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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A supply chain finance risk management model for the electric vehicle supply chain: a data-driven analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Government policies and financial regulations, supply chain risk assessments, and technology have made electric vehicle (EV) supply chain challenging for Thailand to adopt and implement (SCF) effectively. This study aims to perform a data-driven analysis that provides insight into SCF risk management and inputs for an EV supply chain. Prior studies are lacking to propose a data driven SCF risk management model and present the model in the EV supply chain. This study proposed a hybrid approach to validate the attributes and formed the hierarchical structure. This study contributes insights into a valid SCF risk management hierarchical structure, identifies the causal interdependent relationships among the attributes, and determines the attributes for the model. The results show that financing risk control and global SCF strategies are needed for improvement. The bullwhip effect, decision-making processes, bank credit, corporate social responsibility, and reverse factoring are important for practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 08:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intelligent Multi-Objective Tugboat–Barge Scheduling for Inland Waterway Operations Using Generative Adversarial Learning and Reinforcement-Based Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tugboat–barge coordination in inland waterway transportation presents critical multi-objective optimization challenges due to interdependent constraints including fleet capacity, operational costs, dynamic tidal conditions, and temporal accessibility windows. Traditional approaches fail to effectively address these complex interdependencies in constrained inland waterway environments. This paper proposes Multi-Objective Generative Adversarial Learning and Search for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MGALS-ITS), integrating reinforcement learning-based construction, generative adversarial network-driven local search, and adaptive optimization specifically for tugboat–barge scheduling in tidal inland waterways. The Reinforcement Learning (RL) component learns from constraint patterns to generate feasible, cost-efficient coordination schedules for tugboat–barge operations. A conditional Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) refines solutions through learned neighborhood exploration, while adaptive strategies and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) enable real-time cost-makespan trade-offs. Experimental validation on comprehensive inland waterway scenarios involving 103 tugboats, 80 barges, and 48 customer destinations demonstrates superior performance over conventional scheduling methods. MGALS-ITS achieves lowest operational costs and shortest completion times, surpassing Long Short-Term Memory and Random Forest (LSTM+RF) baselines while generating 15.4% more diverse solutions and 31% more feasible configurations than existing systems, with 20–35% greater resilience against operational disruptions. This research positions MGALS-ITS as an adaptive decision support framework for tugboat–barge operations in inland waterway networks, offering significant performance improvements for tidal waterway logistics optimization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658726</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) waste in cement-stabilized lateritic soil as a sustainable pavement base material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660831</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Municipal solid waste incineration generates Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) fly ash, a waste byproduct with pozzolanic potential. This research evaluates RDF fly ash utilization in cement-stabilized lateritic soil (LS) as pavement bases through systematic comparison of two implementation strategies: partial cement replacement versus supplementary addition. Comprehensive testing assessed mechanical properties (UCS, ITS), microstructure (SEM, XRD), and environmental safety (TCLP). Results reveal distinct performance characteristics. The addition approach achieved progressive strength enhancement: 2.71 MPa UCS and 0.29 MPa ITS at 28 days (30 % RDF fly ash), exceeding control (2.57 MPa, 0.24 MPa). Conversely, the replacement approach indicated strength reduction: 2.19 MPa UCS and 0.18 MPa ITS at 30 % replacement – 14.8 % and 25 % below control, respectively. Strong linear correlation between 7-day and 28-day UCS (R² > 0.94) enables accelerated quality assessment, while UCS-ITS correlation (R² = 0.80) allows complementary property prediction. Microstructural analysis revealed the mechanisms underlying performance differences. Addition-method specimens exhibited dense C-S-H networks, C-A-H phase development, and refined pore structure. Replacement specimens showed progressive porosity increase and depleted cementitious phases. TCLP testing confirmed all heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) below detection limits (0.01–0.05 mg/L). This dual-strategy investigation validates RDF fly ash functions effectively as a supplementary cementitious material when adequate primary cement is maintained. Findings advance sustainable waste valorization in pavement infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660831</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>From Traffic Bottleneck to Tourist Attraction: The Transformation of the Tha Phae Gate in Chiang Mai, Thailand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As car ownership rose in northern Thailand in the 1960s and 70’s, the 13th-century gates in the walls around the oldest cities turned into bottlenecks; dangerous choke points for a mix of pedestrians, pedal vehicles, and motorized traffic. In the 1980’s the municipal government of Chiang Mai, Thailand, with help from the World Bank and the Thai Fine Arts Department, closed the city’s busiest gate to traffic and converted it into a historically-based plaza. This plaza has since become the heart of the city, used for festivals, processions, and markets throughout the year, and has featured in countless tourist photographs. The 40th anniversary of the project offers a chance to examine the long-term benefits of an inexpensive traffic project that a local government creatively turned into a major asset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:59:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparative analytical framework for modeling road fatalities with count regression techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Regions with persistently high road traffic fatality (RTF) rates remain a major global safety concern. Using a nationwide dataset of 20,448 road accidents recorded in Thailand in 2021, this study compares 6 count regression models including Poisson, Negative Binomial (NB), Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP), Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB), Hurdle Poisson (HP), and Hurdle Negative Binomial (HNB) to identify the best-fitting model for explaining RTF counts. Each model was evaluated using five-fold cross-validation across seven performance criteria, including AIC, BIC, Pearson’s χ2, dispersion, pseudo-R2, MAE, and RMSE. The HNB model achieved the lowest AIC (11,557.17) and BIC (11,819.05), the dispersion statistic closest to unity (1.0460), and the highest pseudo-R2 (0.1479), confirming its superior goodness-of-fit and parsimony. The two-part HNB model separately estimated the likelihood of fatalities and the expected number of deaths given a fatal crash. In the zero part, festive months showed lower odds of fatality, while national highways and northeastern regions exhibited increased fatal risks. In the count part, fatal severity rose on highways and among larger vehicles such as cars and pickups. These findings reveal that road fatalities are driven by temporal, environmental, and vehicular factors. The study underscores the importance of robust count models for evidence-based road safety policy and targeted interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:52:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical properties assessment of corn husk fibre-reinforced cement-treated lakebed sediments for road construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of waste materials for soil stabilization has attracted considerable attention due to both environmental and engineering benefits. This study investigates the performance of cement-treated lakebed sediments (LS) reinforced with corn husk fiber (CHF) for potential application in road construction. LS sourced from Phayao Lake in northern Thailand was mixed with cement at a ratio of 7% and reinforced with CHF at varying contents of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, with fiber lengths of 10, 20, and 40 mm, respectively. The mechanical properties of the reinforced LS–cement mixtures were assessed through unconfined compression, indirect tensile, flexural, resilient modulus, and free-free resonance tests. The results demonstrated that fiber reinforcement significantly enhanced ductility, toughness, and residual strength, thereby mitigating the brittle behavior typically observed in cement-treated LS. The optimal performance was achieved at 1% CHF with fiber lengths of 10–20 mm, improving both the compressive strength and flexural strength while maintaining satisfactory workability. Furthermore, microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed improved bonding and matrix densification due to fiber addition, contributing to increased toughness. These findings suggest that CHF-reinforced LS–cement mixtures represent a sustainable solution for road construction, effectively reducing agricultural waste while enhancing the mechanical performance of road materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating the value of time for elderly’ intention to use E-bike sharing: A combination of willingness to pay approach and advanced heterogeneity model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The global population structure is increasingly shifting towards an aging society. Consequently, short-distance transport feeders are becoming necessary for elderly individuals. This study aims to gain insights into the perspectives of elderly residents regarding the usage of Electric Bicycle Sharing Systems (EBSS) in urban and rural areas of Thailand. Questionnaire data were collected from residents aged 60 years or older across Thailand, resulting in a dataset of 1,600 respondents. The results of mixed binary logit model with heterogeneity in means analysis revealed noteworthy factors influencing the willingness to pay to use EBSS among the elderly, differentiated by urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the analysis identified unobserved heterogeneity in urban areas among male elderly and those who own an E-bike, whereas in rural areas, unobserved heterogeneity was observed among unmarried respondents and those who own a car. Additionally, the study found that the value of time (VOT) for urban elderly is higher compared to rural elderly. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for policymakers and relevant agencies, enabling them to comprehend the diverse needs of older users. With this information, they can formulate strategic and sustainable policies and allocate budgets effectively for the EBSS project, positioning it as a prospective active travel model. Such tailored strategies, aligned with the distinct preferences and requirements of future main users, will consider and address regional differences, fostering the development of a robust and inclusive EBSS framework.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644265</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilisation of demolition materials for pavement base layer applications using bagasse ash geopolymer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the stabilisation of recycled construction and demolition waste, specifically recycled crushed rock (RCR) and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), using bagasse ash (BA) geopolymer for pavement base materials. The research aimed to improve the mechanical properties of these materials while addressing waste disposal and reducing cement consumption. The study developed RAP and RCR stabilised with BA geopolymer according to the Department of Highways, Thailand standard for cement-modified crushed rock (DH-S. 203/2556), with a minimum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 2,413 kPa. The results show that using 5% BA was the most effective for stabilisation. Higher BA content reduced the material density and increased the alkaline solution requirement. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations of 8, 10, and 12M significantly improved the UCS and elastic modulus by enhancing geopolymerization. While RAP-BA geopolymer exhibited lower strength than RCR-BA because the asphalt coating weakened the bond, it improved energy absorption by 60–129% due to increased flexibility – vital for road structures under dynamic loads. A 50:50 RCR:RAP mix with 5% BA, 10M NaOH, and sodium silicate, compacted in dry conditions and cured at ambient temperature, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional material by reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining comparable UCS and costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 18:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prehospital Care of Road Traffic Injuries in Chiang Mai, Thailand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic accidents (RTAs) cause enormous morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study projected that RTAs will be the third highest cause of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) by 2020. Ninety percent of the DALYs due to RTAs are in developing countries. Because the majority of trauma deaths in developing nations occur in the prehospital setting, it is imperative that emergency medical systems be established and improved in such countries. Two studies in Central America found that increasing the number of emergency dispatch units and prehospital personnel training increased the utilization of emergency medical devices and lowered the percentage of patients who die en route to the hospital. RTA fatalities are rising faster in Asia than anywhere else in the world. This is the report of a field study conducted between May and June 2003 in Chiang Mai and Bangkok. Information was gathered through oral interviews and written questionnaires and was supplemented by publications of The Narenthorn EMS Center of the Ministry of Health and unpublished documents of the Chiang Mai Health Department Office of Emergency Care. The research objectives were: (1) to learn how emergency rescue services are organized in Chiang Mai, (2) to learn about ongoing public health efforts to improve such services, and (3) to learn about the training, certification, employment and medical device usage of prehospital personnel. There was no specific a priori hypothesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 03 Jan 2026 17:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pre-hospital Care of Road Traffic Injuries in Chiang Mai, Thailand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many developing countries, transportation infrastructure development lags behind the tremendous growth in motorization. Road traffic injuries cause enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing heavy burdens on global and national economies. Underdeveloped transportation infrastructures critical to traffic safety include roadway improvement, occupant protection laws, traffic law enforcement, and emergency medical services (EMS). Highlighting one important aspect of lagging infrastructure, this article focuses on emergency medical services. This research study offers a descriptive evaluation of the existing pre-hospital care system in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The research objectives were (a) to describe how emergency rescue services are organized in Chiang Mai, (b) to examine ongoing public health efforts to improve emergency services, and (c) to document the training, certification, employment, and medical use of pre-hospital personnel. Thailand’s national and local pre-hospital services (i.e., services designed to transfer persons with traffic injuries into the country’s hospital infrastructure) are both insufficient and inefficient. The Thai National Government has promised funding to create a national EMS network by 2006. Research recommendations for Thailand EMS include more professional training for emergency workers, standardization of equipment, centralization of communications, and further analysis of competitive services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 03 Jan 2026 17:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635339</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing the travel impacts of an optimal congestion charge with a multimodal network equilibrium model for Bangkok</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the forecasted travel impacts according to a congestion charging scheme if launched in Bangkok. The results show the consequences at different levels of charging values. The authors implement a transportation network equilibrium model for urban road and rail networks with a road congestion charge to calculate the optimal zonal congestion charge for the city. A congestion charge is sought to maximize the surplus comprising all commuters and government benefits. The model estimates the travel with the times by mode at the level of detail used by transportation planning organizations. The car traffic assignment model of the road and expressway network is solved. The transit assignment model is solved with fixed routes with fixed headways and unknown departure times. The transit route choice model adopts a frequency-based assignment with a route-finding algorithm using the network constructed especially for this study. The transit problem is formulated as an optimization problem using an optimal strategy called the common-line problem. Travelers are assumed to conform to an elastic-demand user equilibrium traffic assignment, corresponding to the data. This paper analyzes the scale of the decrease in the car usage and switching proportions to the other travel modes compared to one in the absence of a congestion charge. It is found that the charge yielding the maximum government revenue is roughly 3.6 times the charge yielding the largest social surplus for the given input conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scenario-based evaluation of phase optimization, coordinated signal control, and flyover alternative with integrated economic and environmental appraisal: A multi-intersection corridor study in Eastern Thailand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops an integrated evaluation framework that combines lane-based analytical modeling with incremental economic and environmental appraisal to assess congestion management strategies in a developing-country context. The framework is novel in jointly evaluating operational measures (phase optimization and coordinated signal control) and infrastructure-based interventions (flyovers) within a unified structure that translates analytical outputs into monetized performance metrics, including annualized fuel and emission costs as well as incremental benefit–cost ratios. The approach is applied to a critical three-intersection corridor in Chonburi Province, located in Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor, a rapidly industrializing region facing severe congestion. Three scenarios were compared against a base case using SIDRA Intersection software, with systematic assessment of average delay, level of service, fuel consumption, and vehicular emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx). Results show that phase optimization consistently reduces delays, fuel consumption, and emissions across all intersections, whereas the performance of coordinated signal control is highly site-dependent—providing substantial benefits where geometric continuity supports platoon progression but worsening conditions where geometric bottlenecks disrupt progression. Flyover implementation delivers the largest and most consistent improvements across all intersections. Incremental benefit–cost analysis further confirms the economic viability of flyover investment, with ratios remaining robust under sensitivity testing. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of integrating operational, environmental, and economic dimensions in traffic infrastructure planning and demonstrate a replicable framework for sustainable, cost-effective congestion mitigation in rapidly urbanizing regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633819</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Obstacle analysis for implementing civil helicopter emergency medical service in Thailand as a low and middle-income country: An integrated Delphi-WING-ISM under q-rung orthorpair fuzzy approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The implementation of Civil Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (CHEMS) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as Thailand, faces a range of complex, interrelated challenges. This study aims to systematically identify and analyze the critical obstacles to CHEMS deployment using an integrated decision-support framework that combines the Delphi method, the Weighted Influence Non-linear Gauge System (WINGS), and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) under a q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) environment. The q-ROFS framework enhances uncertainty handling in expert evaluations by capturing hesitation and degrees of agreement more effectively than traditional fuzzy logic approaches. Through expert consensus via Delphi rounds, nine key obstacles to CHEMS implementation are identified, including regulatory gaps, infrastructure limitations, coordination inefficiencies, and resource constraints. The WINGS method is applied to quantify the influence and dependence of each barrier, enabling the development of a total strength–influence matrix. ISM is subsequently used to construct a multi-level hierarchical model, revealing that regulatory support and compliance and lack of infrastructure serve as root-cause obstacles exerting significant influence on the system. In contrast, barriers such as shortage of skilled personnel and lack of telemedicine integration are identified as effect-level challenges. The results provide both theoretical insights into the structural interdependencies among implementation barriers and practical implications for prioritizing policy, managerial, and infrastructure interventions. This study offers a roadmap for phased CHEMS implementation in LMICs, emphasizing the importance of addressing foundational systemic issues to ensure operational sustainability and enhanced emergency medical response capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weighting Transit-Oriented Development Indicators for Regional Railway Stations in Thailand Using the Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research develops an integrated assessment framework for evaluating Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) potential around regional railway stations in Thailand using the Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SFAHP). An extensive literature review was conducted to identify and analyze seven main factors and 24 sub-indicators from previous TOD studies across different railway station types. Expert evaluations were systematically incorporated to determine the relative importance of these factors within Thailand's specific context. The results indicate that density (20.1%) and diversity (18.1%) are the most critical factors, followed by transit (15.1%), design (14.7%), destination accessibility (11.7%), economic development (10.8%), and distance to transit (9.5%). Among the sub-indicators, land use diversity, population density, and level of mixed land use emerged as the most influential elements. The SFAHP methodology effectively addressed the uncertainty and complexity in expert judgments, resulting in a more robust evaluation system than traditional methods. This assessment framework offers a valuable tool for policymakers, urban planners, and developers to prioritize investment and development efforts in Thailand's expanding regional rail network. The findings provide significant implications for integrating transportation and land use planning to achieve sustainable urban development in Thailand's regional context, ultimately supporting the country's national strategic goals for infrastructure development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604603</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliability Assessment of RC Bridge Piers under Chloride-Induced Deterioration Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers in marine and coastal environments is a critical issue in Thailand due to chloride-induced corrosion. This study presents a reliability-based framework for assessing the long-term performance of RC bridge piers, demonstrated through a case study of the Chanthaburi River bridge. Three-dimensional geometric modeling was carried out using GID, and nonlinear finite element analysis (FEM) with chloride ingress effects was performed using ATENA Science. The results of the FEM simulations, including load–deflection behavior and reinforcement deterioration, were subsequently analyzed in SARA Science to evaluate the reliability index and probability of failure. The analysis considered service life intervals of 0–90 years, with chloride ingress modeled as a progressive degradation mechanism. Results showed a progressive reduction in ultimate load-carrying capacity over 90 years of chloride exposure, accompanied by significant reinforcement corrosion. Reliability assessment indicated a steady decline in the reliability index from 5.84 to 4.73 over the same period, with values falling below the Eurocode Class 3 threshold (β = 5.2) after approximately 60–70 years. These findings highlight the critical timeframe for maintenance or rehabilitation and demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating nonlinear FEM with probabilistic reliability analysis for durability-based design and management of RC bridges in chloride-contaminated environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633893</guid>
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