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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Street-level monitoring of urban tactile paving obstructions through visual-language models and street view imagery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tactile paving is vital infrastructure for safe mobility among 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals worldwide, but in complex urban environments it faces both static damage and dynamic encroachment. This study develops an intelligent evaluation framework that integrates visual-language models (VLMs) with pedestrian-view street imagery to assess tactile paving usability around urban metro stations. Using GPT-4o and GoPro-collected imagery, we built a three-tier risk detection system covering the tactile paving body, a 250 mm proximity zone, and the surrounding environment. The framework includes 26 structural and 24 situational indicators with differentiated risk-scoring thresholds. Based on 110 metro stations within Beijing’s Third Ring Road, we analyzed the spatial distribution of tactile paving obstructions. The 250 mm proximity zone showed the highest obstruction rate (34.46%), exceeding the tactile body (33.03%) and environment (19.79%), mainly due to spatial pressure from wall attachments, poles, and adjacent facilities. Structural obstacles reflected persistent damage and encroachment, whereas situational obstacles showed greater temporality, peak intensity, and spatial variability, especially within the proximity zone. AI evaluations closely matched expert ratings (Pearson r = 0.943), and iterative scoring reduced false positives from 54% to 11%, confirming the reliability of VLMs in complex urban contexts. Fengtai District scored poorest in both indicator categories, with Majiapu Station as a key case. We recommend introducing a “proximity buffer zone” and improving fine-scale maintenance in high-density areas. The resulting intelligent platform is scalable and transferable for nationwide monitoring and governance of accessible infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 11:21:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717792</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Study of the Torsion Bar Stiffness Design of Electric Power Steering System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It has been reported that increasing the torsion bar stiffness of an EPS system enhances steering feel. To express this sensory evaluation, we investigated the closed loop characteristics that combines an EPS system varying the torsion bar stiffness with a two-wheel vehicle model. As a result, we were able to quantitatively evaluate the steering feel obtained by increasing the torsion bar stiffness. Furthermore, we considered the control stability of the EPS system and investigated the optimum value of the torsion bar stiffness in the EPS system design. Based on these results, we propose a design guideline for the torsion bar stiffness of a torque sensor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:28:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706124</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Structure of Model to Quantify Psychological Aspects of Tactile Feedback of Switches (Second Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Switches equipped in the cabin of automobiles require various tactile feedbacks depending on their purposes for each user. In the previous report, the necessity to consider differences in individual preferences was indicated. In this study, we classified examinees by clustering based on subjective evaluation results of tactile feedbacks. As a result, we constructed multiple regression models which showed correlation between tactile feedbacks and mechanical properties for each cluster.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anticipatory vibrotactile cues about upcoming turns reduce motion sickness: A study with car passengers on public roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of automated driving brings improvements towards comfort and enables all passengers to use their time more efficiently. However, the more the occupant engages in tasks unrelated to driving, the risk of massive discomfort caused by motion sickness or more specifically carsickness, increases. The development of carsickness includes symptoms such as dizziness or nausea and depends, among other factors, on the occupants’ ability to anticipate upcoming vehicle movements. The present study investigated whether anticipatory vibrotactile cues, focused exclusively on lateral maneuvers (turns) and tested in real-world driving conditions, can reduce passengers' carsickness. In a counterbalanced within-subjects design, 40 participants experienced two 30-min rides on public roads. During the ride, all participants watched a movie and were asked every minute about their current subjective carsickness level, using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS). In the intervention condition, upcoming right and left turns were announced 1 s in advance by cues via a vibrotactile belt. In the control condition, passengers merely wore the belt but did not receive such cues. We found that anticipatory vibrotactile cues about upcoming right and left turns have a mitigating effect on the level of carsickness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 08:54:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681473</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated vehicle's human-machine interfaces design with haptic feedback: A meta-analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automated vehicles (AVs) enable drivers to engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), creating challenges for safe transitions of control. Haptic feedback has been proposed as an effective takeover request (TOR) modality, yet evidence regarding feedback location and task context remains fragmented. This meta-analysis synthesizes results from 19 empirical studies to examine the effects of haptic feedback on drivers’ response times during TORs. Comparisons were made between haptic, visual, auditory, and multimodal feedback, with moderation analyses considering feedback location and sensory-conflict-based NDRT categories. Results showed that haptic feedback generally outperforms visual feedback, particularly when drivers are engaged in visual-demanding NDRTs, and that multimodal feedback can further improve performance compared to haptic feedback alone. Feedback location emerged as a relevant design factor, with hand-based haptic feedback often associated with faster responses than seat-based feedback, although effects were context-dependent. These findings provide integrative evidence to inform AV design and highlight priorities for future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673201</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Consideration of an Alert Method Using Positional Correspondence Between Seat Vibration and Attention Targets (Second Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a previous study, we demonstrated that response times were significantly shorter when vibrotactile cues were presented from the same direction as the attentional target. In the present study, we investigated the facilitative effects of vibrotactile, auditory, and combined auditory-vibrotactile cues on response performance. The results indicated that the previously reported facilitation effect was also observed when auditory and vibrotactile stimuli were presented simultaneously. Furthermore, our findings suggest that adding vibrotactile cues to auditory stimuli is more effective in enhancing response performance among older adults.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Different Vibrotactile Warning Strategies for Struck-By Hazards in Highway Construction Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Struck-by accidents are the foremost cause of fatalities at highway construction sites. Traditional visual and auditory alerts often fall short in addressing this issue due to the noisy and dynamic conditions prevalent in these work environments. This study assesses the performance of different vibrotactile warning strategies designed to alert workers on foot about imminent threats. Lab-based experiments were conducted to compare the performance of three distinct warning strategies, and their impact on participants’ reaction time, mental workload, and physical workload was evaluated. The findings reveal that two of the strategies (Strategy 1: indicating the direction of the safe path; Strategy 2: indicating the direction of the detected hazard) resulted in significantly quicker reaction times than Strategy 3 (indicating both hazard and safe path directions). However, the preferences regarding the warning strategies were evenly distributed across the three strategies among participants. This distribution highlights the necessity for developing customizable warning strategies in safety-critical environments, which enable tailoring solutions to diverse user groups and preferences. Future research should investigate the key factors affecting the preference of participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Tactile Display on Automated Vehicle Takeover: A Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current autonomous vehicles are still semi-autonomous and require drivers to take over control of the vehicle under various conditions (e.g., encountering erased lane markings). This presents an issue in human-machine interaction, as there is a need for reliable methods to guide drivers through the sudden and complex takeover process. A tactile display that can present multi-dimensional information (e.g., status, direction, and position) may be a good option, especially when the information presented in their visual and auditory channels is overloading. However, limited work has attempted to summarize this topic. Therefore, the goal of this study is to synthesize literature that examined the effects of tactile display on takeover performance in automated vehicles. Findings indicated that tactile displays can be placed in multiple in-vehicle locations to present various vibrotactile patterns helping to improve drivers’ performance during the automated vehicle takeover, which could inform the design of human-machine interfaces for autonomous vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative analysis of touchscreen inceptors and traditional sidesticks on flight decks: flight performance, visual behaviours and situation awareness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of touchscreen primary control device is a novel approach of touchcreen implentation. The objective of this study is to investigate differences in flight performance and attention allocation between a touchscreen inceptor and a traditional sidestick. Twenty-one participants flew four simulated instrument landing system (ILS) approaches – with the touchscreen inceptor or traditional sidestick – during flight scenarios where an aircraft attitude disturbance was either present or absent. Results demonstrated that participant performance scores were worse with the touchscreen inceptor compared to the sidestick during attitude disturbance scenarios. Interestingly, participants exhibited reduced attention to external visual cues with the touchscreen inceptor compared to the sidestick. In addition, use of the touchscreen inceptor resulted in lower performance and lower self-reported situation awareness. Overall, the touchscreen inceptor demonstrated poorer performance compared to the traditional sidestick, highlighting limitations in its current design that warrant cautious consideration and further investigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the sensitivity of foot misalignment during pedal operation from the aspect of body schema</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the root cause of pedal missteps, in which the driver presses the accelerator pedal while thinking it is the brake, based on the hypothesis that age-related distortion of the body schema affects the pedal misstep. We developed an evaluation method for the sense of operation, which is a component of body schema, and conducted experiments. Multiple regression analysis using foot position error during pedal change as the objective variable yielded a significant model with leg position sensitivity and plantar sensation as explanatory variables, indicating that blunted sensation of operation may influence the occurrence of pedal operation errors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:40:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658353</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Head-Mounted Visual-Haptic Displays for Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes under Normal and Visually-Degraded Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Haptics are a promising approach for improving situation awareness when visual and auditory channels are saturated. This study explores using head-mounted haptic feedback to improve pilot recovery from unusual attitudes. Seven participants were tested in Digital Combat Simulator (DCS) under two test conditions (haptic-visual, visual-only) in two environmental conditions (daytime, nighttime).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review of in-vehicle touchscreen safety and usability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In-vehicle touchscreens are becoming increasingly common, and in some cases replacing physical controls. Given their pervasiveness, minimizing the negative impacts of touchscreens on safety and usability is essential. Currently, there are no existing guidelines for the design of in-vehicle touchscreens. The authors conducted a rapid review of research investigating the safety and usability of in-vehicle touchscreens, the results of which can be used to inform such guidelines. The authors conducted a search in four databases (ACM, Scopus, SAE Mobilus, Transport Research International Documentation). The focus was on driver touchscreen use in manual vehicles or those with driving assistance (i.e., up to SAE Level 2 driving automation). Studies were included if they investigated the effect of touchscreen design or age on safety/usability using inferential statistics. Studies investigating brought-in or aftermarket touchscreens were excluded. The authors identified and summarized the findings of 73 studies that investigated a range of topics related to touchscreen interaction: comparison with physical or voice controls, screen size, use of driving automation, task type and difficulty, age, and other design considerations, such as feedback and button/text size. Overall, touchscreens tended to have negative effects on driving performance, visual attention, and secondary task performance compared with voice control and physical controls, although there were exceptions for some tasks. There was limited research using larger touchscreens, which are becoming increasingly common, as well as a lack of systematic research on interactions between different touchscreen elements (e.g., feedback, task type, screen size).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 16:18:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676216</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-designing with Experts: Exploring Scenarios for Haptic-Enhanced Virtual Reality in Automotive HMI Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) and haptic technologies can enhance the efficiency and sustainability of automotive HMI design through a co-design focus group with seven expert designers, exploring their expectations, attitudes, and concerns. A user story and five potential use cases were developed based on literature findings and used as discussion materials. VR was recognized as a promising tool for usability testing, enabling early-stage assessment of ergonomics and interaction design, thereby reducing reliance on physical prototypes and minimizing environmental and economic costs. Despite the potential of haptic feedback, participants expressed skepticism regarding its technological maturity, highlighting the need for further development to ensure its effectiveness in design testing.  As highlighted by the co-design focus group results, future development efforts should focus on enhancing VR realism, improving haptic feedback, and optimizing HMI prototype management, while also addressing VR context customization, data collection for usability testing, and backend challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 13:08:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Socially-Compliant Hierarchical Human–Vehicle Collaboration With Multimodal Haptic Steering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advancements in autonomous driving technologies continue to revolutionize transportation, yet the full realization of self-driving vehicles remains hampered by several critical challenges. Automated vehicles continue to encounter significant challenges in perception, prediction, and decision-making, while their low-level modules are relatively mature and robust. Conversely, humans surpass machines in terms of high-level intelligence but may suffer from control performance degradation. To coalesce the strength of the human and machine, a novel collaboration scheme is proposed to compensate for the prediction-decision uncertainty via human guidance while providing low-level control feedback to the driver. This approach generates multiple decision candidates and corresponding predictions for other road users using a transformer-based socially compliant generative adversarial network (SCGAN). The driver can assist in choosing the appropriate candidate using the context-understanding capability, while concurrently, the control projection of this chosen decision guides the driver to achieve the desired objective via haptic steering feedback. The haptic feedback can reflect the decision uncertainties enabled by the decision-control projection of the intention estimation of the ego vehicle. A Type-II fuzzy controller is utilized to determine the control authority to account for the complexity of the future movement. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm through a real-time human-in-the-loop experiment, including an ablation study and comparisons with other human-machine collaboration schemes. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can minimize human-machine conflicts while increasing system safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 13:50:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mid-air haptics for automotive HUDs: A sketch anticipation and design fiction study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Innovations in the automotive industry, such as autonomous driving, AI assistants, head-up displays, and mid-air haptic touchless interactions, promise transformative benefits but may also introduce unanticipated risks and ethical concerns. To explore these potential challenges, we conducted a multi-stage study: first, we engaged 27 engineers specializing in touchless and automotive systems to envision future applications of mid-air haptics and head-up displays. Insights from this anticipatory design fiction informed the creation of high-fidelity storyboard sketches depicting six hypothetical scenarios. Using these storyboards and a custom questionnaire, we then surveyed 135 drivers across nine countries to assess their views on technology acceptance, interface usability, and responsible innovation. Results revealed significant demographic variability, alongside a dual sentiment: while drivers express enthusiasm for technological integration, they also voice concerns about safety, user control, and privacy. Our findings not only inform safer and more user-centered automotive innovation but also offer a multimodal framework for evaluating and guiding emerging technologies across diverse fields.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:24:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667363</guid>
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