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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrated Algorithm for Multi-Source Data Conversion of Rail Transit Digital Model Based on Bim+Gis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Data formats, data structures and coordinate systems differ across data sources, hindering data conversion and integration. Therefore, a multi-source data conversion and integration algorithm of rail transit digital model based on BIM+GIS is proposed. Based on the B/S architecture of the Cesium open-source map engine, an integrated framework for rail transit digital multi-source data conversion, with BIM+GIS technology at its core, has been developed. In the data layer, tilt photogrammetry technology is employed to collect topographic data of rail transit, vector data is gathered through a tilt model and BIM data is generated in response to the demands of rail transit construction. The GIS model is constructed based on terrain data and vector data, while the BIM model is established using BIM data. The business logic layer handles and publishes multi-source data through BIM servers, GIS servers and other information databases. The transformation integration unit uses a spatial semantic integration algorithm to integrate data transformation from the BIM model into the GIS model, thereby achieving complete transformation and integration of BIM and GIS multi-source data in geometry, semantics and accuracy. Finally, the outcomes of multi-source data conversion and integration are presented to users via the presentation layer. Experiments show that the algorithm can effectively collect the terrain data of rail transit and establish a BIM model and GIS model. We transformed multisource data of an integrated rail transit digital model to improve its comprehensiveness, accuracy and reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:41:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666437</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigations on alleviation effect of Bragg breakwater on harbor resonance induced by irregular waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE 2.0, to study the effect of periodic undulating topography (called as “Bragg breakwaters”) on harbor resonance induced by incident irregular waves. The continuous variation of the spectral peak frequency of irregular waves within a certain range is considered for the first time, focusing on revealing effects of its variation on the following parameters: (1) the optimal mitigation effects for individual resonant modes, (2) the overall optimal mitigation effect for the whole harbor resonance, and (3) their corresponding optimal wavelength ratios defined as twice the ratio of the topographic wavelength to the surface wavelength. Results demonstrate that the Bragg breakwater can effectively mitigate harbor resonance excited by irregular waves with varying spectral peak frequencies, not limited to the situations where the spectral peak frequency exactly matches one of eigenfrequencies of the harbor. However, the optimal wavelength ratios for individual modes are different from those for the whole harbor resonance, with both depending on the spectral peak frequency. Critically, when the spectral peak frequency varies between the two eigenfrequencies of adjacent modes, the optimal wavelength ratio for the lower mode consistently exceeds 1.0, while that for the higher mode remains below 1.0.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674132</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Route Planning for Recreational Cyclists: A Comparative Analysis of Elevation Data Accuracy and Field Validation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate elevation information is essential for effective recreational cycling route planning, particularly in nonurban and forested terrains. This study evaluates the vertical accuracy of Türkiye’s national elevation model (General Directorate of Mapping [HGM] Küre), compared with the widely used Google Elevation Application Programming Interface (API), using the Türkiye Geoid 2003-referenced Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) field measurements as ground-truth. A total of 83 elevation points were collected along a forested cycling route and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Bland–Altman plots, and Kruskal–Wallis tests to quantify elevation discrepancies across different topographic zones. The results reveal statistically significant differences in elevation accuracy between the models, with the HGM Küre and Google Elevation API showing elevated error and variability in vegetated and sloped areas. Of note, HGM Küre exhibited systematic overestimations; the Google Elevation API data demonstrated higher scatter. These findings underscore that elevation model performance is highly context-dependent, and unvalidated data sets can misrepresent terrain conditions crucial to cyclist safety and route efficiency. By highlighting the limitations of current digital elevation models and the potential of national models such as HGM Küre when calibrated with GNSS data, this study fills a notable gap in the literature. It provides practical guidance for transportation planners, suggesting a hybrid approach that integrates field-validated data for more accurate and context-aware route planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:19:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659295</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling intercity trucking costs: Empirical findings from Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a crucial component of the transportation outlook, costs associated with road freight transportation are essential to economic competitiveness. The importance of this topic in developing countries relies on the vital role that trucking plays in the supply chain and its incidence in planning, policy, and regulatory decision-making.Using data gathered by the Colombian Department of Transportation (CDOT) and its information systems, this paper presents a methodology to analyze the influence of topography, trip length distribution, travel time, and road tolls on intercity trucking costs. The authors employ the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to estimate the influence of variables on different Origin-Destination (O-D) pairs in Colombia. The results of this study suggest that topography plays a vital role in estimating truck operating costs. Other factors, such as truck configuration, distance, travel time, loads, and input prices, affect the trucking cost. In different vehicle configurations, the toll cost significantly impacted the total trucking cost of the route. This study aims to contribute to the search for government initiatives that enhance the economic growth and sustainability of the trucking industry, considering and predicting costs that impact the supply chain and the final market price of goods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 11:04:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593239</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-Definition Mapping for Autonomous Driving in Surface Mines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The traditional mining industry confronts several challenges, including a hazardous working environment, a labor shortage, and efficiency bottlenecks. Recent advances in autonomous driving offer promising solutions to enhance efficiency and sustainability in the mining transportation process. Specifically, High-Definition (HD) maps play a pivotal role in enabling autonomous driving by providing reliable environmental prior. Notably, mining areas lack conventional road signage, feature unstructured road terrain, and exhibit semi-dynamically changing landscapes, which pose distinctive problems compared to urban environments. This paper proposes an HD map representation specially designed for surface mines, outlines a comprehensive workflow tailored to the unique challenges of surface mines, discusses the potential applications and reinforces the proposed approach with cases study in real mines. In contrast to much of the existing research, this work focuses on practical HD map applications in mines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 11:58:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From fragmentation to integration: Evolving community structure of the Asia-Pacific shipping network since 1890</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Asia-Pacific region, with its dominant maritime character, has steadily increased its importance in the global economy and transportation system over time. A global database of inter port vessel movements between 1890 and 2016 serves to map and analyze the changing topology and community structure of this maritime network, based on existing knowledge about locational, political and economic factors at stake. The principal results reveal pronounced fragmentation during the colonial period, owing to dominant external influences, followed by greater integration post-WWII, driven by national policies and the emergence of logistical hub ports. In parallel, the network is resilient as seen with the stable position of key pivotal ports. Based on the analysis of the evolving community structure, a four-stage port community evolution model within the Asia-Pacific shipping network is proposed, encompassing geographic proximity, colonial dependency, domestic and transnational communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 08:52:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Just another bike? Modelling the interdependence of conventional and electric bicycle ownership and the influence of topography using large-scale travel survey data from Germany</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrical bicycle ownership rates are growing rapidly. Despite differences to conventional cycling, the two types of bicycles are generally not differentiated in travel demand modelling practice. This article analyses the choices to own electric and conventional bicycles in Germany at the personal level. The authors use data from the "Mobility in Germany" survey and other sources and estimate both a nested logit model and a multivariate probit model. While the average gradient of terrain near the residence has an expected, strong negative influence on the ownership of conventional bicycles, electric bicycle ownership is much less negatively affected. The effect of socio-demographic variables is largely in line with that of the existing literature. A negative correlation of the error terms in the probit model indicates a substitutive relationship between the two ownership decisions. The high nest parameter value in the nested logit model indicates that the decision to own a conventional bicycle is secondary to the decision to own an electric bicycle. The results contribute to a better understanding of the motivations for or against bicycle ownership and create a basis for better consideration of electrical bicycle traffic in transport models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 13:38:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement and Simulation of Flow on Surfaces with Extreme Low Slope for Determination of Time of Concentration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were used to explore the question of estimating time of concentration for regions with negligible slope. Current methods for estimating time of concentration generally have the slope of the land surface in the denominator of the functional relationship. This means that as slope decreases to zero, the time of concentration becomes infinite, which is contrary to observations. Researchers performed a set of experiments with a rainfall simulator over beds of very low slope. The resulting hydrographs were used to determine the time of concentration as a function of the slope and other pertinent variables. A numerical model was also developed to simulate the flow of water over a low-slope surface with random microtopography. While the field measurements provided some successful insight, the results from the two approaches were not able to determine definitively a relationship for time of concentration that can be used in all cases. The field laboratory study may have suffered from being too small scale compared to the area of the watersheds (~100 Ac) for which time of concentration is sought. The numerical study suffered from instabilities brought about by the nature of the equations modeled and, possibly, from lack of knowledge about the boundary conditions. Based on the experience and knowledge gained from this work, it is recommended that future work to determine the time of concentration for regions of low slope would benefit from one or more field observation facilities, where rainfall and flow records could be measured. Additionally, because different times of concentrations were derived in this study depending on the flow conditions or time of concentration determination technique, a standard definition (or standard definitions) of time of concentration is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Aug 2025 18:22:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571780</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tracking wildfire risk to California railroads: Integrating environmental data and railway operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577526</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climatic change and wildfire risk have direct implications for the railway industry. Wildfires pose risks to railways in areas with steep topography, sufficient fuels to sustain fire, and meteorological conditions that can ignite large fires. Railway infrastructure and operations also increase the risks of ignition from flammable materials used in track or bridge construction, engine and braking, which can generate sparks, and vegetation management, which can increase fuel for fires. A methodology was developed to identify California railway segments exposed to wildfire risk. Five potential railway segments were identified based on the proximity of the track to areas of burn probability and the relative area for different classes of burn probability. Two segments were selected based on the total area classified as high and very high burn probability and the length of track exposed to very high burn probability. These segments were evaluated regarding land cover, slope, meteorological conditions, and adaptive capacity. Heightened wildfire risk was found in these two segment areas due to complex terrain, meteorological conditions conducive to fire, and large extents of flammable vegetation. The data and methods tested in this study are replicable and scalable and represent initial work in developing a broader vulnerability assessment framework on the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptative capacities of railways exposed to wildfire and other climate hazards at the state or regional level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 15:29:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577526</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Near-Source Canyon Topographic Effects on the Life-Cycle Performance and Resilience of a V-Shaped Canyon-Crossing Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many canyon-crossing bridges have been or are being constructed in mountainous regions with distributions of canyon topography and active faults. Topographic irregularities can cause modifications in the characteristics of the ground motions and have been identified as a major cause of canyon-crossing bridge collapse. The seismic response of such bridges considering far-field excitations has been explored in the existing literature; however, there is limited information on how both near-source excitations and topographic effects impact the seismic performance of such bridges. Loss of bridge functionality after severe seismic events can significantly influence the transportation networks and impact the recovery process. It is particularly critical to perform rapid decision-making assessment on the performance of the canyon-crossing bridges near active faults. This study aims to evaluate the seismic resilience and long-term performance of a typical V-shaped canyon-crossing bridge. For comparison, the seismic performance of the bridge across a deep valley and a shallow valley is evaluated. A formalized probabilistic seismic performance assessment framework is presented. The near-source topographic effects on the recovery functions, direct loss, indirect loss, and resilience of the bridge are investigated. Numerical results showed that the topographic irregularities cause higher damage probabilities and seismic losses of the canyon-crossing bridge. A deep canyon can make the bridge more fragile compared with the shallow one. The expected long-term loss of the bridge across the deep canyon is approximately 1.3 times that of the bridge crossing the shallow canyon under the design event. After a maximum considered earthquake, the canyon-crossing bridge restores its functionality in more than 2.5 times the time needed for the bridge without considering the topographic effect to reach equivalent levels of functionality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:27:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pavement Conditions Assessment and Prediction (PCAP): A geospatial machine learning approach to inform decision-making</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT) continues to observe an increased rate of pavement deterioration on its 8,800 mile roadway network, which is the largest and most heavily used component of the transportation system under the MaineDOT’s jurisdiction. Pavement deterioration is governed by a variety of factors, including traffic load, quality and design of the pavement structure, increased frequency of climatic events like freeze-thaw cycles, topographic influences and drainage, and geologic considerations like the native subgrade soils. While these factors have been identified individually as potential attributes to pavement degradation and distress, it is likely the confluence of several attributes that impute the greatest rate of degradation on pavement systems. However, the combination(s) of attributes linked to varying degrees of the pavement degradation rate remain poorly understood and must be identified to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation. 
This project seeks to identify and link the combination(s) of attributes described in the preceding section (e.g. pavement design/structure/quality, traffic loading, environmental stressors) to temporal and spatial differences in the rate of pavement degradation on MaineDOT’s highway network; i.e. to understand the relative influence of attributes imputing pavement distress. By working with the MaineDOT, UMaine will use existing and/or collect new pavement quality data (geo-located cracking index values) using the Automatic Road Analyzer (ARAN) to quantify the degree of pavement distress. ARAN data surveyed across the state will allow an assessment of variations in pavement quality across pavement types (e.g. new construction, rehabilitation, spot improvements, LCP, preservation paving), regions/space (i.e. for consideration of climate, geology, drainage, wetness, soil, and traffic loading) and epochs (time since last paving or improvement). 
The project is expected to consist of three components:
Phase 1a (3-6 months): A literature review of existing studies and methods that incorporate data-driven analyses of spatial and/or temporal differences in the rate of pavement degradation. 
Phase 1b (18-21 months): Data-collection and integration, mapping & visualization, and predictor selection and attribution of factors influencing pavement degradation rates via machine learning. 
Phase 2: (18 months): Extension and refinement of Phase 1b to develop a tractable forecasting model to predict the degradation rate of pavement systems.



]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 11:39:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Semi-analytical solution on three-layer liquid sloshing in the rectangular tank with bed topography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A suitable topography is useful for reducing the impact pressure and lateral loads of the layered liquid sloshing on the structure, which improves its stability and durability. Effect of the bed topography on the layered liquid sloshing in tanks is investigated analytically. The complex liquid domain is naturally decomposed into three subdomains due to the incompatibility of the three types of liquids. The boundary condition between the first liquid layer and the topography is derived. The topography can be considered as a trigonometric function in this study. The formal solution of each sub-domain is derived analytically by applying the separation of variables method. The characteristic equations are determined by substituting the formal solution into the interface boundary conditions and topographic boundary conditions. The dynamic response equation under lateral excitation can be further established. The present method is proved to match well with two other calculation results. The semi-analytic results show that the topography can considerably reduce multilayer liquid sloshing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 14:25:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cenozoic fracture systems in western North Carolina and their contribution to large, slow-moving, deep-seated landslides</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent studies have shown that multiple fracture systems occur across western North Carolina that are associated with linear topographic lows, such as the Swannanoa Lineament that contains the I-40 corridor from Swannanoa through Asheville. Earthquakes have occurred on several of these lineaments suggesting they are seismically active. Multiple large, slow-moving landslides have been identified within these lineaments. This study will test the hypothesis that bedrock fractures within Cenozoic aged lineaments across western North Carolina are planes of weaknesses that contribute to these large, slow-moving landslides. This study will combine geologic mapping in the field and from high-resolution LiDAR data with kinematic slope stability analyses and topographic studies. This work will (1) constrain the bedrock structures that act as failure planes, (2) relate these structures to the lineament fracture systems, and (3) characterize the topographic evolution that resulted from these fracture systems that may influence the stability of slopes. Understanding the dynamics of these large, slow-moving landslides will enable the 
North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to develop efficient practices to mitigate damage to infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2025 12:08:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the impacts of topography on characteristics of urban road network: A global empirical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2517568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although a rough terrain surface can constrain the growth of urban road networks, a comprehensive analysis of the relation between topography and urban road networks is limited. The authors selected 100 cities around the globe as the study area, and further analyzed the relationship between 10 topographic metrics (representing terrain roughness and natural obstacles) and four road network characteristics (geometric and structural fractal dimensions, circuity, and orientation entropy). The empirical results revealed that the terrain roughness and water area imposed significant negative effects on geometric fractal dimension and positive effects on circuity. The mountain area was positively correlated with the orientation entropy of road networks due to their complex forms. Topographic metrics did not correlate with the structural fractal dimensions of road networks. All topographic metrics could explain 37.2 % and 31.5 % of the variance of geometric fractal dimension and circuity, respectively. At the block level, the correlations between topographic metrics and geometric fractal dimension/circuity were generally similar to those at the city level, but the magnitudes of the correlation coefficient were relatively smaller. These results enhanced the understanding of how topography affects the urban road network from a multi-scale perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:34:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2517568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Application of Flycam Technology in Topographical Survey: A Case Study of Mai Van Khai Road, Dong Thap Province</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the study of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology and its application in transportation infrastructure, particularly in topographical surveys, has gained significant traction worldwide. The adoption of BIM technology in Vietnam has also seen remarkable growth in recent years. However, integrating BIM with Flycam technology for topographical surveys continues to face several challenges, including the high cost of equipment, the complexity of processing software, and the necessity for a highly specialized workforce to handle and process the data effectively. This paper’s primary objective is to thoroughly evaluate the utility of Flycam technology in topographical surveys. To achieve this, the authors processed the data captured by the Flycam using a variety of software tools. The results from this Flycam-generated dataset underwent a rigorous comparative analysis alongside Autodesk Infraworks and Total Station datasets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2025 10:39:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528481</guid>
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