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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrating informal sidewalk economies and pedestrian space in African cities: Coexistence thresholds and governance conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many rapidly urbanising cities worldwide, sidewalks function simultaneously as mobility corridors and spaces of economic and social activity. In particular, in African cities, this dual role creates persistent tensions between pedestrian movement and informal street economies. This study examines how sidewalk vending influences pedestrian level of service (PLOS) and perceived walkability along major corridors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Field surveys conducted at four representative sites measured total and effective sidewalk width, pedestrian flow, and walking speed during peak and off-peak periods. Interviews with pedestrians and vendors complemented these data to capture perceptions of safety, comfort, and accessibility. Walkability was assessed using a modified Global Walkability Index (GWI), while Pearson correlation analysis and ordinal logistic regression were used to examine relationships among obstruction intensity, geometric conditions, governance conditions, and perceived walking quality. Results show that vending activities occupy 38%-100% of available sidewalk space during peak periods, substantially reducing effective walking width and degrading PLOS from grades B-C to D-E. However, corridors where vending was spatially or temporally regulated, through delineated bays or time-based permits, exhibited walkability improvements of up to 45 percentage points without displacing livelihoods. The findings demonstrate that inclusive sidewalk management, anchored in empirically observed thresholds of minimum clear width (≥ 1.8 m) and vending density (≤ 0.8 stalls m⁻¹), can integrate pedestrian mobility efficiency with informal economic activity. The study contributes to African urban mobility scholarship by operationalising the governance of coexistence between walking and informal sidewalk use, translating spatial and governance conditions into measurable indicators for safe, equitable, and inclusive pedestrian planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694654</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Technological–inter-organizational–organizational–environmental (TIOE) framework for digital transformation of a maritime port in a developing country</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital transformation (DT) has become a strategic imperative in the maritime port sector driven by the need for efficiency, transparency, resilience, and competitiveness in global supply chains. While previous studies have examined DT in ports primarily through the technological–organizational–environmental (TOE) lens, the framework does not explicitly account for the inter-organizational relationships that are foundational to port DT. In highly networked port ecosystems, successful DT depends on collaboration, interoperability, and trust among multiple autonomous actors. To address this conceptual gap, this study extends the traditional TOE model by incorporating an inter-organizational (I) dimension, resulting in a technological–inter-organizational–organizational–environmental (TIOE) framework that provides a more comprehensive analytical lens for examining DT adoption in ports. Using a single embedded case study and multi-method data collection, this research identifies key determinants of DT success at the Port of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania including regulatory adaptability, stakeholder collaboration, environmental pressures, government intervention, and the strategic alignment of digital investments with maritime supply chain integration. The findings reveal that DT in ports is shaped not only by internal organizational capabilities but also by inter-organizational collaboration, environmental dynamics, and regulatory flexibility. This study advances DT scholarship by addressing the overlooked inter-organizational dimension of port digitalization and by offering actionable insights for policymakers, port authorities, and industry practitioners seeking to enhance digital resilience in the maritime domain through a five-stage DT roadmap.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684365</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advocacy coalitions and performance metrics in Tanzanian port governance: A case of Dar es Salaam port</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Governance coalitions have been a decisive force in reshaping performance at Tanzania’s Dar es Salaam Port. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), this study codes 127 governance artefacts and compiles a 2015–2023 dataset on cargo throughput, container dwell time, ship-turnaround time, and UNCTAD’s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index. Interrupted time-series estimates show that the PPP phase raised cargo throughput by 1.52 million tonnes and reduced dwell time by 1.11 days, while the market-led strategic-investor concession added a further 2.87 million tonnes and cut 0.72 days (p < 0.01). A standardized composite competitiveness index (average z-scores across the four KPIs) shifts from negative to positive territory by 2023, indicating sustained system-wide improvement rather than isolated gains. Results remain robust under HAC corrections, alternative level-and-slope specifications, placebo break tests, and regional benchmarking, and the governance effects persist after controlling for CAPEX intensity suggesting that accountability structures and coordination capacity are central efficiency levers, not investment scale alone. Policy priorities include full single-window coverage, public berth-reliability dashboards, and expanded SGR block-train operations to inland depots.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686769</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Explaining risk factors for pedestrian fatalities in Tanzania using a mixed-logit analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic injuries remain a major public health concern in Tanzania. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2021, more than 10,000 people were killed in road traffic accidents in Tanzania, with pedestrians accounting for approximately 26% of all fatalities. This underscores the urgent need for thorough, context-specific analyses of the risk factors contributing to fatal pedestrian accidents. This study employed standard logistic regression and mixed-effects logistic regression models to analyze pedestrian accident data from 2015 to 2017, examining the impact of roadway, vehicle, and victim characteristics on the probability of fatal pedestrian outcome. The results identified several factors significantly associated with increased fatality accident risk, including crossing at junctions, collisions involving trucks or buses, walking on trunk/regional or rural roads, unpaved roads, lack of traffic control or reliance on sign-controlled intersections, and nighttime conditions. Additionally, pedestrians under 17 years old, those aged 35 years and older, and males were found to have a higher likelihood of fatal outcomes. These findings provide essential evidence on the factors contributing to fatal pedestrian accidents that can be used to support the development of targeted pedestrian safety interventions in Tanzania. Key measures, including improving mid-block crossing facilities, enhancing nighttime visibility, strengthening speed management on trunk and regional roads, and implementing targeted awareness campaigns for vulnerable groups, are essential. This study extends the LMIC pedestrian safety literature by applying national-level mixed-logit models in Tanzania to generate context-specific, data-driven evidence for reducing pedestrian fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709715</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Overcoming transportation barriers: Women’s healthcare autonomy and car travel for healthcare in Tanzania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Women’s challenges in accessing healthcare have long been a critical issue in Africa. Using 2022 Demographic and Health Survey-Tanzania data, we analyze the association between women’s within-household status and their travel modes for accessing healthcare. To do so, we employ various statistical models, including multinomial logit, logit, and OLS regressions, as well as mediation analysis. We find that women with healthcare autonomy—the ability to independently make decisions about their healthcare—are more likely to utilize additional household resources for healthcare-related travel, specifically by taking a car to reach healthcare facilities even when their households do not own one. We further find that both women’s healthcare autonomy and the use of car are associated with shorter travel times to healthcare, and the relationship between decision-making and shorter travel times significantly depends on actual car use. These results highlight two policy lessons: First, improving the status of women leads to greater gender health equity. Second, for the majority of women who lack healthcare autonomy, it is crucial for policymakers to provide transportation services for healthcare, such as public transit or specialized medical transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 09:05:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676273</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safe System maturity and Safe System readiness in three European and three African countries: A comparison of an emerging versus a mature context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study provides a comparison of Safe System maturity and Safe System readiness in three European countries (Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands) and three African countries (Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia), based on document studies and focus group discussions (n = 73 interviewees and n = 44 interviewees). Safe System maturity refers to the level of Safe System implementation related to national road safety management, while the readiness assessment focuses on the factors influencing maturity. The study develops a model to assess Safe System readiness. Interviewees in the focus groups discussions in the African countries discussed insufficient implementation from the position of an emerging Safe System context, where factors like insufficient economic resources, corruption and insufficient institutional robustness limit Safe System implementation. Interviewees in the European countries discussed insufficient implementation from a mature Safe System context. These countries have had considerable reductions in fatal accidents since they implemented Safe System policies, but there is still room for improvement. Interviewees in the European countries generally indicated that they know what is needed to reach the Safe System, but that societal factors are constraining this implementation (e.g. cultural focus on freedom to take risk, lacking political sense of urgency related to road safety). There are several very effective measures that are not being used in the European countries, because factors like explicit political choices, goal conflicts and values limit Safe System implementation. The study concludes that there are considerable implementation barriers in both the emerging and the mature Safe System context, although they differ in nature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 09:03:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental governance in railway megaprojects: A stakeholder framework and validated empirical model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684421</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Environmental risks routinely delay, inflate, and discredit railway megaprojects, yet guidance on how to govern these risks remains fragmented and sector-agnostic. This study addresses this gap by developing and empirically validating a unified environmental governance framework tailored to railway transport infrastructure. A structured review of 38 peer-reviewed articles and technical reports (2010–2025) maps decision-making roles of six core stakeholder groups: governance agencies, funding institutions, internal project teams, environmental organizations, community groups and the media, across the project lifecycle. These insights are distilled into six propositions linking stakeholder mechanisms to practical environmental and performance outcomes. The framework is empirically validated through three contrasting case studies: California High-Speed Rail, the Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link, and Tanzania’s Standard Gauge Railway, utilizing documentary evidence and publicly available monitoring data. Results show that inclusive, transparent, and adaptive governance mechanisms reduce schedule slippage, mitigate cost escalations linked to environmental revisions, and improve compliance with biodiversity and emission standards. This study makes two contributions. Practically, the study offers a step-by-step checklist enabling policymakers, sponsors, and contractors to embed environmental safeguards from feasibility through decommissioning. Theoretically, it integrates stakeholder, adaptive governance, and megaproject literatures into a transferable actor–mechanism–lifecycle model. The framework equips policymakers and scholars with a ready-to-apply tool for aligning railway investment with climate and biodiversity goals. The study concludes with recommendations for future research to strengthen environmental governance and performance in transport infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2026 13:41:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684421</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Container terminal efficiency under external shocks: A hybrid DEA-Regression analysis of Dar es Salaam port (2019–2023)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose. This paper evaluates the technical Efficiency of Dar es Salaam Port’s container terminal operations over the period 2019–2023, explicitly accounting for the influence of macroeconomic conditions and the COVID-19 pandemic on performance metrics. The study addresses a critical gap in port efficiency research by disentangling internal operational capability from external contextual factors in a developing-economy maritime gateway serving landlocked East and Central African countries. Methodology. A two-stage hybrid analytical framework integrates input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with Contextual Value Added (CVA) regression. DEA efficiency scores are computed using a three-year rolling window approach with inputs (quay length, gantry cranes, terminal area) and outputs (container throughput, vessel calls). Second-stage ordinary least squares regression isolates the effects of GDP, trade volume, and pandemic disruption on measured efficiency. Quantitative findings are triangulated with qualitative stakeholder surveys (n=45) and semi-structured interviews to capture operational perceptions and institutional constraints. Results. DEA analysis reveals temporal efficiency variation ranging from 0.838 (2019) to 0.966 (2021), with post-pandemic decline to 0.890 (2023). CVA regression identifies a statistically significant negative relationship between trade volume and efficiency (ß = -1.76×10⁻⁵, p = 0.03), indicating binding infrastructure constraints. The COVID-19 dummy exhibits a paradoxical positive coefficient (ß = +0.090, p = 0.02), reflecting efficiency gains under suppressed demand rather than genuine productivity enhancement. Theoretical contribution. This study advances port efficiency assessment by demonstrating that unadjusted frontier methods can mask capacity deficits when external demand fluctuates. The hybrid DEA-CVA framework enables evidence-based attribution of efficiency sources, enhancing policy relevance. Practical implications. Findings underscore the urgent need for infrastructure expansion and procedural digitalization to accommodate regional trade growth under the African Continental Free Trade Area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 16:41:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation-based assessment of urban roadway expansion: Evaluating the new Bagamoyo Road Widening Project in Tanzania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During peak hours, many intersections in urban areas experience queuing, often leading to congestion. This study evaluated the operational impact of the New Bagamoyo Road Widening Project, a 4.3 km corridor in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, spanning from the Morocco to Mwenge intersections. The project aimed to improve intersection performance and overall corridor efficiency by adding two lanes in each direction. A microscopic simulation using PTV VISSIM was conducted, supported by manually collected traffic count data from both before and after construction. The simulation model was calibrated using key driver behavior parameters, including look-ahead and look-back distances, temporary lack of attention, and desired speed distributions. Model accuracy was assessed using the GEH statistic and Root Mean Squared Normalized Error (RMSNE), with all junctions achieving GEH values below 5.0 and RMSNE values below 15 %, indicating a strong fit. Intersection performance was evaluated based on control delay and Level of Service (LOS) following the Highway Capacity Manual methodology. Before construction, all intersections operated at LOS F during peak hours. Post-construction results showed improvements, with several intersections reaching LOS C, B, and A, despite increased traffic volumes. While a paired t-test on the collective delay reduction was not statistically significant, a Cohen's d effect size of 0.44 indicated a small to moderate, practically meaningful operational improvement. These findings demonstrate that road widening, combined with access management, can effectively enhance urban mobility. The study supports the use of simulation-based evaluations in transport planning and offers insights for data-driven infrastructure decisions. It focuses on intersection operations and does not consider pedestrian safety, environmental impacts, or induced demand, areas recommended for future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dry ports research on African countries: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research on dry ports has grown globally, yet systematic evidence on Africa remains fragmented across numerous journals, countries and a loosely connected author network. This fragmentation limits the development of an Africa-specific conceptualisation of dry ports and makes it difficult to compare experiences across regions. This article presents a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of dry port studies with an explicit African focus, consolidating dispersed evidence into a continent-centred synthesis.Searches in Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO Host, Engineering Village, ProQuest and Google Scholar identified 418 records. After applying predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria, 70 publications (69 journal articles and one book chapter) were retained for analysis.The evidence base spans 51 journals and 27 African countries, with concentrations in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa and Kenya. Results show a marked post-2019 increase in African dry port studies but reveal a fragmented author network and dispersed publication outlets. Synthesis across the retained studies highlights three continent-specific features: (i) dry ports often respond to structural constraints including weak inland connectivity, customs/clearance frictions, and limited multimodal integration; (ii) governance and institutional arrangements—including concessioning, regulatory coherence and overlapping mandates—strongly determine performance; and (iii) corridor logistics and regional integration shape the siting and roles of inland terminals beyond seaport decongestion rationales.The review contributes an Africa-centred consolidation of a previously fragmented field, clarifies where and why research attention clusters, and distils core themes that distinguish African dry ports from developed-economy trajectories, providing a baseline for comparative work and future inquiry. In so doing, the review advances theory on port–hinterland systems by foregrounding institutional and corridor-based dynamics. It offers policy-relevant insights for designing dry ports as instruments of regional integration rather than purely as seaport extensions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electric Vehicle Adoption in Urban Transport: Barriers, Drivers, and Integration Implications in Arusha City, Tanzania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as a strategy to reduce environmental impacts in urban transport. This study, conducted in 2024 in Arusha City, Tanzania, examines factors influencing EV adoption, focusing on charging infrastructure, financial constraints, and socio-economic considerations. A mixed-methods design was applied, incorporating 32 EV users, 32 internal combustion engine vehicle users, and representatives from key institutions, selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary reviews. Analysis included descriptive statistics and corrected principal component analysis on standardized continuous variables, which identified charging infrastructure and financial constraints as the primary factors influencing adoption, together explaining 63% of variance. Respondents reported high satisfaction with private and workplace charging but noted limited public stations, with only two publicly accessible points in the city. Financial barriers were pronounced, as 42% of participants cited high purchase costs as a deterrent, particularly affecting lower-income groups. Despite these constraints, interest in EV adoption was strong among higher-income respondents and tourism operators. The findings provide evidence-based insights into the practical challenges and opportunities for EV integration, supporting policy development, infrastructure planning, and targeted incentives to promote sustainable mobility in similar urban contexts. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and focus on tourism-sector users, which may influence generalizability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2026 09:11:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dar es Salaam’s Bus-Rapid-Transit system in view of systemic criticality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DBRT) system is a cornerstone of urban mobility and socioeconomic development. However, its fixed-route, centralized design makes it highly vulnerable to flood-related disruptions, a risk exacerbated by climate change, unplanned urban development, and the loss of green spaces. Using DBRT, as case study this paper assesses systemic criticality of a transport system through surveys, key-informant interviews, participatory scenario workshops, and secondary research. The findings reveal profound logical and physical interdependencies between the DBRT and key economic sectors; a disruption could therefore cascade through critical infrastructures vital to the regional socioeconomic systems. To mitigate these risks, the study recommends integrating disaster risk management into transit planning, formalizing informal transportation for redundancy, and promoting nature-based solutions, such as recuperating wetland and green covers, to buffer against flooding and sea-level raise. Long-term strategies should pursue polycentric urban design to decrease reliance on centralized infrastructure. This study underscores the necessity of systemic criticality assessments for building resilient transit systems in rapidly growing cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:52:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determinants of risky riding behaviors among motorcycle taxi riders in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) are vital for urban mobility in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet they experience a disproportionately high rate of involvement in road traffic crashes. This is primarily linked to risky riding behaviors whose underlying drivers remain insufficiently understood. This study examines the prevalence of risky riding behaviors among MTRs in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, and identifies the key motivations driving these behaviors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 853 MTRs in urban and peri-urban areas of DSM. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression to explore associations between reported behaviors and motivational factors. Key predictors of risky behaviors included financial pressure, passenger and peer influence, and deficits in risk perception. Riders under financial strain were more likely to overload passengers, ignore traffic signals, and speed. Influences from peers and passengers also led to behaviors such as lane splitting, riding on restricted roads, and using phones while riding. Despite weak enforcement, some riders demonstrate a degree of self-regulation. However, training programs and public awareness campaigns did not consistently lower risk levels. Risky behaviors among MTRs in DSM are often rational responses to local economic and systemic constraints rather than just recklessness. Effective interventions must move beyond punitive measures to encompass training reform, infrastructure improvements, inclusive enforcement, and financial support. To enhance safety, it is essential to engage riders as partners in road safety rather than merely subjects of regulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642396</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring risky riding behaviors and road safety outcomes among motorcycle taxi riders in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626055</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) are central to urban mobility in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) but experience a disproportionate burden of traffic injuries. In Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, motorcycle-related crashes remain persistently high. Yet, empirical studies on behavioral risk factors among MTRs are limited. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) and examine associations between self-reported risky riding behaviors and road safety outcomes among MTRs in DSM.A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 463 MTRs using an interviewer-administered, Swahili-translated version of the MRBQ, expanded with nine context-specific items. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified five behavioral domains: stunt behaviors, safety equipment use, traffic errors, traffic violations, and contextual risky behaviors. A multivariate probit model showed that traffic errors and contextual risky behaviors were strongly associated with crashes and near-crash involvement. Stunt behaviors were also positively associated with crash risk, while consistent use of safety equipment was linked to a reduced likelihood of being fined. Descriptive findings revealed near-universal helmet use but inconsistent adoption of other protective gear. Riders frequently engaged in locally common behaviors such as overloading passengers and riding on unauthorized roads. These practices appear to reflect adaptive responses to poor infrastructure, limited enforcement, and economic pressure. The findings support targeted, context-sensitive interventions aligned with Safe System principles. Future research should replicate this approach in other LMIC urban settings and explore behavior change strategies to reduce crash risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:57:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626055</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A qualitative exploration of risky riding behaviors and road safety challenges among motorcycle taxi riders in Dar es Salaam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcycle taxis are a critical mode of transport in many low- and middle-income countries, offering affordable and flexible mobility. However, they are disproportionately involved in road traffic crashes, often linked to risky riding behaviors. In Dar es Salaam (DSM), such behaviors persist despite regulatory measures, underscoring the necessity to understand their underlying causes. This qualitative study investigates the factors contributing to risky riding behaviors among motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) in DSM. Data were gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs) with riders and key informant interviews with enforcement and regulatory officials. Thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns in rider behaviors, risk perceptions, and enforcement challenges. Riders reported frequently engaging in speeding, running red lights, overloading, and inadequate use of protective gear. Many perceived these actions as low-risk, driven by overconfidence, habitual risk-taking, and perceived absence of consequences. Economic pressures, peer influence, and customer expectations further motivated unsafe behaviors. Weak enforcement, limited road safety education, and inadequate infrastructure were also reported as contributing factors. Institutional challenges, including fragmented oversight, inconsistent penalties, and resource limitations, were found to hinder effective regulation and rider compliance. The findings highlight the need for a coordinated strategy to improve motorcycle taxi safety. Key recommendations include structured rider training, consistent law enforcement, financial incentives, and targeted infrastructure upgrades. Strengthened collaboration among riders, authorities, and stakeholders is essential to raise risk awareness and build a culture of safety. These efforts can reduce crashes and support safer, more sustainable urban transport systems in rapidly growing cities like DSM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609486</guid>
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