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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Spray characteristics of biodiesel: A nonlinear temporal instability analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the global demand for sustainable energy sources intensifies due to the dwindling reserves of fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels compatible with conventional engines becomes paramount. Biofuels emerge as a promising alternative; however, their distinct thermo-physical properties necessitate a comprehensive evaluation before practical implementation. This research delves into the atomization of biofuels, a critical determinant of combustion efficiency, employing weakly non-linear instability analysis. Our investigations reveal that the reduction in viscosity and surface tension of biofuels, achieved through blending with diesel and preheating, induces destabilization of the fuel sheet, leading to enhanced disintegration. Notably, this destabilizing effect becomes more pronounced at higher air-fuel velocity ratios. Within this study, we employ a stochastic model, the Maximum entropy formalism, to predict droplet characteristics. The analysis demonstrates a shift in the droplet size distribution curve toward smaller diameters, accompanied by a narrowing of the droplet size range with increased velocity ratio and preheating temperature. Additionally, the inclusion of a higher proportion of biodiesel in the blends marginally expands the range of droplet diameters. Furthermore, this research quantifies the mass mean droplet diameter. The results indicate a reduction in mean droplet diameter with increasing velocity ratio. In-depth analysis includes a linear energy budget assessment to elucidate the influence of various forces on the instability phenomenon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on key indices of SBS modified asphalt aging based on grey relation entropy analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complicated aging behavior and the environmental circumstances in service have a significant impact on the aging performance of styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt (SBSMA). Since the aging performance of SBSMA will be influenced by the aging assessment indexes and characterization procedures, and since there is no clear standard for developing this, it is necessary to provide important indicators to evaluate the aging degree of asphalt. This work uses the pressure aging vessel aging test (PAV) to simulate long-term thermo-oxidative aging, the rotating film oven test for asphalt (RTFOT) to model short-term thermo-oxidative aging of asphalt materials, and ultraviolet aging (UV) to mimic the effects of ultraviolet aging. Frequency scanning and the multiple stress creep recovery test (MSCR) were used to further test the macroscopic property indexes of SBSMA. To ascertain the microscopic property indexes of SBSMA, infrared spectroscopy （IR）, fluorescence microscopy （FM）, and gel permeation chromatography （GPC） were employed. Finally, the correlation between the values was ascertained using grey relation entropy analysis. The findings indicate that using the irrecoverable creep flexibility at the MPa level of 3.2 kPa (Jnr-3.2) as the reference column causes the average grey entropy correlation to approach 0.988. When compared to the grey entropy correlation of other macroscopic indicators, this correlation is the strongest. Under the SBSMA macroscale, Jnr-3.2 is seen as a crucial indicator. The longer and more severe the asphalt aging, the higher the carbonyl index (CI), which has the strongest combined grey entropy association with other micro indicators. Consequently, CI is considered the key indication of SBSMA at the microscopic level. The application of grey entropy correlation analysis of SBSMA macro-microscopic under the careful analysis of several indicators can help in a more comprehensive understanding of the rheological properties of SBSMA and its evolution by revealing the extent of influence of the indicators of SBSMA under the microscopic degree of the asphalt properties of the differences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 08:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Method for Identifying Entropy Coefficient Based on Battery Thermal Model and Test Temperature</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The entropy coefficient is one of the important factors for battery temperature prediction, and its measuring error directly affects the calculation accuracy of temperature. The traditional potentiometric method obtains the entropy coefficient from the open circuit voltage (OCV) change and battery temperature. However, this article points out that the error of the OCV change can reach 833%, and such a large error makes the predicted battery temperature far from the true value. The entropy coefficients obtained by the traditional potential method are applied to the battery thermal model, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative error (MRE) of temperature can reach 16.76° C and 74.94%. To reduce the error and improve the test accuracy of the entropy coefficient, this article identifies the entropy coefficient through the test temperature and battery thermal model. The identified entropy coefficient can greatly reduce the prediction error in the temperature. With its application, the MAE falls from 16.76° C to 0.35° C, and MRE decreases from 74.94% to 1.56%. Under conditions of different states of health (SOHs), the entropy coefficient identified by the proposed method can also help the thermal model accurately predict the temperature, and the maximum MAE in this study is below 1° C.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665592</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Magnesium chloride deicer and asphalt: a multiscale approach to adhesion and damage characterisation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The combined effects of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) deicer and freeze-thaw (F-T) accelerate the progression of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavements. A multiscale approach was employed to evaluate adhesion and debonding mechanisms in systems of a polymer-modified asphalt binder and different aggregates subjected to various concentrations of aqueous MgCl₂ solutions and F-T cycles. Pull-off tests conducted on binder-aggregate samples revealed that the pull-off strength and failure mechanism were affected by the salt concentrations and aggregates’ mineralogies. Investigating the adhesion and debonding using the surface free energy, a thermodynamic approach, showed that depending on the aggregate type, lower salt concentrations could accelerate adhesion decay at a higher rate compared to higher salt concentrations. Atomic force microscopy study revealed that salt concentration and F-T cycles significantly affected the microstructure, morphology, and micromechanical characteristics of the asphalt binder, contributing to an accelerated loss of adhesion in asphalt binder-aggregate systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entropy based approach to assessing performance in oil tanker shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the pursuit of decarbonising sustainable maritime transportation, balancing economic profitability with environmental preservation remains a challenge under existing international regulations. This study addresses the need for new evaluation criteria by analysing oil tanker performance and entropy-based environmental pollution. Using newly developed entropy-based metrics grounded in thermodynamic principles, the vessel's environmental pollution potential is assessed. The results show a strong correlation between exergy destruction, entropy generation and environmental impacts. Average energy and exergy efficiencies are 35.29% and 22.62%, respectively. A holistic performance analysis, incorporating deadweight tonnage (DWT), indicates a pollution rate of 76.53% under reversible conditions. Moreover, by focusing on consumption potential relative to demand (53.45%), the study proposes advanced metrics to assess vessel energy efficiency and pollution. The paper concludes with recommendations to enhance maritime sustainability, emphasising the relevance of operational and climatic data and offers new insights into applying entropy-based approaches in maritime environmental assessments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:37:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Second Law Approach to Dynamic Optimization of Enumerated Aircraft Thermal Management System Architectures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a novel framework for the automated enumeration and dynamic optimization of thermofluid system architectures, demonstrated on air cycle machine (ACM) thermal management systems (TMSs). The approach addresses the challenge of exploring large design spaces by combining graph-based modeling, symbolic equation generation, and dynamic optimization to automatically derive and evaluate the governing equations for each feasible architecture. A case study optimizes 164 ACM architectures over a 4000-s mission profile, targeting two objectives: total entropy generation and time-averaged bleed air mass flow rate ( L₂ norm). Results show that optimal architectures differ across metrics, revealing architecture-level tradeoffs. The top-performing designs align with known practical systems. The methodology is general and scalable, with potential extensions to two-phase thermal loops, vapor compression systems, and other regenerative energy systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 14:12:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of low-temperature high-cycle fatigue life of Q500qENH based on thermodynamic entropy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In low-temperature environments, steel structure bridges face dual challenges of low temperature and fatigue, which negatively affect the safety and durability of the structures. After experiencing several catastrophic accidents, this issue has received widespread attention. In this study, we investigate the low-temperature fatigue of typical welded joints of a newly designed 500–550 MPa grade high-tensile and easy-to-weld weather-resistant bridge steel plate suitable for the complex environment of a plateau. We performed low-temperature high-cycle fatigue tests at 20℃, 0℃, −20℃, −40℃ and −60℃ (293, 273, 253, 233, and 213 K) for butt and cross joints. The test results indicated that low temperatures increase the fatigue limit of specimens. Meanwhile, the thermal fatigue effect of the specimen during high circumferential fatigue is very small, and there is an obvious stable temperature interval, which provides the possibility of a thermodynamic entropy calculation. The specimen maintains the original morphology of the weld, and therefore, it inevitably exhibits a certain degree of bending, with cracks sprouting at the weld toe on the side of the specimen with the highest tensile stress. The scanning electron microscopy results show that low temperatures lead to a smoother microscopic morphology of fatigue cracks. The fatigue life of Q500qENH steel butt and cross joints was predicted using a thermodynamic entropy method, and the fatigue life in the range of −60℃–20℃ (213–293 K) was predicted using the proposed method after obtaining certain test data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying disorder and abnormal incidents in traffic flow: A thermodynamics approach based on differential velocity entropy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Macroscopic traffic safety situation estimation is an important prerequisite for identifying abnormal incidents and ensuring the safe operation of road network. Existing traffic flow metrics fail to comprehensively quantify disorder associated with crash risks and abnormal events. Inspired by thermodynamics, this research proposes a differential velocity entropy based on the distribution of velocity vectors and the maximum entropy (ME) approach. This entropy models the disorder in traffic flow, capturing additionally information typically overlooked in traditional fundamental diagrams. As a non-parametric measure of disorder, it eliminates heterogeneity arising from bin selection and sample size effects in quantitative analysis. Numerical simulations demonstrate its sensitivity to traffic phase transitions, revealing the spatial and temporal locations of bottlenecks. Subsequently, the authors conducted an empirical study with the I-24 MOTION dataset to assess the metric’s ability to identify crash impacts. The results show that entropy peaks correlate spatially and temporally with accident locations, and its evolution captures the propagation range of accident’s impact. Additionally, differential velocity entropy shows a strong association with conflict frequency and can serve as a key traffic-flow indicator for identifying the macroscopic traffic safety situation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization of bleed slot mechanism for a radial flow compressor based on stall control criteria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In radial flow compressors, the ability to achieve a delayed surge margin represents a significant aspect of the design process. The challenge in optimizing surge delay techniques arises from the inherent difficulty of measuring instability within the confines of steady-state simulations. In this study, the goal is to define the objective functions necessary for optimizing surge delay techniques, thereby eliminating the direct calculation of surge margin. Using multi-objective optimization with a variety of configurations, the authors produced three bleed slot designs for a radial flow compressor. Subsequently, the performance of the three optimal designs were evaluated through LES and RANS simulations. To ensure a fair comparison, an unsteadiness indicator was developed that includes both the fluctuation and the average of the mass flow rate. The results indicated that reducing the incidence angle while simultaneously maximizing the pressure ratio and efficiency resulted in a bleed slot that was more effective in delaying impeller stalling. Based on the analysis of the mass flow rate across 26 impeller rotations, the optimal bleed slot demonstrated the most pronounced enhancement in impeller stability, with a 31% increase. The channel length and width of the optimized bleed slot were found to be 81% and 6% of the impeller radius, respectively. The optimized slot resulted in a flow recirculation of approximately one-fifth of the machine’s overall flow rate. This yielded an estimated increase of 2.1% in the pressure ratio of the base compressor under near-surge conditions. However, this came at the expense of a 1.3% reduction in efficiency. It is postulated that inflow excitation is the primary cause of airfoil surge delay, which is governed by the bleed flow rate and the dynamics of the bleed cells. The optimization results also confirmed the existence of a direct correlation between the incidence angle and the rate of entropy generation at the leading edge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined effect representative value determination method of sectional temperature differences for bridge box girder and ballastless track slab</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Significant asynchrony exists between the extreme sectional temperature differences (STDs) of the high-speed railway (HSR) box girder and the ballastless track slab. Structural flexural deformation analysis based solely on univariate extreme temperature gradient may lead to distortion and redundancy. To address this issue, a method based on the maximum entropy principle is proposed for the unbiased estimation of the combined representative STDs for the box girder and track slab. Firstly, a model transforming spatial temperature measurements from multiple points into a one-dimensional equivalent linear STD for the structure is established. Secondly, an unbiased fitting method is proposed for the estimation of extreme STD based on the maximum entropy principle. Using measured data samples, the optimal marginal distributions for the univariate values are fitted. Thirdly, based on long-term measured temperature of the box girder and track slab system, a method for determining the combination coefficients of extreme STDs over multiyear return periods is proposed. The study reveals that due to the differences in structure size and shielding effect, the magnitude and seasonal pattern of the STD of box girder are significantly different from those of track slab. The joint exceedance probability model of the STDs of box girder and track slab, fitted using the maximum entropy principle, can quantitatively characterize the time lag effect of their temperature fields over multi-year return periods. Compared to the traditional extreme value analysis models, the proposed method based on maximum entropy principle can provide a more unbiased probability distribution function without making any distribution assumptions in advance. The proposed method can be used to determine the combined STD effects of HSR box girder and track slab, improving the accuracy of temperature effect analysis and providing support for more economical and safer service of HSR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 17:03:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Machine Learning-Based Electrode-Level State-of-Health Estimation for NMC/Graphite Battery Cells</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate health diagnostics of lithium-ion batteries are critical for ensuring safe, reliable, and prolonged battery operation. This study presents a data-driven approach to estimating electrode-level state of health (eSOH) using a deep neural network (DNN), enabling the assessment of the loss of active material (LAM) in both electrodes and the loss of lithium inventory (LLI). To construct the DNN models, essential features are extracted from the differential voltage and incremental capacity analyses of the open-circuit voltage (OCV), derived from a mechanistic model for a nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC)/graphite battery. The DNNs are trained and tested using various hyperparameters, leveraging the OCV data. Specifically, accuracy and robustness are considered in the model selection and evaluation process to balance precision and generalization ability. In addition, feature reduction is performed considering three aspects: the number of features, robustness to noise, and the SOC window for data acquisition. Based on the analysis, three DNN models with reduced futures are meticulously chosen and extensively evaluated against the baseline all (12)-feature model, demonstrating their performance. Finally, a correction method utilizing the entropy change of the electrodes is proposed to improve the estimation accuracy in the presence of temperature variations from the training phase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:34:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation indicators for asphalt pavement sealants in seasonal frozen region: An experimental study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2513228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the limitations of existing evaluation frameworks, this study proposes a novel performance evaluation framework for asphalt pavement sealants under low-temperature conditions. This framework integrates key indicators such as cone penetration ratio, compressive elastic recovery ratio, and low-temperature tensile stress. These indicators are developed through multiple experiments, including short-term and long-term aging, low-temperature tension, water immersion, and freeze-thaw cycles. The results reveal that cone penetration ratio and compressive elasticity recovery ratio effectively characterize the sealant’s aging resistance after both short- and long-term aging. Viscosity and penetration depth can effectively assess the suitability of the construction standards for sealants. Low-temperature tensile stress after freeze-thaw cycles robustly captures the sealant’s resistance to low-temperature cracking. Thresholds for cone penetration ratio and compressive elasticity recovery ratio are recommended to be 90 % and 30 % for short-term aging, as well as 50 % and 20 % for long-term aging, respectively. Thresholds for low-temperature tensile stress are 0.06 MPa at − 30 °C and 0.03 MPa at − 20 °C. Additionally, the adhesion performance after freeze-thaw cycles should be 0.03 MPa at − 30 °C and 0.025 MPa at − 20 °C. By employing the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, the model not only evaluates the qualification of samples but also facilitates comprehensive performance assessment across different standards. This study establishes a comprehensive framework for enhancing the application performance and durability assessment of sealants, which provides critical insights and supplementary data for performance evaluations and standard revisions in cold regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:35:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2513228</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Review of Ocean Wave’s Uncertainties for Navigators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2508986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The uncertainties of marine environments lastingly challenge navigation and safety of sea transportation. Therefore, the article tackles the extraction, assessment, and analysis as well as the perceptive presentations of probabilistic uncertainties of the random wind waves ocean-wide. The link of the probabilistic uncertainties and statistical variabilities is accomplished in the article by using the reported Global Wave Statistics of coherent and controlled wind wave data visually observed from ships in normal service. The probabilistic uncertainty is defined in the information theory most coherently with the human experience of randomness by the information entropy. The article reveals expressions, tables, graphs, and charts of information entropy which objectively express the uncertainties of observed wind wave directions, heights, and periods in all principal ocean areas. The combinations of areal entropy provide uncertainties of wider ocean zones, sectors, and shipping routes for the assessment of all-around exposures of ships and other objects in service at seas to random wind wave effects appropriately to sea-men’s experience of randomness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 16:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2508986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Note on the Entropy Maximization Principle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use and misuse of the entropy maximization principle in the traffic sciences is demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of internal flow characteristics in an azimuth waterjet propulsion at different ship speeds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Azimuth waterjet propulsion is a special kind of waterjet propulsion, which is installed flush with the bottom of hull and 360 deg steerable. It is widely used in ships to broaden navigation range, enhance adaptability in shallow water area and improve maneuverability. In this study, an azimuth waterjet propulsion is investigated by numerical simulations. The predicted bollard thrust is in good agreement with experimental data and the accuracy of numerical method is validated. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed at several ship speeds to study its effect on performance and internal flow field. The local Euler head distribution (LEHD) is used to evaluate the pattern of energy growth on different constant stream surfaces of impeller. The concept of entropy generation rate is introduced to measure the intensity and location of loss generation inside azimuth waterjet propulsion. The loss generations of different regions and its variations at different ship speeds are presented, the impeller and diffuser domain are found to make dominant contribution to loss generation. Four main sources of loss in diffuser domain are identified, and the flow mechanism responsible for the loss generation is analyzed in detail to give guidance for further performance improvement of azimuth waterjet propulsion. The main reason for the abrupt decrease in efficiency and thrust at high ship speed is also illustrated and clarified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 09:20:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491420</guid>
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