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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the distributional impact of urban rail improvements: Logsum accessibility measures incorporating income class and household type</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent discussions on transportation project evaluation have increasingly emphasized the importance of incorporating equity considerations. This study developed a travel behavior model that incorporates individual attributes and empirically assessed the distributional impacts of urban rail improvement projects in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Travelers were classified in this area into 24 attributes based on four income classes and six household types, and we estimated mode choice models for home-to-work and home-to-private trips. These models were then used to calculate the logsum accessibility measures, to predict user benefits from urban rail projects completed in 2019 and 2023. Distributional analyses revealed that for home-to-work trips, the median user benefit increased with income, but the interquartile ranges remained similar across most income groups above two million JPY/year. For home-to-private trips, benefits are higher for households with only one or two workers or for higher-income groups, reflecting greater variation in travel behavior and the value of travel time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 16:59:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Voting-Based Robust Estimator Aided by INS Redundancy for Tightly Coupled GNSS/INS Integration in Urban Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The combination of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) is widely applied for many ground transportation applications thanks to its accurate and continuous navigation service. However, with the advent of the multipath effect and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals caused by obstacles in urban environments, the quality of raw GNSS measurements is heavily degraded, leading to unexpected integration solutions. For this, an improved voting-based robust estimator (VBRE) algorithm assisted by the INS-derived measurement redundancy, is proposed for reasonable evaluation of satellite observation information, ensuring reliable integrated GNSS/INS solutions. The introduction of the generalized observation model allows the direct involvement of the short-term accurate INS-derived resolution in monitoring faulty GNSS measurements. Inspired by the voting theory, a residual-based collective decision framework is developed, where a group of INS-associated voters evaluates traversally each satellite observation candidate by the distance measure calculation and the agreement indicator mapping. Based on this, to determine the final GNSS measurement contribution, the detailed voter implementation is formulated with key steps including rejecting abnormal indicators, median voting, and multiple voting cycles. The above behaviors facilitate the rationality and fairness of each GNSS measurement weight allocation for integrated navigation. The proposed algorithm has been validated on two challenging open-source vehicular integration datasets in hybrid urban areas of Tokyo, Japan. The resultant 3D accuracy regarding position and velocity of Dataset I is around 60% higher than that of the Kalman filter and outperforms other existing methods. Similar performances are also achieved on more challenging Dataset II, with improvement reaching 80%.Meanwhile, this proposed algorithm presents remarkable flexibility against the various abrupt GNSS faults caused by different harsh urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Walkable Communities: The Walking Propensity Index in Tokyo</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a growing trend to encourage people to walk to improve their health and stimulate economic activities. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of areas where people actively walk by understanding the factors and individual attributes of people who walk as a representative mode of transportation in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using the following independent variables: individual attributes, trip attributes, land use, business density, employee density, retail facility type, retail facility diversity, and trip distance. The results showed that areas with more convenience, department, drug, clothing stores contributed to walking as the representative mode of transportation. However, contrary to expectations, we found that the diversity of retail stores had insignificant relationship with promoting walking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of an Accessibility Analysis Framework Toward Inclusive Mobility: Focusing on Preference Inter-heterogeneity and Predictive Uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes an individual-level accessibility analysis framework that incorporates preference inter-heterogeneity and predictive uncertainty, aiming to promote inclusive mobility accessible to all. In conventional inclusive transport planning, accessibility has primarily been defined in terms of physical reachability, often neglecting individual-level subjective experiences. The proposed framework highlights that even under formally identical transportation services, substantial differences in perceived accessibility can arise due to individual differences in preferences. An empirical case study based on person-trip data from the Tokyo metropolitan area reveals that women with children aged 0–6 tend to experience relatively low accessibility, which aligns well with social expectations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Demand Estimation and Feasibility Study of Intercity eVTOL Shuttle Services for Business Use between Central Tokyo and Major Cities in the Northern Kanto Region of Japan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a simplified methodology for estimating potential demand for intercity electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) shuttle services. Focusing on business travel, we conduct a case analysis of shuttle services connecting central Tokyo with major cities in the northern Kanto region of Japan. The analysis involves estimating demand based on current volumes of business travel by rail and modal shift rates derived from the modal shift rate formula. Parameters of the formula were estimated using questionnaire survey data. Subsequently, the feasibility of the proposed services is evaluated through a comparison between estimated demand and the associated costs. The analysis reveals that the services could lead to modal shifts from rail, with projected shift rates of 18.1%–28.1% for executives and 11.1%–21.6% for non-executive employees. Furthermore, it is indicated that the feasibility of the services is enhanced when infrastructure costs are publicly funded and pilotless operations are implemented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR BIKE SHARING STATIONS CONSIDERING TEMPORAL DEMAND VARIATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a station-level classification method that explicitly captures temporal demand variations in bike-sharing systems. Using one month of operational data from 47 stations (12,011 trips) in Nerima Ward, Tokyo, rental and return counts were aggregated into six-hour intervals for weekdays and holidays, yielding 16 temporal features. K-means clustering was applied, and the elbow method together with silhouette analysis indicated that three clusters were appropriate. The resulting groups (1) commute-oriented (5 stations), (2) baseline-use (39 stations), and (3) major hubs (3 stations)—exhibited markedly different peak periods and demand volumes. Although no geographic variables were included, population-density and rail-proximity patterns emerged naturally, suggesting that temporal features implicitly encode spatial context. The proposed demand-based clustering can enhance demand-forecasting accuracy and inform station rebalancing and incentive strategies, providing a more nuanced operational framework than conventional location labels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid optimization of ship route and speed for energy efficiency under dynamic marine conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ship energy consumption optimization is a critical pathway toward sustainable maritime transportation, yet dynamic marine conditions pose significant challenges for effective route planning. In this study, a novel hybrid optimization framework integrating path planning and speed optimization is proposed to minimize energy consumption under time-varying environmental conditions. Firstly, the path planning model is developed based on improved A∗ algorithm incorporating dynamic weights and environmental updates, considering marine conditions of winds, currents, and waves. Secondly, the speed optimization model is developed using an enhanced genetic algorithm featuring reverse selection mechanisms. Finally, a case study of 11 practical ship paths from Shanghai to Tokyo is conducted to validate the method. The result shows that this method achieves a 13.38% average reduction in energy consumption caused by resistance. The proposed framework achieves enhanced convergence performance while maintaining practical feasibility for real-time implementation. This research provides shipping companies with actionable fuel-efficient navigation strategies and contributes methodological foundations for achieving IMO's 2050 carbon emission reduction targets in maritime sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 15:39:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applicability of exploratory scenario planning in urban transportation planning processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the modern era, rapid technological advancements have created a state of "deep uncertainty" making future predictions challenging. Urban transportation planning must therefore be flexible in its methods, content, and processes to adapt to changing circumstances. This paper analyzes the efforts of San Francisco and the Tokyo metropolitan area, which have implemented exploratory scenario planning to address this deep uncertainty. Exploratory scenario planning is effective for preparing for social changes and prioritizing policies, as it helps identify responses to uncertain factors in advance. However, challenges have been identified, including the methodologies for setting scenarios, the development of simulation techniques, maintaining logical consistency from planning to implementation, and aligning with existing planning systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Changes in Activity-Travel Behavior in Surrounding Areas Segmented by Visit Patterns Before and After Large-Scale Urban Redevelopment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study clarifies changes in activity-travel behavior around large-scale urban redevelopment, segmented by visit patterns. Human mobility data from two special districts for urban regeneration in Tokyo reveals the following. 1) Improved connectivity to railway stations shortened travel times, leading to more uniform activity-travel behavior near stations. 2) The introduction of mixed-use facilities increased short-term visits by workers and residents, while workers exhibited longer stays and reduced movement. 3) New pedestrian decks and underground passage connections facilitated smoother pedestrian flow, allowing the redeveloped sites to serve as walking routes for surrounding areas. 4) Longer weekday use by residents in the surrounding area has increased but shopping around activities may have decreased. 5) Surrounding commercial and public facilities influenced behavioral shifts. 6 ) GPS based cluster analysis proves effective for assessing redevelopment’s impact, offering a quantitative framework for urban planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613520</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variations in telework implementation challenges and prospects based on work styles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyzes telework usage, its challenges, future prospects, and commuting differences among employed residents in Tokyo's 23 wards, Hiroshima City, and Fukuyama City. Findings show that despite widespread corporate adoption, traditional on-site work remains dominant, with nearly 80% not teleworking outside the home. Younger workers and those with flexible employment tend to adopt diverse work styles. Telework usage varies by job type and transit accessibility. Cross-tabulations reveal significant industry-based differences in perceived drawbacks. Users, especially younger ones, show more optimism about telework’s future. Non-teleworkers tend to commute by car, while flexible workers use public transit more. As telework spreads, it may significantly impact public transportation demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Issues of Location Optimization Planning From the Perspective of Origin–Destination Patterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To create an x-minute city, where access to essential daily services is possible within a residential area under population decline without the need to rely on automobiles, it is crucial to coordinate such efforts with location optimization plans. However, conventional evaluations of designated residential induction areas (RIAs) have not clarified how residents actually travel from these areas and to which destinations. To address this gap, we analyzed origin–destination patterns by using the 6th Tokyo Person Trip Survey, which provides highly accurate latitude and longitude data. The findings revealed that: (1) the majority of trips are completed within RIAs rather than to urban function induction areas, suggesting that many residents do not visit the latter—where urban services are intended to be concentrated—by walking, cycling, or public transport; and (2) by establishing a population density contrast between residential inducement areas and surrounding areas, it may be possible to suppress automobile use more effectively within RIAs than within non-RIAs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:40:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613413</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport system development and urban development: Scenario analysis in the Tokyo metropolitan area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the impact of airport system development on urban dynamics, using Tokyo as a case study. It evaluates how three distinct types of airport development affect regional employment and economic performance through a land-use and transportation interaction (LUTI) model. Four scenarios are analyzed: (1) a feasible development plan proposed by the government, (2) expansion of the existing city airport, (3) establishment of a three-airport system, and (4) relocation of the existing city airport. The LUTI model, built on statistical data from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA), integrates land-use and transportation components. The land-use model includes residential and business location choice models, incorporating the assumption of land supply controlled by absentee landlords. The transportation model encompasses trip generation/attraction, trip distribution, modal choice, and railway route choice. Existing modal and railway route choice models developed in previous TMA studies are integrated into the framework. Simulation results reveal that the three-airport system scenario yields the highest economic benefits for regional firms, followed by the expansion of the existing city airport. However, the feasible development scenario achieves the highest cost–benefit ratio, with the city airport expansion ranking second. The analysis also indicates that while the three-airport system promotes strong agglomeration effects in airport-adjacent areas, it may negatively affect employment in suburban regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633493</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling interdependent choices of remote working centers and transportation with attitudes through latent variables</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper aims to investigate the interdependent choice behavior of individuals regarding Remote Working Centers (RWCs) and transportation modes, focusing particularly on latent factors like attitudes and personality traits. Using stated preference data from Tokyo, Japan, an integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) model was applied. The results reveal that RWCs with six square meters of workspaces, minimal distractions, and no nearby amenities increase the probability of using RWCs. Work commitment, opportunity loss, workplace attire, timesaving attitude, workplace attachment, and workplace aversion significantly influence RWC usage. Individuals having higher work commitment, greater concerns about opportunity loss, higher workplace attire, and stronger workplace attachment and aversion are more likely to use RWCs, while timesaving people prefer working from home. Transportation choices also vary, with workplace attire investments favoring driving, and timesaving attitudes leaning toward walking or rail. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to promote teleworking, alleviating traffic and reducing environmental impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 08:49:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628422</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pollution, degradation, and risk assessment of microplastic (&gt; 30 μm) in subsurface (5 m) seawaters along Tokyo-Bangkok shipping route</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, environmental microplastic samples (>30 μm) were collected from subsurface seawater (5 m depth) along a major Asia–Pacific shipping route from Tokyo to Bangkok. The samples were characterized, ecological risk was assessed, and results were also compared with surface water samples. The results showed spatial variation in microplastic concentrations along the route, with the highest concentration (5904 pieces/m³) observed in the South China Sea and the lowest concentration (3272 pieces/m³) in the offshore Tokai region. Subsurface microplastic concentrations were generally higher than surface concentrations. Polyethylene (PE) was the dominant polymer type, and polymer diversity was lower in the subsurface than in surface waters. Subsurface microplastics were found to be smaller in size while less degraded compared to surface microplastics. Despite higher concentrations, ecological risk levels at the subsurface were comparable to those in the surface due to the presence of less toxic polymer types in subsurface samples. Further evaluation indicated that estimated ecological risk levels are strongly influenced by mesh selectivity and the spatial coverage of sampling stations. This study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of subsurface microplastics and reveals important differences from surface counterparts. In addition, relying solely on surface data may result in biased estimation of total microplastic exposure and ecological impact. The findings from this study provide valuable reference data for future investigations, and can help the design of monitoring programs, the development of environmental policies, and the formulation of mitigation strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 10:34:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Going the extra mile: Estimating the willingness to travel to meet with friends using a joint destination choice model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most leisure activities are carried out jointly with friends or family; therefore, the decision on where to travel is highly dependent on the spatio-temporal constraints of all members of the group. Using data from Tokyo, Japan, this study is the first to develop a joint destination choice model that explicitly integrates such constraints based on revealed preferences of all members. Such a model allows for the derivation of a new measure to quantify how much individuals are willing to travel to reduce other members’ travel time; in other words, the travel time a person is “willing to pay” to participate in the social activity. Our estimates suggest that, in the context of eating-out activities (the most frequent joint activity type in Tokyo), individuals are on average willing to travel one additional minute to reduce other members’ harmonic mean travel time by 0.43 min. However, this statistic is dependent on the differences between travel times of group members, such that the larger the difference between an individual and the rest of the group’s travel time, the less that individual is willing to sacrifice for the rest of the group. Results also show that the group-level model outperforms a model that considers individual-level decisions only, especially in terms of estimated travel distances, due to individual-level models being biased towards individual locations irrespective of other members.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 16:38:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608349</guid>
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