerations, helping to prioritize threats and make optimal decisions regarding risk treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 15:10:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lessons from the implementation of Threat and Error Management: A case study of the Australian general aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Threat and Error Management (TEM) is one of recent safety initiatives to further improve the overall aviation safety level. In response to the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for TEM to be introduced to all pilot training syllabi, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) in Australia mandated TEM as an additional assessment item for various levels of flight tests and ground examinations in 2009. The current study adopted a two-pronged approach: A case study to highlight the importance of TEM training, followed by gaining an in-depth appreciation as to how TEM was implemented and its effects of the use of TEM training. A semi-structured interview of five highly experienced general aviation Flight Examiners (FE) was conducted, and thematic analysis was performed for the interview data from which four main themes emerged: 1) Impracticality; 2) Lack of guidance and support; 3) TEM implementation; and 4) TEM in practice. All participants shared the same view that TEM was not implemented well. It is expected that the findings from this study add to the body of knowledge to better inform and provide guidance and reference for National Aviation Authorities (NAA) to develop an implementation plan when considering the implementation of TEM training in their regulatory framework. The authors' study highlights a notable disconnect in CASA’s operational workforce’s grasp of TEM, impacting trust in the general aviation sector in its significance and application. It should be also noted that since the authors' study, to address this and foster innovation in safety projects, CASA has initiated comprehensive strategies such as workforce planning and actively engaging in Technical Working Groups (TWGs) to harness community expertise for safety improvements. Nevertheless, the findings have the potential to provide information regarding pilot attitudes to future safety initiatives in other rapidly growing sectors such as Recreational Aviation (RA) and Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 11:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533868</guid>
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