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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Prescription pattern of driving-impairing psychotropic medications in Tabriz in 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some psychotropic medications could impair drivers’ cognitive skills, concentration and reaction by affecting the central nervous system (CNS), thereby increasing the risk of traffic accidents. However, there is limited evidence regarding the prescription pattern of these medications in Iran. The present study aims to investigate the prescription pattern of psychotropic medications impairing driving in Tabriz, Iran. In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, psychotropic medications prescribed by physicians in Tabriz from March, 2021, to March, 2022, were reviewed. The data were obtained from Iranian Social Security Organization (SSO), which included 1,167,460 eligible prescriptions. Psychotropic medications were classified into six main categories based on reliable scientific sources, and their level of effect on driving was determined using driving-impairing medication classification system. The data were analyzed using Stata 17.0 and Chi-square test. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. The results showed out of 1,167,460 prescribed psychotropic medications, 65.32% were for women, and the rest were for men. The most frequently prescribed medications were antidepressants (38.07%), followed by anxiolytics (18.60%) and antipsychotics (15.48%), respectively. More than half of the medications (57.10%) were categorized to have moderate effect, 23.73% were categorized to have mild effect and 18.87% were categorized to have severe effect on driving. Gabapentin, sertraline, nortriptyline, fluoxetine and trifluoperazine were the most frequently prescribed medications, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the impairment category of prescribed medications and patients’ gender and age (P <0.001). Additionally, general practitioners prescribed the highest number of medications with severe adverse effects, while neurosurgeons, general surgeons, neurologists and psychiatrists prescribed the highest number of medications with moderate adverse effects on driving. More than half of the prescribed psychotropic medications in Tabriz were categorized to have moderate effects on driving, and about one-fifth was categorized to have severe effects. Antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics are considered to have the most relevant impairing effects on driving according to the categorization system, with gabapentin, sertraline, nortriptyline, fluoxetine and trifluoperazine being the most frequently prescribed medications. The findings highlighted the importance of raising awareness among physicians and patients about the effects of psychotropic medications on driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:59:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655594</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Flexible Lining Construction Method for Crossing Fault Zones: A Case Study—Tabriz Line 2 Metro Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a method is introduced to construct a flexible tunnel lining that can have longitudinal and/or lateral deflection during the fault-zone movements. Although various solutions have been suggested in the last decades, utilizing a sufficient-economical construction method that can bring more safety to the lining has not been discussed. Constructing a more flexible tunnel lining can decrease ground-induced stresses. As a case of study, Tabriz line 2 urban subway intersection with Baghmisheh-chay fault has been discussed. The proposed construction method was successfully implemented in the project, and the settlement controlling results show an acceptable range of surface settlement magnitudes. In this paper, constructing the tunnel lining with flexible joint addition and foam concrete backfill in the reverse-fault zone is suggested. The tunnel lining displacement, concrete segment stability, and method sufficiency are identified through numerical modelings. Numerical modeling shows that this construction method can overcome ground-induced stresses up to 20 cm movement of the fault zone; in that case, total applied stress will be equal to 44.5 MPa, which is less than segments' designed strength. Using foam concrete injection as a ground stress damper and dowel connectors as flexible joints will achieve the aim of flexible lining construction in fault zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Feasibility Study of a Smart Black Spot Warning System and its Impact on Driving Speeds in Rural Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most road crashes occur in black spots. Black spots may have different crash probabilities, in accordance with the demographic factors of drivers, the environment, the weather, traffic conditions of the roads, etc., at different times and situations. In this research, we introduce a system that automatically and intelligently analyzes road segments based on occurred crashes, and in situations of high crash probability in the target spots, it provides the driver with visual and audio warnings before reaching the spot. The data on injury and fatal crashes of Tabriz-Ahar highway, in the northwest of Iran, from 2012 to 2016 were chosen for the feasibility study of the system. Eight one-kilometer black spot segments were introduced in this highway. Binary logit model was employed to obtain the crash probability function in black spots, and the variables of driver’s age, familiarity with the route, day and night, rainy or snowy weather, workday, autumn, winter and hourly traffic volume were significant with 95% confidence level. The identified black spot locations were loaded on the system software in addition to the prediction model, and the system was installed on cars. To evaluate the system, the changes in driving speed were analyzed in two groups, control and intervention. The evaluation results showed that the smart warning is effective in reducing the number of male drivers exceeding the speed limit. Also, the differences in mean speed and speed variation in black spots with and without the smart warning system are significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 08:57:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582515</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparative study of the economic effects of the built and under construction metro stations on the surrounding environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the development of cities, the need for transportation also increases; Public rapid transportation is one of the important criteria in urban life. Metro, as one of the modes of public transportation, in addition to affecting the urban transportation sector, can affect other different aspects of the city. The present study evaluates the effects of metro stations in Tabriz city on the value of surrounding residential lands. For this purpose, the value of residential land is evaluated as a research variable. The collection of information is library and field type. To analyze data, Pre/Post, Linear trend line analysis (LTL), and Difference in Difference techniques have been used. According to the results of the analyses carried out in the present research, it can be acknowledged that in general, the trend of land value increase in the area around the stations has been positive during different years, but the intensity of the effects of each of the stations on the area around them is different. So that the effects of the operated metro stations on the value of the surrounding lands are positive, but it is negative in the area of the stations under construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 10:12:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549242</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing public trust in road traffic injuries prevention policies in Iran: a cross-sectional study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) represent the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Thus, impactful interventions and trustworthy authorities are imperative to mitigate traffic accidents. The present study seeks to assess public trust in traffic accident diminution policies and measures within the country of Iran. This cross-sectional study utilized a questionnaire comprising 31 questions distributed across eight dimensions. The questionnaire's design was informed by a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts specializing in traffic accidents. The target population consisted of Tabriz city residents, who were selected via convenience sampling. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS-16 software, employing the T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient to present the study's results. structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using R 4-4-2 programming language. A total of 681 participants completed the questionnaire, yielding a commendable response rate of 88.6%. The majority of participants were male (60.8%), and 86.2% identified as drivers, with 61.8% having experienced driving accidents. The overall score for public trust in RTIs policies was calculated to be 46.9%. The individual scores for specific domains of trust in traffic safety were as follows: safer roads (43.1%), safe vehicle (43.3%), safety laws (48.8%), safe user (51.1%), safe technology (51.5%), road safety management (46.8%). All the latent variables except education are significantly effective on public trust. The study findings indicate relatively low levels of public trust in RTIs policies among the Iranian population. These results emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance public confidence in specific aspects of traffic safety. Policymakers can use these insights to implement effective measures, thus contributing to the RTIs and the promotion of road safety in the country.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Nov 2024 14:27:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The association between health literacy and pedestrian safety behavior among adults: A cross-sectional study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrians are considered the most vulnerable and complex road users as human behavior constitutes one of the fundamental reasons for traffic-related incidents involving pedestrians. However, the role of health literacy as a predictor of Pedestrian safety behavior remains underexplored. Therefore, the current study was designed to examine the level of health literacy and its association with the safety behavior of adult pedestrians in the city of Tabriz. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among individuals aged 18 to 65 years in the metropolitan area of Tabriz from January to April 2023. Data were collected using the HELIA standard questionnaire (Health Literacy Instrument for adults), comprising 33 items across 5 domains (access, reading, understanding, appraisal, decision-making and behavior), as well as the Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) consisting of 29 items. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (independent t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient) via SPSS-22 software. Based on the results, 94% (376 individuals) had excellent health literacy levels, and their safety behavior scores were at a good level. Health literacy and safety behavior were higher among the age group of 31 to 45 years, women, married individuals, those who read books, and individuals with higher education. However, safety behavior showed no significant association with education level (P > 0.05). There was a significant and positive relationship between health literacy and all its domains and pedestrian safety behavior (r = 0.369, P < 0.001). This study underscores the significant impact of health literacy on pedestrians' safety behavior. The findings reveal that higher levels of health literacy are associated with better safety behavior among individuals aged 18 to 63. Demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and education level also play a role in shaping both health literacy and safety behavior. By recognizing these relationships, interventions can be tailored to improve health literacy levels and promote safer pedestrian practices, ultimately contributing to a healthier and safer community in Tabriz city.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2024 09:55:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381631</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Software-defined traffic light preemption for faster emergency medical service response in smart cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proper management of rescue operations following an accident is one of the most fundamental challenges faced by today's smart cities. Taking advantage of vehicular communications, in this paper the authors propose novel mechanisms for the acceleration of the rescue operation resulting in a reduction in fatalities in accidents. The authors propose a Software-Defined Traffic Light Preemption (SD-TLP) mechanism that enables Emergency Medical Vehicles (EMVs) to travel along the rescue route with minimal interruptions. The SD-TLP makes preemption decisions based on global knowledge of the traffic conditions in the city. The authors also propose mechanisms for the selection of the nearest emergency center and fast discharge of the route of EMVs. Furthermore, depending on the dynamic traffic conditions on the streets at the time of the accident, an appropriate rescue route is selected for the EMV before its departure. The proposed approach is evaluated using the OMNET++ and SUMO tools over part of the Megacity of Tabriz, Iran. The simulation results demonstrate that the method can reduce the average rescue time significantly. The proposed approach keeps the resulting disruption in city traffic acceptably low while trying to shorten the rescue time as much as possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 09:03:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parents' knowledge and socio-demographic determinants toward child's restraint system use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lack of protection or improper protection, is one of the most important reasons of child passenger's death and injury in traffic crashes. Based on what is seen on the roads, Iranian children are unrestrained inside the car. The aim of this study was to investigate children restrained system (CRS) use rate, its socio-demographic determinants and parents' knowledge toward CRS use among Iranian parents. Using multi-stage cluster sampling and direct in filed method of observation, the behavior of 700 children in cars was observed in the current cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic determinants and parents' knowledge, toward using the CRS were evaluated using questionnaires. The study was performed from July to August 2019 in Tabriz city, northwestern Iran. The rate of child safety seat (CSS) use was 15.1% CI 95%:(12.5%,18.0%), and the rate of booster use was 0.6%; CI 95%:(4.3%,8.0%). The majority of parents [e.g., 64.3%; CI 95%: (60.7%,67.9%)], had low knowledge about the use of CRS. The most important reasons for not using CRS was lack of laws and policies [e.g. 59.7%; CI 95%:(12.5%,18.0%)], lack of knowledge [e.g.59.6%; CI 95%:(57.9%, 63.3%)] and the high cost of CRS [e.g. 57.6%; CI 95%:(53.81%,61.2%)]. The most important predictors of not using CRS were the child's age, parental knowledge, and the socioeconomic status of the household (p < 0.05).  Most children did not have CRS. The parents with higher education and those with higher socioeconomic status had higher rate of CRS use. Based on the low rate of CRS use and poor parental knowledge about it, education of parents toward boosters use and benefits of using CRS, enforcing mandatory laws and policies for CRS use in Iran, and allocation of government subsidies to low-income families for purchasing CRS are suggested as essential strategies to increase CRS use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Sep 2023 10:23:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-criteria decision-making in decarbonizing urban transportation systems: A case study from Tabriz-Iran</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2225978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main aim of this paper is the decarbonization of the transportation sector in Tabriz City regarding sustainable development aims and beyond-2-degrees-scenario by focusing on electric vehicles, as well as on appropriate infrastructures. Quantitative and simulation research methods are used to analysis of total energy, exergy, and losses analysis according to different resources and vehicles. Next, the solar potential of the city is simulated using the Grasshopper plug-in-Rhino simulator and PVsyst software. A LULC analysis has been done using ArcMap 10.8. With renewable electrification, energy consumption will plunge from 15.5 TWh input-energy content of different carbon-based resources to 3.7 TWh with 0.17 MtonCO₂/year instead of 2.13 MtonCO₂/year emissions. In this paper, the overall system efficiency of electric vehicles is around 55% which is significantly higher than internal combustion engines. Fully electrification of the transportation systems based on renewable resources mitigates CO₂ emissions of internal combustion engines 15 times, besides reducing the emissions of a variety of harmful pollutants. In terms of multi-criteria decision-making, the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution was used to rank 50 popular vehicles according to interconnected sustainable development criteria. This paper highlights that conventional internal combustion engines can be replaced by electric vehicles by applying combination of appropriate taxes, tariffs, and incentives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 10:14:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2225978</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Soil Moisture and Granulometry on Soil Conditioning for EPB-TBM Tunneling: Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2129615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Earth pressure balance tunnel boring machines are commonly used to excavate tunnels in soft soils. These types of machines use conditioning agents that permit changing the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of the soil and help to form a plastic paste. Conditioning is therefore the key point to explain the increasing number of applications of this technology in many different types of soils. The aim of this study is to investigate soil parameters (foam injection ratio (FIR), foam expansion ratio (FER), soil moisture content, and the percentage of fine-grained soil) to reach an optimum slump test in the range between 15 and 20 cm. In general, it was found that by increasing the soil moisture content, the FIR decreased to achieve the optimum slump, and also by increasing the percentage of fine-grained at a constant moisture content, the FIR increased to reach the optimal slump. This study has also permitted a comparison with field data from the Tabriz urban railway line 2 project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2023 17:05:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2129615</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predictors of Fatal Outcomes in Pedestrian Accidents in Tabriz Metropolis of Iran: Application of PLS-DA Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic deaths in walking pedestrians are a global public health problem. Considering that in Iran pedestrians have a high proportion of deaths caused by traffic accidents, the objective of the present study was to investigate mortality rate and related factors of fatal injury in pedestrian crashes in Tabriz Metropolis of Iran as the largest and most populous city of the northwest of Iran.  The design of this study is case-control based on police and Forensic Medicine Organization data. All registered fatal pedestrian crashes in Tabriz Metropolis from 2014 to 2015 (146 cases) were included in the study as the case group. Also, 292 pedestrians (the ratio of cases to controls was 1:2) with non-fatal crashes were considered as the control group. Due to high dimensional data and multicollinearity issue, Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used for data analysis. Importance of the variables was determined by the VIP (Variable Importance in the Projection) index. Performance of the model was assessed by using training and test set validation method. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and classification error rates were calculated for the test set. R software version 3.5.1 (mixOmcs packages) was used for data analysis.  According to the results of PLS-DA, the most important variables related to fatal outcome in pedestrian crashes with VIP &gt; 1 were: pedestrian age (positive effect), type of vehicle (light machinery with a negative effect), kind of vehicle plate (private plate with a negative effect), season of accident occurrence (winter season with a positive effect), type of driver’s licenses (Class A with a positive effect), pedestrian gender (male with a positive effect) and Fault of Pedestrian (At-fault with a positive effect). The overall accuracy for the fitted model and AUC were 0.77 and 0.79, respectively.  The results show that predictors of a fatal outcome in pedestrian accidents in Tabriz can be attributed to the pedestrian characteristics (which notably account for differences in vulnerability in case of an accident), the car and driver features, and weather (which may all notably influence the amount of energy involved in the collision, through the car mass, speed, and conditions delaying the braking response or reducing the braking effectiveness). Regarding the statistical method, the PLS-DA is a powerful method which can be used to analyze high dimension data with multicollinearity issue.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2020 14:50:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitative aspects of traffic noise in Tabriz city, Iran: effects, habituation, and possible improvements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2019 09:23:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632621</guid>
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