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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evolutionary patterns and influencing mechanisms of asphalt pavement reflectance and temperature rise characteristics under tire wear</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The inherent low reflectance and high heat absorption characteristics of asphalt pavements significantly affect pavement service life and contribute to the urban heat island effect. This study investigates the evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of pavement reflectance and temperature rise characteristics under tire wear. Through accelerated loading tests and photothermal experiments, we analyzed the evolution of texture parameters, reflectance, and thermal characteristics in three typical asphalt mixtures: AC-13, SMA-13, and PA-13. The effects of gradation type and texture deterioration on surface reflectance and temperature rise performance were systematically examined. An outdoor field temperature test was further conducted to explore the correlation between reflectance and heating performance. The results demonstrate that the reflectance of all three mixtures follows an S-shaped growth pattern during wear, effectively described by a Logistic growth model (R² > 0.92). A significant negative correlation was observed between pavement texture and reflectance, with Mean Texture Depth (MTD), Arithmetic Mean Height (Sa), Root Mean Square Height (Sq), and Void Volume (Vvv) identified as key influencing factors. The established linear model between reflectance and heating value effectively predicts the temperature rise behavior of asphalt mixtures under solar radiation. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing pavement durability design and theoretical support for mitigating urban heat island effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635540</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A dual-modifier strategy for multi-temperature performance enhancement of hot in-place recycled asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hot in-place recycling (HIR) has become a key technology for sustainable pavement rehabilitation, enabling efficient reuse of aged materials and substantial reductions in carbon emissions. However, the modification of HIR mixtures presents a fundamental performance conflict: approaches that enhance medium and low temperature fracture toughness often degrade high-temperature deformation resistance, and vice versa. To address this trade-off, a dual-modifier composite system was developed, integrating ZC as a rigid anti-rutting agent and DOM as a flexible plasticizer. A systematic multi-scale investigation was performed to evaluate the multi-temperature performance and reveal the underlying mechanisms. Macroscopic behavior was characterized through repeated load creep (RLC) tests with the nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic damage (NVP-D) model and disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) tests. Mesoscopic failure evolution was monitored using digital image correlation (DIC), leading to the definition of a novel meso-macro fracture brittleness indicator R, while molecular-scale interactions were examined by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).Results indicated that ZC significantly improves the high-temperature stability but reduces fracture resistance, whereas DOM enhances ductility at the expense of stiffness, quantitatively establishing the intrinsic trade-off. DIC observations revealed that DOM suppresses strain localization, and the R-index confirmed a transition to a more ductile failure mode. FTIR spectra provided molecular evidence that the synergistic mechanism arises primarily from physical rather than chemical interactions. These findings elucidate a synergistic stiffness-flexibility modulation mechanism governing the dual-modified HIR system. While the 2 ‰ZC + 3 ‰DOM mixture achieved superior fracture resistance, the 2 ‰ZC + 2 ‰DOM mixture was identified as the optimal engineering balance, providing enhanced fracture toughness without compromising high-temperature performance. This breakthrough enables an optimized balance of mechanical adaptability across service temperatures and maximizes reclaimed material utilization, contributing to both performance and sustainability of pavement recycled technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 09:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methods for determining stresses at key temperatures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bitumen, having a pronounced thermoplasticity, reacts like a Newtonian or anomalous liquid, an elastic-viscous-plastic and even a solid body with temperature decreasing. On the W. Heukelom diagram, three states are distinguished by penetration values: ≤1.25 dmm is solid; from 1.25 to 800 dmm is elastic-viscous (viscoelastic) and > 800 dmm is fluid. The division into states is carried out according to the temperatures at the above-mentioned penetrations.For a long time, penetration has been considered as an empirical characteristic, which is difficult to perceive as a mechanical characteristic, which is necessary to predict the behavior of bitumen and asphalt concrete under various temperature conditions. To remedy this shortcoming, many attempts were made to convert penetration into a mechanical quantity, in the beginning into stiffness modulus (Van der Poel), later into viscosity (many researchers). None of these attempts led to the normalization of the areas of temperature-rheological behavior of bitumen by viscosity values or stiffness moduli due to the technological purpose of viscosity and the impossibility of determining the stiffness modulus by penetration.The closest to solving the problem in the early 60 s were J. Carré and D. Laurent. They solved the problem of transforming penetration into viscosity by developing a method for obtaining stress and shear rate when a needle is immersing.This work is based on the fact that the Penetration Index is a characteristic of bitumen resistance to shear when the needle is immersing. At the same time, each penetration has its own speed and stress. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and determine the shear stress corresponding to penetration: 800 dmm; 31 dmm; 1.25 dmm and at 25 °C. The obtained results indicate that τ800, τ31 and τ1.25 are close to 1320 Pa, 2.1·105 Pa and 33·106 Pa respectively. The functional dependences obtained from them are semilogarithmic. They are identical to the W. Heukelom diagram DRB with the difference that the penetration is replaced by shear stress over the entire temperature range from softening point (T800) to breaking point temperature (T1.25).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2022 17:27:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Verification of an Optimized Heating System for Hollow Sleepers Containing Points Positioning Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Points allow trains to move uninterruptedly from one railway line to another. In winter, blowing snow and ice can freeze the points positioning and locking system contained in hollow sleepers to fail. Then trains can no longer passage between railway lines and are delayed or cancelled. Conventional heating systems with one flat heater cannot prevent from freezing. Therefore in 2013 an optimised design of a heating system was proposed by the means of the Thermal Network Method. Based on this proposed design, a heating system with two heating jackets and a flat heater with lower power consumption were manufactured and mounted into a hollow sleeper containing a positioning system at a high-speed railway line in Austria. With a field study, the temperature distributions and power consumptions of the optimised heating system and the conventional heating system of adjacent points were studied over two winter periods. Also endoscope cameras were mounted inside the hollow sleepers to record infiltrating snow and thawing processes. Previously with the thermal network computed temperature distribution and now measured temperature distribution of the optimised heating system correspond approximately. Compared to the conventional heating system, temperatures of the critical components of the positioning system are significantly higher but do not exceed admissible temperatures. Due to harsh environment conditions, the recorded pictures inside the hollow sleeper with the conventional heating system are inconclusive. But recorded pictures from inside the hollow sleeper with optimised heating system show steadily thawing of infiltrated blowing snow. Efficacy of the optimised heating system also improved. The power consumption is slightly lower compared to the conventional heating system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 17:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Heating System for Hollow Sleepers Containing Points Positioning Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In winter, malfunctions of points on high speed routes can occur due to driving snow and ice. Existing heating systems, used to increase the availability of points positioning systems contained in hollow sleepers, cannot guarantee their operation under harsh environmental conditions. An optimized heating system is drafted using computational and experimental methods. The impacts of various designs of heating systems on the temperature profile at a positioning system are assessed using the thermal network method. A thermal network of the hollow sleeper and the positioning system equipped with an existing heating system is compiled and verified with experiments. The experimental verification is required to minimize the uncertainty of computed temperature profiles resulting from the uncertainty of flow and material parameters in the thermal network model. The efficiency of differently designed heating systems is calculated from computed temperature profiles of the points positioning system. A design with allocated heating elements is investigated experimentally in order to verify the computational results of that design. The temperature rise achieved with the optimized heating system is significantly higher than the one achieved with the original system, while the admissible temperatures are not exceeded.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2015 09:28:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metakaolin as an Extender in South African Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/787630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material obtained through thermal activation of kaolinite. It has several important advantages when used as an extender for Portland cement. This note describes the strength enhancement observed in mortars containing metakaolin additions between 10 and 30%. It was found that compressive strengths increase with increased curing times and depended strongly on the activation temperature used. Strength enhancements did not depend significantly on the concentration of metakaolin addition. Significant improvements in compressive strengths of cement mortars, up to 80% or more, was found in selected cases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 07:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/787630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Temperature Calculation Based on Reference Spots of Chosen Road Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/780945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recognizing and adjusting to specific fast-changing driving conditions is one of the most difficult tasks for winter road maintenance services.  This paper considers the problem of significant deterioration of driving conditions on roads during the winter when overall weather conditions have not significantly changed.  The authors develop and test a model to predict the occurrence of conditions such as black ice.  The authors have worked out the road temperature function, which enables prediction of the temperature range of a specific road section.  The procedure involves selecting one or more representative spots for temperature measurement.  The expected temperature value for each single measurement spot has been reliably calculated using a multiple regression approach.  This enables prediction of the first appearance of black ice with certain confidence, allowing time for proper treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2006 08:10:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/780945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESPONSE OF AIRCRAFT OXYGEN GENERATORS EXPOSED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/660137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this testing was to determine the temperatures that would cause self-activation of sodium chlorate oxygen generators.  The data will be used to establish the degree of thermal protection that would be required to prevent the activation of chemical oxygen generators should they be exposed to heat from cargo compartment fire involving other materials. The minimum temperature that caused the activation of one of the generators was 600 degrees F.  Due to uncertainties with other designs not tested and the physical properties of sodium chlorate, it is recommended that the generators not be exposed to temperatures above 400 degrees F.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/660137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUEL-FLEXIBLE PARTIAL OXIDATION REFORMING OF HYDROCARBONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/691255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Micro-reactor tests indicate that Argonne's partial oxidation catalyst is fuel-flexible and can reform conventional and alternative fuels to hydrogen rich product gases with high hydrogen selectivity.  Alcohols are reformed at lower temperatures while alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons require slightly higher temperatures.  Cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics have also been reformed at relatively low temperatures, however, a different mechanism appears to be responsible for their reforming.  Complex fuels like gasoline and diesel, which are mixtures of a broad range of hydrocarbons, require temperatures of > 700 C for maximizing hydrogen production.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/691255</guid>
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