<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A POLLUTION-FREE CARGO TANK CLEANING SYSTEM FOR USE ON BOARD TANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the work undertaken to develop a pollution free cargo tank cleaning system.  The basic system developed is a closed tank cleaning system using magnesium sulfate brine as the recirculated cleaning fluid.  Detailed description of the rationale for using magnesium sulfate brine as the cleaning fluid is included in the report as well as the effects of using this brine in lieu of sea water for washing tanks.  The tests performed in the course of the project are described and the results given. In addition, the preliminary design of a practical shipboard system, including the separator, is included together with basic operating and maintenance procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/9978</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROFILE OF THE TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLEANING INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/572960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is one in a series of volumes published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide information of general interest regarding environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors.  The industrial sector that this report is concerned with is the transportation equipment cleaning industry.  The report is organized as follows:  (I) Introduction to the Sector Notebook Project; (II) Introduction to the Transportation Equipment Cleaning Industry; (III) Industrial Process Description; (IV) Chemical Release and Transfer Profile; (V) Pollution Prevention Opportunities; (VI) Summary of Applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations; (VII) Compliance and Enforcement History; (VIII) Compliance Assurance Activities and Initiatives; and (IX) Contacts/Acknowledgments/Resource Materials/Bibliography.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/572960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALL CHANGE TO DUAL NOZZLES?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/435380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advances in the design of twin-nozzle tank-washing guns used for crude oil washing could offer major benefits to owners considering life-extension refits, suggests the Danish manufacturer, Toftejorg.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/435380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 1990S</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/441551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Against a background of increasing competition in obtaining charters, this paper evaluates the choices in COW technology available in the 1990s.  Existing systems are reviewed, and in particular single nozzle machines are compared with dual nozzle. A practical example of the two systems is explained, together with a definition of the modern terminology of tank cleaning. The scientific research into tank cleaning patterns, coverage, impact and speed are evaluated and the financial implications of each system compared.  The paper concludes by examining the effects of increasing safety standards and encouraging the use of automatic tank cleaning in double bottom voids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/441551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TANK WASHING OF CHEMICAL TANKER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/439118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The discharge of noxious liquid substances or tank washings into the sea is prohibited unless IMO standards and procedures are followed.  When tanks containing such substances or mixtures are to be washed the resulting residues must be discharged into a reception facility until the concentration of the substance in the effluent is at or below the recommended concentration or the tank is empty.  This paper describes a study made of a tank wash procedure on a chemical tanker.  The amount of wash water required depends on the quantity of clingage residue and the amount of water remaining in the tank during the washing.  The quantity of clingage residues in the tank was investigated in relation to the liquid viscosity.  The experiment was done over a year and the nozzle size was varied.  At the beginning of the tank washing, the estimation of the necessary washwater by the ideal mixing model gave good agreement with the experimental results.  At the end of the washing, it was necessary to modify the ideal mixing model by washing efficiency factor or that sufficient washing is done by the recirculation of the washwater. The amount of wash water required can be decreased by using a small diameter jet nozzle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/439118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TOMORROW'S TANKERS TODAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Papers presented at Tanker '86: Marine Trade Development in the Crude and Product Market; Technical Challenges Facing Tanker Operators Today; VLCC for New Generation; Improving the Operating Efficiency of Tankers; The Development of International Guidelines and Specifications for Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control Systems for Oil Tankers; Submerged Cargo Pumps for Product and Crude Tankers; Classification Aspects of the Structural Design and Construction of New Generations of Crude and Product Tankers; New Generation of 'Flexible' Product Tankers; Confident Cargo Carriage; Medium Speed Engines for VLCC Reengining and New Buildings; Trends in Tank Cleaning on Board Multi-Purpose Product Tankers; and Slow Speed Diesel Propulsion for Modern Tankers. For selected individual papers, see AN 3053-A1 to AN 3053-A12.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARINE POLLUTION ABATEMENT R&amp;D PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/398908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This brochure briefly reviews Maritime Administration-sponsored research programs aimed at reducing ship-generated pollution. Research areas identified include the evaluation of designs for double hulls and segregated ballast systems; improvements in tank cleaning techniques; the development of ocean mapping and source quantification procedures; and studies of port collection and separation facilities for oily waste.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/398908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CARRIAGE OF AN ANNEX II CATEGORY 'A' CARGO FOR THE SHIPOWNER, OPERATOR AND PORTS INVOLVED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The regulations of the International Maritime Organization categorize the most noxious of liquid substances as Category A substances. There are forty-six substances so classified, and this paper discusses what is involved for carriers and ports in complying with Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 in relation to them. Rather than taking each regulation individually in detail, the author's approach is to discuss the implications for a particular hypothetical voyage involving a particular Category A cargo. He gives a step-by-step explanation of how the requirements would affect cargo acquisition, loading transport and discharge. Flow charts detailing tank cleaning and residue disposal procedures for Category A substances are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANNEX II: THE LESSONS LEARNED SO FAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review is made of the achievements and difficulties brought about by Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 in the first 2-1/2 years of its being in force.  During this period, many of the regulations had not been complied with by shipowners for such reasons as time constraints, technical setbacks, and even nonavailability of the P and A manuals that principally contain procedures to be followed for unloading, stripping and cleaning of cargo tanks of ships in port. It is proposed that appropriate P and A manuals be diligently studied by the concerned ship officers prior to port entry to ensure smooth turnarounds. There is a growing need for improved stripping techniques to minimize stripping times while maintaining even back pressures. For tank cleaning, consideration should be given to use of liquid recycling techniques and other cleaning media that can substitute for water. These proposals are the result of the experience gained from the implementation of Annex II.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AUTOMATION AND ECONOMICAL TANK-CLEANING PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the 1970s, no one would have mentioned tank cleaning machines as one of the most important pieces of equipment on a chemical tanker. This attitude has changed completely, owing to the expansion and greater sophistication of the chemical industry, new trade patterns, higher standards for product quality and purity, and increased concern for the environment. Demand for high-quality automated tank cleaning equipment can be expected to increase significantly. Recent developments at Tofte & Jorgensen A/S, Copenhagen, as manufacturer of such systems, are reviewed.  They have focused upon spray nozzle design, the mechanics of liquid flow over tank inner surfaces, and the definition of optimal cleaning patterns. In his conclusion, discussing future perspectives, the author notes that the full exploitation of automated systems necessitates the deployment of fixed installations of tank cleaning machines that are computer operated via remotely-controlled valves and pumps. Further opportunities lie in the use of an expert system that continuously monitors key impurities in wash water to determine the optimal cleaning procedures, taking account of the next intended cargo and of local and adjacent cargo temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TANKER TANK CLEANING RESEARCH PROGRAM, PHASE 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/392647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the findings of an 18 month evaluation of crude oil tankship tank cleaning and related operations. Data from industry surveys, shipboard studies and laboratory investigations were used to provide a state-of-the-art review and to develop recommendations/guidelines that will increase the safety of tank cleaning operations, reduce the oil pollution of the oceans and reduce the cost and effort involved in tank cleaning. Major report sections review and evaluate equipment and operational procedures employed in tank washing, slop separation and handling, and tank atmosphere control. Specific findings emphasize the importance of training of tanker operational personnel. Guidelines for improved training programs are provided, as well as recommendations for further research and development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/392647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW PORT BY-LAWS IN THE PORT OF ROTTERDAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Port of Rotterdam is a major transshipment center for northwest Europe and a center for the petrochemical industry. The tasks of the Municipal Port Management include vessel traffic guidance, pilotage, berth allocation, harbor patrol, surveillance of activities involving dangerous substances, port charges, incident management and data handling. New by-laws that reflect current regulations affecting these responsibilities have been adopted and are discussed in relation to various operations. The section headed "Port Legislation" covers general cargo vessels carrying dangerous substances, designated harbors for tankers, harbor safety, transfers between tankers, combination carriers, repairs and tank cleaning in port. The section titled "Reception Facilities" discusses the designation of reception facilities and the treatment of residue- water mixtures. The part headed "Data Systems" deals with the way information on dangerous substances in the port is gathered and processed; with Port State Control enforcement; and with emergency planning and incident management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AUTOMATED TANK-CLEANING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/398001</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tank cleaning machines are coming to be recognized as being among the most important pieces of equipment on chemical tankers, rivaled only by the main engine and the cargo pumps. The demand for high- quality automated tank-cleaning equipment can be expected to increase steadily, and developments toward meeting that demand are highlighted. The emphasis is on the dual-nozzle machine produced by Tofte and Jorgensen A/S.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/398001</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE PRODUCTION OF PROCEDURES AND ARRANGEMENTS MANUALS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF MARPOL 73/78 ANNEX II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the requirements of Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 is that every ship carrying noxious liquids in bulk must be given a Procedures and Arrangements Manual approved by the flag Administration. This paper details MARPOL's requirements regarding the manual and then examines the author's experience in compiling such manuals. It gives examples of the problems involved in collating data on each chemical cargo the ship is certified to carry, with details of the ship and its tanks and equipment, including schematic plans of the cargo pumping and stripping systems.  Examples of the operational procedures for stripping cargo tanks are also presented, with comments on relevant restrictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COM CARRIER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In October 1984. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) put into service a specialized ship for the carriage of coal oil mixtures (COM). This article describes a series of studies performed by MHI in connection with the design of the vessel. Research included on- board tests regarding COM sedimentation in cargo tanks, close investigations into factors causing sedimentation and attendant problems, and design studies on a COM cargo-tank cleaning system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391534</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>