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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Tank Car Relief Valve Requirements for Liquid Poison Inhalation Hazard (PIH) Lading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analyses were performed by Transportation Technology Center, Inc., a subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads, to determine if the changes made to Chapter 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations under docket HM-181 for the selection of pressure relief valves used on tank cars transporting liquid materials designated as poison inhalation hazard (PIH) would affect safety. Also considered were the implications for other materials that are thermally reactive, polymerizable, or dangerous when wet. Key findings are: (1) The start-to-discharge pressure of a pressure relief valve on a tank car used to transport PIH materials is not a significant factor in the survival of the car when subjected to a 100-minute pool fire provided a large enough flow capacity is chosen for the valve; (2) If the overturned car case is to be included in the conditions to be considered by the regulations, it is recommended that the criterion for the pressure in the tank not exceeding the flow capacity of the valve not apply; (3) Although pressure relief design methods for polymerizable and thermally reactive materials are not considered in current regulations, survival of a 100-minute fire is likely for most cases; and (4) The relatively high start to discharge pressures used in present tank car safety relief devices are an impediment to achieving practical sized pressure relief for most runaway reaction scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2018 12:21:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565991</guid>
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      <title>Improving air quality in subway systems: An overview</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1535884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article comments on the current reality of particulate matter (PM) concentrations breathed by commuters on subway train platforms and considers what can be done to improve air quality underground. The authors propose the introduction of a targeted, color-coded approach to the problem, based on the methodology of the World Health Organisation and designed to encourage transport authorities to aim for progressive PM reductions. The method defines thresholds that cascade down through bands of decreasing PM concentrations towards the ideal World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline of PM₂.₅ annual mean level of 10 μg m−3, where negative health effects of long term particle inhalation are minimal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 10:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1535884</guid>
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      <title>Estimation of inhaled airborne particle number concentration by subway users in Seoul, Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500711</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) causes several diseases in the human body. The smaller particles, which have relatively large surface areas, are actually more harmful to the human body since they can penetrate deeper parts of the lungs or become secondary pollutants by bonding with other atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides. The purpose of this study is to present the number of PM inhaled by subway users as a possible reference material for any analysis of the hazards to the human body arising from the inhalation of such PM. Two transfer stations in Seoul, Korea, which have the greatest number of users, were selected for this study. For 0.3-0.422 mum PM, particle number concentration (PNC) was highest outdoors but decreased as the tester moved deeper underground. On the other hand, the PNC between 1 and 10 mum increased as the tester moved deeper underground and showed a high number concentration inside the subway train as well. An analysis of the particles to which subway users are actually exposed to (inhaled particle number), using particle concentration at each measurement location, the average inhalation rate of an adult, and the average stay time at each location, all showed that particles sized 0.01-0.422 um are mostly inhaled from the outdoor air whereas particles sized 1-10 um are inhaled as the passengers move deeper underground. Based on these findings, the authors expect that the inhaled particle number of subway users can be used as reference data for an evaluation of the hazards to health caused by PM inhalation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Feb 2018 10:49:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500711</guid>
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      <title>Hazardous Material Transportation and the Security Externality: What Should be Done?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project examined the “safety and security externalities” which exists in the transportation of hazardous materials (particularly toxic inhalant hazards) and identified alternative mitigation strategies. The combination of terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and human error has brought increased attention to the vulnerability of our infrastructure and population resulting from the transportation of hazardous materials, especially through cities. The primary objectives of this study were to identify risks associated with transporting toxic inhalant hazards (TIH) and propose approaches to mitigate the negative safety and security externalities created by hazardous materials  transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 07:53:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279128</guid>
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      <title>Investigation of Traffic Crashes Involving the Inhalation of Difluoroethane</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive or mind altering state. This paper reports on the fact that crash investigators need to be prepared for inhalant abuse crashes in today’s world. They need to able to arrange for blood and urine specimens from the drivers involved quickly. The paper shows how local law enforcement departments need to coordinate with evidence collectors in order to develop a testing procedure before an incident occurs because time is of the essence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2013 13:45:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257252</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How CSX Will Invest $1.7. Billion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/920008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article profiles the current strategy of Michael Ward, the chief executive of rail freight corporation, CSX.  The author reviews the impact of the economic downturns and reports on interviews with Ward as he prepares his company to pull-through and thrive as the economy rebounds.  Topics include the international coal market, problems with the domestic utility market, growth in other commodities in the American economy, concerns over the impact of climate change legislation on the coal industry, the ongoing need to replace rolling stock, the switcher rebuilding program, capital expansion initiatives, the freight rail/intermodal corridor that involves six United States in the eastern seaboard, investments into Positive Train Control (PTC), managing toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) routes, and the political balance between advocates of a national rail plan and Congressional efforts for more regulation.  A final section considers the improving public perception of railroads and the recognition of the place of railroads in the economy; Ward mentions that CSX is willing to work with passenger rail providers that can meet the railroad’s requirements for safety, preserving freight capacity, funding, and liability exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jun 2010 10:16:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/920008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RAILROAD TANK CAR RELIEF VALVE REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID PIH LADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/697433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analyses were performed for the FRA by Transportation Technology Center, Inc. to determine if the changes made to Chapter 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations under Docket HM-181 for the selection pressure relief valves used on tank cars transporting liquid materials designated as poison inhalation  hazard (PIH) would affect safety.  Also considered were the implications for other materials that are thermally reactive polymerizable, or dangerous when wet.  Key findings are:  The start-to-discharge pressure of pressure relief valve on a tank car used PIH materials is not a significant factor in the survival of the car when subjected to a 100-minute pool fire provided a large enough flow capacity is chosen for the valve; if the overturned car case is included in the conditions to be considered by the regulations, it is recommended that the criterion for the pressure in the tank not exceeding the flow capacity of the valve not apply; although pressure relief design methods for polymerizable and thermally reactive materials are not considered in current regulations, surviving in a 100-min fire is likely in most cases; the relatively high start to discharge pressures used in present tank car safety relief devices are an impediment to achieving practical sized pressure relief for most runway reaction scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/697433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CREW EXPOSURE STUDY. VOLUME I. OFFSHORE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An assessment of worker exposure to potentially hazardous gases, vapors, mists, and dusts in the marine bulk liquid transportation industry is provided. Methodology for characterizing occupational exposures of crewmen to cargo- and noncargo-related materials during vessel operations in port and at sea was established. The major elements of the project included (1) a background study, (2) development of an experimental plan, and (3) trial implementation of the plan on one test at sea. The background study consisted of a search of the open literature and discussions with international maritime organizations for relevant industrial hygiene/occupational health study data. Also, two round-trip voyages aboard a product tanker and a gasoline carrier were conducted to document sources which may pose potential inhalation or dermal exposures. The background study was used to develop an experimental plan for characterizing the occupational exposures aboard bulk liquid carrier. Ten voyages were identified as necessary to reflect a representative data base covering variations in equipment, procedures, and cargos. The experimental plan was implemented in the Deck Department on one voyage of a chemical carrier.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CREW EXPOSURE STUDY. VOLUME II. AT SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project was to characterize the exposure of offshore drilling and production workers to potentially hazardous aerosols (gases, vapors, mists, and dusts) and liquids that may be encountered during their work activities. An evaluation of exposure to noise was also included in the project activities. The major elements of the Phase I project were (1) a background study, (2) development of an experimental plan, and (3) implementation of the experimental plan for exposure to aerosols and liquids on one offshore observation of seven days duration. The background study included (1) a search of technical literature, and a review of current laws and regulations that apply to offshore facilities, (2) contacts with both domestic and international organizations with an interest in offshore operations, and (3) observation visits to fifteen offshore production and drilling facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177520</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INHALATION TOXICOLOGY: I. DESIGN OF A SMALL-ANIMAL TEST SYSTEM. II. DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE TOXIC HAZARDS OF 75 AIRCRAFT CABIN MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an effort to further the cause of increased safety for those who ride in commercial aircraft, this paper presents a detailed description of the genesis of a small-scale, laboratory test system that utilizes small animals to evaluate the relative toxic hazard of combustion products generated by the thermal decomposition of nonmetallic materials. It includes: a discussion of the concepts that led to the design; detailed instructions for fabricating the system; operating parameters and instructions for conducting a test; an evaluation of the system's performance as determined by the testing of 75 aircraft cabin materials; the utilization of animal response time as a basis for expressing relative toxicity; and a discussion of the derivation of an "inhalation dose" concept that promises to be more useful than "lethal concentrations." /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE USE OF MEAN SURVIVAL TIME ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF FIRE ATMOSPHERES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Personnel survival in a fire is often determined by the toxicity of the atmosphere generated by the fire. The composition of the atmosphere is determined by the materials that are being combusted and the conditions under which they are burned. A method utilizing mean survival time measurements of rodents has been developed that provides a relatively rapid and inexpensive way of comparing the toxicity of fire atmospheres so that designers can have the necessary information to substitute less hazardous materials whenever possible. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56362</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TOXICOLOGICAL AND SKIN CORROSION TESTING OF SELECTED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/48840</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Animal tests were performed using selected substances to determine if they qualified as hazardous materials according to the Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations. Overall toxicological and skin corrosion test results are summarized. The actual test data and details of the test methods used are also included. The general testing protocols followed in these determinations were those discussed in Publication 1138 of the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council (1964) title, "The Principles and Procedures for Evaluating the Toxicity of Household Substances."  The number of test animals used in each experiment was required to be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and to be in conformity with good pharmacological practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/48840</guid>
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