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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>MEASUREMENT BASED REVISIONS FOR SEGMENTAL BRIDGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/410607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is the second and final in a series reporting the field study of several spans of the San Antonio "Y" project. The San Antonio "Y" project is a major urban viaduct comprising segmental concrete box girders post-tensioned with a mix of internal and external tendons and erected using span-by-span techniques.  The instrumentation program targeted areas of segmental design and construction which are still uncertain due to lack of laboratory and field data or are still debated by designers and constructors.  The targeted areas of uncertainty were:  (1) Prestress losses in external tendons, (2) Distribution of stresses across flanges, (3) Thermal gradients and their effects, (4) Behavior of segmental joints, (5) Heavy end diaphragm behavior, (6) Deviator behavior, (7) Behavior under construction and live loads, and (8) Thermal gradients during match casting.  Each topic is presented in an individual chapter which includes a literature review, a description of the instrumentation system, presentation of the results, analysis and comparison with current design methods, and recommendations for improvement of current design and construction criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/410607</guid>
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      <title>COMBINED EFFECT OF TRAFFIC LOADS AND THERMAL GRADIENTS ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this work is to study the behavior of concrete pavements under the simultaneous action of traffic and thermal gradients in concrete slabs.  A new procedure for the structural design of concrete pavements in Spain is presented.  A fatigue equation, taken from an adjustment of Tepfer's fatigue law and based on data on the behavior of several concrete pavements in Spain, is proposed.  Analyses of loading stresses, thermal warping stresses, and simultaneous action stresses in slabs resting on a stratified semi-infinite solid were performed using a finite-element computer program.  Empirical and theoretical equations for predicting the different values of thermal gradients and the frequency of their occurrence were established; these equations are based on Fourier's law and data obtained from observations in Spain.  A computer program was developed to obtain new equivalence factors based on the results of the calculations.  New conversion formulas for axle loads, corresponding to the fatigue damage criterion adopted, were also developed.  This simplified and more realistic design procedure was used to check some of the structural sections included in the Spanish Catalogue of Rigid Pavements.  Finally, a new catalog, which takes into consideration the influence of the geometric characteristics of slabs (thickness and length) and the presence of thermal gradients, was proposed.  Thermal gradients were estimated using a climatic regionalization of Spain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jul 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DESIGN OF CONCRETE BRIDGES FOR TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/79073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the state of the art of ambient thermal loading of prestressed and reinforced concrete bridges. Discussion is generally confined to the behavior under vertical temperature gradients induced by solar radiation input to the deck surface.  Methods for predicting design temperature gradients from local meteorological conditions are discussed, and a general analytical method for predicting the vertical distribution of thermally induced stress is developed.  Results from laboratory and in situ experiments confirm the validity of the analytical approach. The influence of cracking on the thermal response and the significance of thermal loading to ultimate capacity are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/79073</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON OCEAN ENERGY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of a one year study on the feasibility of producing energy intensive products at ocean sites using electricity generated from Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants are presented.  Analysis of production methods and other data on 62 major products lead to selecting 23 of these for further study.  Production is grouped into five separate, possible complexes.  Further market and transportation studies showed that production of products in a sea chemicals complex and an organic chemicals and plastics complex have the highest economic potential.  Detailed designs of these two complexes are presented.  The three potential sites are selected for these OEICs.  An environmental assessment reveals that these complexes have no adverse environmental impact.  The selected products can be produced at ocean sites competitively with production at similar land-based complexes.  Return on investment will be between 13% and 18% depending on actual power costs and Details of the final designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60689</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>OCEAN THERMAL POWER PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cost-performance characteristics of heat exchangers for the ocean thermal power cycle are studied.  Linde prefers shell-and-tube exchangers with the seawater tube side to minimize corrosion and fouling.  The use of heat transfer enhancements is considered in order to decrease the exchanger cost.  Corrosion and biofouling by seawater are studied in connection with choice of materials of construction.  Preferred methods of control are chlorination and continuous mechanical cleaning.  The hydraulic problems involved in the evaporator design are studied.  The use of sprayed bundles, and of multiple flooded bundles, is considered.  A system optimization program is written and used to obtain heat exchanger designs optimum from the system viewpoint.  Exchangers using enhanced tubes cost 942 $/KW for a 100-MW plant, or 33% less than with plain tubes. The cost penalty for substituting multiple flooded bundles for sprayed evaporatory bundles is 325 $/KW.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60691</guid>
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      <title>GULF STREAM OTEC RESOURCE POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessments of both the energy resource potential (for a given level of environmental modification) and the nature and extent of environmental modification) and the nature and extent of environmental impact which can be expected to result from large-scale deployment of OTEC plants are analyzed.  Some elements of the resource potential and impact assessment are addressed quantitatively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60698</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology is reviewed and economic issues are identified and discussed. Because the plant is modular and operates in the marine environment, major components can be manufactured in existing shipyards and can be operated by established marine contractors and maritime labor.  The process of large scale implementation is investigated by conceptualizing a Technology Delivery System (TDS) and examining the impact of various design features and government incentives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60703</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ABATEMENT OF BIOFOULING AND CORROSION IN OTEC HEAT EXCHANGERS USING LOW ENERGY SURFACES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept that fouling and corrosion are controlled on low energy metal surfaces treated with fluorochemicals is discussed.  The surfaces of selected metals are chemically modified with a fluorochemical monolayer to minimize their surface energy.  In the ocean at Miami, these low energy surfaces abate algae fouling on aluminum alloy No.  3003-H14 and commercially pure titanium.  Also, they protect the aluminum and 90-10 copper-nickel alloy No.  706 from seawater corrosion.  However, barnacle fouling is observed on all panel surfaces.  Electron spectroscopic and electron microscopic analysis of the outermost surface points to the possible reasons for this growth.  Additional work is needed to more fully understand the important factors that relate the monolayer characteristics -- monolayer compositon, surface energy and surface coverage -- to antibiofouling and anticorrosion performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN OF LOW-COST ALUMINUM HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR OTEC PLANT-SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most expensive components of an OTEC system are the evaporators (heated by warm surface water), the condensers (cooled by water from 700-1000 m depth), and the floating ocean platform.  To minimize these costs, a simple two-phase-flow heat exchangers made of large-diameter aluminum tubes (ammonia inside, sea water outside) are designed for integration in a simple, barge-type, reinforced concrete hull.  Each 2.5-MW//e(net) evaporator or condenser module has 132 tubes approximately 700 ft long, folded to 27 horizontal passes each; 6 of these tubes are "nested" in a vertical plane in each of 22 "elements" .  The method of analysis and a concept for assembling these modules are presented.  The estimated costs for the heat exchangers and the total OTEC plant-ship (to busbars) are $5.45 sq. ft. of surface area and $1130/kW//e(net), respectively, for a first-of-a-kind, 100-MW//e(net) demonstration plant ship for use on tropical high seas.  The costs for the sixth and subsequent 500-MW//e(net) commercial plant-ships are estimated to be 2.72/sq. ft. and 566/kW//e.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60715</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXTRACTING ENERGY FROM THE OCEANS: A REVIEW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Renewable energy resources are expected to minimize environmental impact and present none of the security and waste disposal problems associated with nuclear power plants.  Eight methods, and a number of variants, of obtaining energy from the oceans are presented: ocean thermal, kelp bioconversion, ocean waves, tides and tidal currents, ocean winds, ocean currents, salinity gradients, and ocean geothermal.  Each method is discussed in terms of concepts, geographic areas applicable, and development schedule and costs insofar as information is available. None of these methods produces excess heat into the environment, as do fossil-fuel and nuclear-power generating plants. Most of the methods represent relatively new technologies.61000-A615]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66324</guid>
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