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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures for bridge pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The alternative Stone Mastic Asphalt containing an increased amount of bituminous mastic bituminous mixtures (SMA-MA) have been successfully used for additional protective layers on steel and concrete deck bridges. In this application, the mixtures must feature the desired behaviour at both high and low (i.e. below freezing) temperatures. The SMA-MA mixtures owe their improved low-temperature resistance to the bituminous binder used in them, softer than the binders used in mastic asphalts (MA). This article reports a study comparing the selected low-temperature parameters of the SMA-MA and MA mixtures to the parameters of the bituminous binders used in them. The performance of HMA was evaluated by subjecting the specimens to UTST (Uniaxial Tension Stress Test) and TSRST (Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test) tests at the test temperatures from -25°C to -10°C. The low-temperature performance of bituminous binders was, in turn, assessed with the BBR test.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 15:56:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of two low-temperature cracking tests for use in performance-based asphalt mixture design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cracking is one of the main causes requiring replacement of asphalt pavement, but the traditional mix design methodologies do not require testing of asphalt mixture cracking resistance. Two cracking tests, Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and Semi-Circular Bending (SCB), were evaluated in this study to determine their suitability for adapting as part of mixture type testing and quality control protocol. Eight different mixtures were used to evaluate the test methods, having a wide range of maximum aggregate size, mix type, binder grade and target application. Half of the mixtures were plant-produced, while the other half were laboratory-produced. The results showed that TSRST is the preferred method for mix design because of smaller result variability and better distinguishing between the different mixtures. At the same time, a reasonable correlation exists between TSRST and SCB tests. This makes it possible to use the simpler SCB test for pre-screening samples to further test using the TSRST. The equivalent ageing protocol is a pre-requisite to be able to compare the test results. The Fraass breaking point, a measure of bitumen low-temperature cracking resistance, did not provide good correlation with either of the mixture cracking tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2020 17:54:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746098</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparison study on low-temperature properties of Stone Mastic Asphalts modified with PmBs or modified fibres</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of different kinds of Modified Fibres (MF) on the thermal cracking performance of a Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) compared to the conventional SMA mixtures modified with SBS Polymer modified Bitumen (PmB). In addition, the capability of rubberised fibres to alleviate the thermal cracking sensitivity was investigated. Besides the main scope, a series of the same SMAs was also produced containing 25% of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) to investigate the effects of RAP on the low-temperature performance of the mixtures, which were modified either with MF or PmB. The experimental plan included both binder and mixture characterisation by means of Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test and Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST). Binder-scale test results showed that the stiffness of all bituminous compounds is increased by the addition of fibres and rubber improves the elasticity of both neat and PmB compounds. In the mixture scale, TSRST results showed no significant difference between the mixtures. However, it is noteworthy that, in addition, better low-temperature performance was recorded for virgin mixtures compared to RAP containing ones. The overall results may confirm the feasibility of modified fibres in the modification of mixtures at low temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2020 17:54:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746105</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Durability and the Performance of an Asphalt Mix involving Aramid Pulp Fiber (APF): Complex Modulus before and after Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Fatigue, and TSRST Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main deteriorations of asphalt pavements in cold regions are due to the effect of heavy traffics, water action, low-temperature fluctuations, freeze-thaw cycles and the combination of all these factors together. Fiber additives are mainly used as reinforcement materials in asphalt pavements to improve the tensile properties and increase the strength against low-temperature cracking and potholes. Aromatic polyamide fiber (aramid fiber) is used in advanced composite materials since it has a very high tensile strength, modulus, and high cohesiveness. Whether the addition of Aramid Pulp Fiber (APF) can effectively improve the fatigue life, thermal performance, and durability of asphalt mixture under repeated freeze-thaw cycles are also major problems needed to be investigated properly. In this regard, thermo-mechanical analyses (complex modulus, fatigue, and thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST)) have been conducted on the asphalt mix with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 20 mm, known as Grave Bitume (GB20) in Quebec, Canada. The improvement effect of APF incorporation is assessed to compare the stiffness variation before and after 300 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, fatigue behavior, and thermal strength. The results indicate the ability of APF to increase the durability of the GB 20 mix against freeze-thaw cycles. The TSRST and fatigue results also show that the APF additives can increase the performance of the GB 20 mix against low temperature cracking and heavy truckloads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jun 2018 14:03:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verification of the new viscoelastic method of thermal stress calculation in asphalt layers of pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The new viscoelastic method of thermal stress calculations in asphalt layers has been developed and published recently by the author. This paper presents verification of this method. The verification is based on the comparison of the results of calculations with results of testing of thermal stresses in Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test. The calculations of thermal stresses according to the new method were based on rheological parameters of the Burgers model. The parameters were measured in laboratory at different low temperatures, at long time creep under constant loading. Five asphalt mixes were tested. Three of them were high modulus asphalt concretes and two conventional asphalt concretes. Specimens were prepared in exactly the same way both for rheological creep tests and for the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test. The results of measured thermal stresses were compared with thermal stresses calculated from the new viscoelastic method developed by the author and in most cases a good agreement was found. For comparison, the measured stresses were compared with results of calculations according to the existing methods. The viscoelastic Monismith method failed in prediction of thermal stresses. The prediction from the quasi-elastic Hills and Brien method was underestimated, but better than from the Monismith method and worse than from the new viscoelastic method. The reasons of discrepancies were discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jun 2018 12:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Low Temperature Properties of Rubberized Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents low-temperature test results of asphalt mixtures designed with use of bitumen modified by crumb rubber and also styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer. Laboratory tests were conducted on two types of asphalt mixtures for wearing course – stone matrix asphalt (SMA 8) and porous asphalt (PA 8). This paper presents results of the following laboratory tests at low temperatures: thermal stress restrained stress test (TSRST), three point bending creep test, fracture toughness test and assessment of physical hardening. It was found that test results of asphalt mixtures with use of polymer-rubber modified bitumen showed high resistance to low temperature cracking in all tests conducted. In some cases use of polymer-rubber modified bitumen even increased resistance to low temperature cracking in comparison with standard SBS polymer modified bitumen. The additional advantage is that usage of crumb rubber allows to reduce the amount of added polymers with respect to the standard SBS polymer modified bitumen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Apr 2017 16:52:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Temperature Performance of Superpave Mixtures with Recycled Asphalt Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1394161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) is currently allowing Superpave hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture with higher percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials. Recently premature cracking has become prevalent on HMA pavements with higher percentage of RAP. Thus this study was initiated to examine the low-temperature cracking potential of HMA mixtures with higher RAP content. Plant-produced Superpave mix samples were collected from 12 projects where RAP content varied from 24% to 50%. Most mixtures were 12.5-mm Nominal Maximum Size Superpave mixtures with PG 58-28 binder grade. Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Tests (TSRST) on plant-produced mixtures as well as long-term aged mixtures were conducted. Modified Lottman test results and mixture volumetric parameters were extracted from the mixture design data. Results were statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The low-temperature fracture temperature of Superpave recycled mixtures obtained in the TSRST is not significantly affected by the RAP content but depends on the effective asphalt content (or voids filled with asphalt) of the mixtures. However, higher RAP contents tend to show colder fracture temperatures indicating these mixtures are not vulnerable to low-temperature cracking. On the other hand, tensile-strength ratio (TSR) values obtained in the modified Lottman test are significantly correlated (negatively) with the RAP content in the mixture or in other words, the mixtures become more susceptible to moisture damage as the RAP content increases. This test seems to be very sensitive to the RAP content as well as to all volumetric parameters of the Superpave mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 17:49:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1394161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation of the Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the results of a laboratory study conducted to evaluate the influence of Aspha-min® and Sasobit® additives on the behaviour of warm asphalt mixtures. Specimens were compacted at two temperatures, 100 and 145°C, and were subjected to two different testing procedures. The one-third model mobile traffic simulator and the thermal stress restrained specimen test were chosen to assess the susceptibility to moisture and thermal cracking. Results showed that warm asphalt mixtures prepared with Sasobit may be more susceptible to moisture damage, and both additives may negatively impact the low-temperature cracking performance compared with the control mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2014 12:55:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320439</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Infrastructure Sustainability: The Use of Recycled Asphalt Shingles in Flexible Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled asphalt shingle (RAS) as a partial replacement to petroleum-based virgin asphalt cement binder has received considerable attention in recent years due to economic and environmental reasons. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of dense-graded asphalt mixtures containing RAS, including stone-mastic asphalt (SMA). Dense-graded asphalt mixtures were designed to meet Superpave design criteria. A suite of laboratory tests was conducted to evaluate the low, intermediate, and high temperature performance and moisture resistance of laboratory-produced asphalt mixtures using the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) , the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test, and the Hamburg Loaded-Wheel Tester (LWT). Results indicate that the draft revision of AASHTO PP53 over-estimates the actual shingle asphalt binder availability factor. In addition, asphalt mixtures containing 5% RAS performed equally to the control asphalt mixture containing no RAS at low, intermediate, and high temperatures. In addition, the utilization of RAS showed an improvement in the permanent deformation (rutting) performance by resulting in a lower rut depth as compared to the control mixture without RAS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Jun 2014 08:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Evaluation Indices from TSRST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) is recommended by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) as a test method to evaluate low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures, many studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of asphalt mixture with this test, using fracture temperature as the indicator. However, few of them focus on discussing its reliability. In this paper, six kinds of asphalt mixtures are evaluated by TSRST, and it is found that the evaluation results obtained by the four indices are contradictory. It is also inferred from the results of each index coefficient of variation that fracture temperature and transition temperature are more stable when they are used to evaluate low-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. Through the application of principal-component analysis (PCA) and the Boston Consulting Group’s matrix on the TSRST results, it is demonstrated that fracture temperature used as the indicator of low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture is reliable, and this conclusion is verified by gray relation analysis between the four indices from TSRST and bending-strain-energy density.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2012 09:46:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Comparison of the Low-Temperature Performance Evaluation Methods of Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are many methods to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture, but it is difficult for engineers to decide which kind of method can evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture accurately. In this paper, beam bending test (three points bending), thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) and direct tensile relaxation test were adopted to evaluate two categories (AC and SMA), six kinds of asphalt mixtures low temperature performance.  It can be concluded from test results that low temperature cracking resistances performance of asphalt mixture evaluated by the index of bending strength is not consistent with the failure strain obtained from beam bending test, it is because the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture determined by many factors, not only determined by strength characteristics or deformation capacity. By the same token, relaxation time obtained from direct tensile relaxation test cannot be used to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. The curve of strain versus stress can be obtained through the beam bending test of asphalt mixture. The area below the strain C stress curve is the bending strain energy density of asphalt mixture. The greater bending the strain energy density, the better low temperature performance. From the regression analysis it can be found that there is a good correlation between the bending strain energy density and fracture temperature. This correlation shows that the critical values of bending strain energy density can be used to determine the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture in the absence of fracture temperature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jun 2012 14:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of statistical relationship between dynamic modulus and thermal strength of asphalt concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Used to qualify asphalt mixtures based on stress-strain characteristics under repeated loading, dynamic modulus is a performance indicator for asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixes are measured in terms of fracture strength and fracture temperature. One of the simple performance tests selected from the AASHTO 2002 guidelines to rate mixtures according to permanent deformation performance was the dynamic modulus test. However, in relating dynamic modulus values to low temperature cracking, AASHTO 2002 guidelines are silent, probably because of weak correlations reported between these two properties. The relation between these two properties under the influence of aggregate type and mix gradation is investigated in the present study. Mixtures were prepared with two types of aggregate and gradations, while maintaining the binder type and air voids constant. Using thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST), the mixtures were later tested for dynamic modulus and fracture strength. A fair correlation between the thermal fracture strength and stiffness at a selected test temperature and frequency level is indicated by the results. These correlations are highly dependent upon the mix gradation and type of aggregate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 12:34:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Low Temperature Properties of Asphalt Materials by Means of Static Testing Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt pavements that are exposed to decreasing temperatures are loaded by cryogenic stresses arising from prohibited thermal shrinkage. Since decades, a common technique to assess the low temperature behavior of asphalt materials is the combination of two laboratory tests, i.e. the thermal strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and the uniaxial tensile stress test at low temperature conditions (UTST). In this study, these two test procedures are reviewed, based on laboratory data for different asphalt mixtures gained in numerous research studies within the last 15 years. In particular, the influences of the test conditions on the test results are discussed, and the effects of the variation of material properties on the low temperature performance are evaluated. Finally, the interrelation between the test results of the considered asphalt mixtures and the low temperature properties of bitumen is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:00:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Effectiveness of Hot-Poured Crack Surfacing Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/786746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project evaluates the effectiveness of hot-poured crack surfacing material and its ability to seal asphaltic cracks. The term “crack surfacing” is used to describe the rigidity of the material and to distinguish it from crack sealants. The University of Wyoming, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT), conducted field and laboratory evaluations to determine the in-situ performance, temperature and load characteristics, and rutting susceptibility of three selected manufacturer’s products: Deery American Corporation’s Level & Go and Recessed Repair Mastic, and Crafco Incorporated’s PolyPatch. The field evaluation was accomplished at selected test sections of Wyoming Route 93, US Route 26, and Interstate 25. These evaluations identified the modes of failure, superficial distresses, and percent effectiveness. The laboratory evaluation included performance of the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and the Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester (GLWT). The TSRST was used to evaluate the cold temperature bonding characteristics, in particular the fracture temperature, and the load capacity of the crack surfacing materials. To represent field conditions, the materials were configured as flush, uniform overband, tapered overband, and mill & fill. The GLWT was utilized to evaluate the rutting susceptibility of the materials in use. The findings of this research indicate that the Crafco PolyPatch and the tapered overband configuration were the best performers. Based on the results, it is recommended that the PolyPatch material be used with the tapered overband configuration for cold climate applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Aug 2006 10:44:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/786746</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Hot-Poured Thermoelastic Bituminous Crack Sealing of Asphalt Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/803572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the results of field and laboratory tests evaluating four configurations and three materials used for crack surfacing. Crack surfacing, as defined in this paper, is the sealing of cracks over 1 in. (25 mm) wide in asphalt pavements. Laboratory testing using the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST; AASHTO TP 10-93) determines the temperature at which a specimen with its ends restrained fails due to thermal contraction. Field studies evaluate the performance of two materials with the uniform overband configuration on three roads in Wyoming. All crack surfacing materials are commercially available hot-poured thermoelastic bituminous products. Overband configurations are found to be the preferred method for applying crack surfacing, based on the TSRST. Failure modes are evaluated and generally found to propagate from the interface between the surfacing material and the pavement to which it is bonded. Field studies indicate that traffic and snowplowing have a significant influence on the performance of crack surfacing. Cracks sealed with the same configuration and the same material performed substantially better on US-26 than on I-25 over the same time periods. The only obvious difference between the two is that I-25 has three to four times as much traffic and correspondingly greater snow control efforts. This study concludes that materials, configurations, and traffic or snowplowing frequency influence the performance of crack surfacing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Apr 2006 09:28:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/803572</guid>
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