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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhancement of wind resistance in long-span bridges against buffeting and flutter using nonlinear energy sink inerters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692435</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Long-span bridges are prone to low-to moderate-wind-speed stochastic buffeting and high-wind-speed aeroelastic flutter, whereas conventional aerodynamic countermeasures are generally incapable of effectively mitigating both forced and self-excited wind-induced vibrations simultaneously. To enhance the wind-resistance of long-span bridges, this study proposes a dual nonlinear energy sink inerter (NESI) system that provides passive control under buffeting conditions while improving flutter stability at high wind speeds. A coupled time-domain aeroelastic–structural model is developed to describe the interaction between the bridge and NESIs, in which self-excited and buffeting forces are formulated and integrated with the NESI restoring forces. A parameter design and optimization procedure is established by considering mass ratio, inertance ratio, eccentricity, and static stroke constraints, with particle swarm optimization adopted for parameter identification. Application to a 1650 m suspension bridge shows that the optimized NESI configuration reduces vertical RMS buffeting responses by approximately 25–40% and torsional responses by 10–20% under design-level turbulent winds. In addition, the critical flutter wind speed increases by 26.5%. A probabilistic assessment confirms stable buffeting suppression under uncertainties in structural modal properties and wind characteristics. The results indicate that the proposed NESI provides a passive solution for improving both buffeting performance and flutter resistance of long-span bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:51:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692435</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CFD-neural network collaborative optimization drives aerodynamic drag reduction of container ship fairings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to the pressing need for energy efficiency in maritime transport, a systematic CFD-neural network collaborative optimization framework for aerodynamic design of bow fairings on large container ships was presented to minimize wind resistance. Three distinct fairing geometries (vertical, arcuate, and polygonal arcuate) were investigated and optimized via a integrated approach: (1) Optimal Latin Hypercube Sampling (OLHS) generates parametric space; (2) High-fidelity CFD simulations (validated against KCS standard model data, error <1.62 %) acquire training data; (3) Elliptical Basis Function (EBF) neural networks construct surrogate models; (4) Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) drives multi-parameter optimization; (5) CFD validation verifies optimal solutions. Multi-parameter optimization reveals that all fairing types achieve approximately 40 % drag reduction, with the polygonal arcuate design exhibiting superior performance (42.87 % reduction at 8 Beaufort scale). Key flow field analyses demonstrate that optimized fairings effectively reshape pressure distributions, suppress vortex generation, and streamline airflow over stacked containers. The proposed designs offer tangible economic benefits, potentially reducing annual fuel consumption by 2–4 % for 20,000 TEU-class vessels. These findings provide actionable insights for shipbuilders and operators pursuing IMO's decarbonization targets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Revised modality-driven approach for enhanced analytical solutions to complex multi-mode coupled flutter: Influence of suspension bridge configurations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Future island-linking suspension bridges with spans exceeding 2000 m face significant challenges related to flutter instability. The suspension system configuration largely determines the baseline flutter resistance and plays a pivotal role in wind-resistant design. Given the inherent complexity of suspension systems, typically characterized by strong multi-mode coupling, accurately capturing the underlying modal interactions is essential for their reliable flutter evaluation. However, conventional mechanism analysis methods, such as the modality-driven approach, often rely on simplified assumptions and thus fall short in providing high-fidelity explanations of complex coupling effects. To overcome this limitation, this study refines the theoretical foundation of the modality-driven approach by enhancing the excitation-feedback interactions between modes, yielding an accurate analytical solution for three-dimensional flutter and enabling detailed mechanism analysis of multi-mode coupling, particularly inter-modal deep coupling. The necessity and effectiveness of this refinement are validated through comparative analyses of three suspension bridges with similar span layouts and mass distributions but different suspension configurations: single-span, three-span, and cable-stayed suspension systems. Furthermore, the influence of suspension system configuration on flutter behavior is examined from the perspective of multi-mode coupling using the proposed approach. Results indicate that flutter behavior is highly sensitive to suspension system complexity. The three-span system is primarily governed by first-order symmetric torsional (positive damping) and vertical (negative damping) modes. In the single-span system, the second-order vertical mode additionally participates due to modal shape differences compared to the three-span system, introducing further negative damping and resulting in the lowest critical flutter wind speed. In contrast, the cable-stayed system demonstrates the highest flutter resistance owing to its elevated torsional frequency and the favorable contribution of the second-order vertical mode. However, this system also involves a higher-order torsional mode, resulting in significant deep coupling with the fundamental vertical mode that partially offsets the anticipated performance gains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:01:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A robust FEM iterative method for determining the reasonable state of long-span suspension footbridges with wind-resistant cable systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a finite element method (FEM)-based method for determining the reasonable state of long-span suspension footbridges equipped with spatial wind-resistant cables. The procedure involves three main steps: (1) shape-finding of the spatial wind-resistant cable system based on the design parameters; (2) sequential shape-finding of the main cable in both the main and side spans, integrating the wind-resistant cable system into a full-bridge FEM model; and (3) iterative design of the spatial wind-resistant cable system to satisfy the design criteria. The most critical step, shape-finding for the wind-resistant cable system, involves establishing a finite element model that includes both wind-resistant cables and wind hangers. In this step, internal forces and unknown nodal coordinates are treated as iteration variables, initialized using the reduced elastic modulus method, and solved through a nested iterative procedure with inner-loop variable updates and outer-loop coordinate adjustments. The proposed method is validated through two representative examples of spatial wind-resistant cable systems and a suspension footbridge with a main span of 445 m, demonstrating its effectiveness, convergence, stability, and practical applicability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 16:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wind-resistant performances comparison between a long-span CFRP and a steel cable-stayed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two ultra-long-span cable-stayed bridge schemes, identical in deck configuration and main span length of 1500 m but differ in steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) stay cables, are first designed based on the equivalent strength principle. Finite element analyses are then conducted to investigate wind-resistant performances of both schemes, including static structural behaviors, mean wind-induced deflections, buffeting responses, flutter instability, wind-induced cable resonance, vortex-induced cable vibrations and wind-induced local bending deformations of the stay cables. The results indicate that the using of CFRP cables reduces significantly the wind loads, which account for a major part in the total wind loads developed on the entire structure. As a result, mean wind-induced global deflections of CFRP scheme are notably reduced compared with the steel scheme. In terms of buffeting, results of the CFRP scheme are 12%, 14%, and 28% lower than those of the steel one in vertical, torsional, and lateral directions, respectively. No substantial difference is observed between the two schemes regarding the bridge deck flutter stability. As far as wind-induced cable resonance is concerned, the CFRP scheme is obviously superior to the steel one, exhibiting a much lower likelihood of buffeting-induced resonances due to much higher natural frequencies of stay-cables. As far as the vortex-induced vibration is concerned, however, CFRP stay-cables are less favorable than steel ones. Finally, aiming at the inherent shortcoming of CFRP cables, wind-induced bending deformations at anchorage ends are analyzed. The results show bending angles of the CFRP cables are significantly lower than those of the steel cables. With a wind speed as high as 52.97 m/s considered, CFRP stay cables experience only low-to-moderate bending angles, resulting in no significant strength reductions and posing no substantial threat to the structural safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding Moving/Damage Mechanism of Vehicles under Tornadoes for Enhancing Vehicle/Driver Safety
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tornadoes have caused catastrophic damage to buildings and vehicles. Although considerable research has been conducted on the performance of buildings under tornadoes, the performance of motor vehicles (e.g., cars, pickups, vans, and box trucks) under tornadoes was rarely studied. Unfortunately, about 15% of tornado fatalities during 1975–1995 were attributed to the moving or damage of motor vehicles and about 9% during 1985-2015. To protect motor vehicles from being damaged by tornadoes and accordingly to reduce tornado fatalities, the objective of this project is to understand the moving/damage mechanism of motor vehicles (e.g., sliding, flipping and lofting) under tornadoes using systematic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which will be verified and validated by the PI’s large-scale laboratory tornado simulator. To achieve the stated research objective, three research tasks have been planned. The proposed research will answer the following five research questions. 1) What tornado intensity can cause a vehicle to slide, flip and loft, respectively? 2) What role does atmospheric pressure drop at tornado center play in initiating each vehicle motion? 3) What role does turbulence in tornadic wind field play in initiating each vehicle motion? 4) Does internal pressure inside a motor vehicle play any role in vehicle moving? and 5) What potential modifications can be made to motor vehicles in order to defer the initiating of each vehicle motion? The research findings can not only help regular vehicles in the parking lot or on the road experience less damage, but also can be integrated into autonomous vehicles for them to make informed decisions and then take proper actions to reduce the tornado-induced damage. In addition, research findings can be used to improve tornado safety recommendations for drivers on the road.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 14:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An analytical model of time-averaged wake airflows for bridge deck and its application to drag load predictions for twin-deck sea-crossing bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In parallel twin-deck sea-crossing bridges, strong wind conditions in marine environments cause the wake generated by the windward deck to significantly alter the airflows around the leeward deck, thereby influencing the aerodynamic forces acting on it. Aerodynamic drag loads are critical in determining the lateral deformation and wind resistance stability of sea-crossing bridges. Accurate estimation of these loads is essential for structural safety. This study proposes a practical analytical model to predict the time-averaged wake field of bridge decks, enabling rapid evaluation of the wind environment and aerodynamic forces on the leeward side deck. The model is developed based on mass and momentum conservation principles and assumes a Gaussian distribution for the time-averaged streamwise velocity deficit, requiring only a single parameter to characterize the velocity profile. Simulations of four common bluff body sections are used to determine the wake expansion rate, providing a basis for model application. The model’s effectiveness is validated through wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulations. A case study of a sea-crossing bridge demonstrates the model’s capability to analyze aerodynamic interference and wake flow patterns. This analytical model offers a fast, reliable, and practical tool for optimizing aerodynamic loads in the design of twin-deck sea-crossing bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:51:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk-targeted design wind speeds for multi-level aerodynamic performances of long-span bridges: A real data-informed case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most current bridge wind-resistant design standards adopt “uniform hazard” basis, ensuring the resistance exceeds design wind speed at a given return period. However, wind-induced failure probabilities for bridge structures, especially accounting for multi-level performances, are ambiguous, leading to significant differences in risk levels. To achieve the controllability and consistency in aerodynamic performances of long-span bridges, this study introduces the “uniform risk” into bridge wind engineering to determine the risk-targeted design wind speeds. Four performance objectives (occupant comfort, operational, continuous occupancy and instability), associated with the annual failure probability, are summarized. A case study is performed for Xihoumen Bridge by developing fragility curves corresponding to different vibration thresholds. Buffeting-related fragility curves are derived through a data-driven random model based on long-term measurements, while flutter fragility curve is obtained by Monte Carlo simulations incorporating various uncertainties. By combining with the wind hazard curves, failure probabilities for multi-level performances are estimated. Risk-targeted design wind speeds are calculated through the risk integral method, and the annual failure probabilities for code-recommended versus risk-targeted flutter design speeds are compared. Results indicate that Xihoumen Bridge has excessive wind resistance for the continuous occupancy and instability, while the annual failure risk for occupant comfort is relatively high. The code-recommended design wind speed falls short of ensuring multi-level performance objectives, whereas the risk-targeted design wind speeds effectively meet these criteria. This study provides a forward step in bridge wind engineering to develop the “uniform risk” design basis, serving the uptake of performance-based wind engineering design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 09:07:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the buffeting response of a long-span truss arch bridge during construction based on a large-scale full bridge model wind tunnel test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The buffeting response of long-span truss arch bridges has become a key factor in the cantilever construction phase. It is essential to study the wind-resistant performance of arch bridges in typical construction stages. In this study, the buffeting displacements and buffeting forces were investigated based on a 1:40 scaled full bridge model wind tunnel test. Three wind attack angles and seven wind yaw angles were considered in the test. The test results show that the maximum lateral buffeting displacements of the cantilever end and the buckle tower top occur at a wind yaw angle between −15 and 15°. Finite-element analysis was performed to investigate the vibration mitigation measures of the arch bridge during the maximum cantilever construction stage. Finally, the authors propose some recommendations to alleviate the buffeting response of the buckle tower. The results of the study reveal that setting two symmetric wind resistance cables with an angle >20° between the cable direction and the vertical direction is useful in reducing the transverse buffeting displacement of the buckle tower. This study provides new insights into the buffeting response and vibration reduction of long-span truss arch bridges during cantilever construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 15:54:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540205</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extreme Response Prediction of Guiding Beam Employed for Incremental Launching Construction of a Continuous Bridge Under Non-Synoptic Storm Winds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The southeast coastal region of China frequently encounters non-synoptic storm winds, such as tornadoes and downbursts, which pose significant risks to bridges under construction owing to their sudden onset. Despite this, few studies have examined the structural reliability of bridges exposed to such conditions. This paper analyzes a continuous steel box bridge constructed using the incremental launching method, aiming to improve wind-resistant design and enhance reliability assessment during construction under tornado and downburst events. Key parameters characterizing tornado and downburst wind fields and their impacts on the extreme deformation of the guiding beam are investigated. Response surfaces and a 4D (four dimensions) color map are developed to analyze the sensitivity of extreme displacement in the guiding beam. To capture the stochastic nature of non-synoptic storms, a Type III extreme value distribution model for tornado wind speeds and a Gaussian model for downburst turbulence are applied. The virtual process method (VPM) is then used to predict the extreme value distribution (EVD) of guiding beam deformation. The study reveals that for tornadoes, the sensitivity of extreme transverse and rotational (RotX) displacements is highest for maximum tangential wind speed (Umax), followed by approach angle (?) and vortex core radius (Rmax). In downbursts, extreme displacement ?i shows high sensitivity to maximum horizontal wind speed (um) and downburst jet diameter (Dj) but is minimally affected by approach angle (?). Additionally, lateral extreme values owing to downburst turbulence exhibit wide variation, strongly influenced by um and largely independent of Dj and ?.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 11:26:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on wind resistance performance of a pipeline suspension bridge without wind cable in natural wind</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipeline suspension bridges, characterized by their narrow, flexible, lightweight, and blunt design, face heightened challenges in wind resistance as span lengths increase, particularly in the absence of wind cables. This study presents a novel approach using large-scale full-bridge aeroelastic model tests in a natural wind field to evaluate the wind resistance of a pipeline suspension bridge without wind cable. A 1:10 scale model (50.73 m in length) was designed, constructed, and tested under natural wind conditions, with long-term monitoring of wind-induced responses. The natural wind field at the test site resembles canyon topography, making it suitable for studying buffeting in large-span pipeline suspension bridges over canyons. Results show that the model’s modal frequencies and shapes align well with finite element calculations, confirming the model’s accuracy. The buffeting response exhibited a near-quadratic relationship with wind speed and was influenced significantly by wind yaw angle and turbulence intensity. Variations in main cable and hanger forces due to buffeting were minor, remaining under 5 % of the initial forces at typical wind speeds. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between wind speed and bridge response, and negative correlations with wind yaw angle, while the wind angle of attack had a weaker influence. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the wind-induced behavior of large span pipeline suspension bridges and offers valuable data for improving the design and construction of such bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 08:26:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Wind Load on Billboards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wind load is the wind pressure on the windward sides of structures (houses, cranes, masts, billboards, power line supports, etc.). There are many examples of plant accidents due to strong gusts of wind, which, for example, shows the importance of considering wind load when calculating structures. The purpose of the work is to assess the actual state of the billboard design and make suggestions for its improvement for normal further operation. The work gives the calculation expressions of maximum total wind load, stress and deflection in the metal rack. Computation of billboard rack possessing sufficient strength and rigidity is described. Calculation of the required minimum diameter of the billboard rack is considered. The graph of the change in the deflection depending on the diameter of the rack is described. The investigations allow calculation of billboards racks that can withstand large wind loads. Received in work expressions allow to calculate of maximum total wind load, stress and deflection in the metal rack. Based on this, it is possible to estimate the reliability of the billboard construction. The expressions, obtained in the work, allow calculating the minimum diameter of billboard racks, ensuring their reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 09:36:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wind-Resistant Cable Design and Experimental Study of Long-Span Natural Gas Pipeline Suspension Crossing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A suspension bridge for a natural gas pipeline crossing has a small width-span ratio and is characterized by low damping and low stiffness. To improve the structure’s resistance to wind loads, it is necessary to establish a cable system. Given the steep and rugged terrain of the project site, a wind-resistant system incorporating both parallel wind cables and conjugate cables was designed, with the angle between the wind cables and the horizontal plane reduced to 1.2°. Additionally, an effective calculation method was developed to accurately determine the spatial configuration of the wind-resistant cable system. The wind resistance and safety of the connection structure were validated through a 1∶25 scaled aeroelastic model test. The results from tests in both uniform and turbulent flow fields show that under wind attack angles of 0° and 3°, the flutter stability requirements were met, and no discernible vortex-induced vibration was detected within the tested range. The maximum vertical displacement response occurred at the quarter-span position, while the maximum lateral and torsional displacement response were observed at the midspan. Finally, based on the test results, the impact of aerodynamic admittance functions on the frequency-domain buffeting response of the bridge was analyzed. Overall, the test and analysis results indicate that the bridge structure meets the operational requirements of the natural gas pipeline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 11:59:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470589</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on joint design method of multiple wind parameters for long-span bridges in deep-cutting gorge areas based on field measurement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447368</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The univariate design method may not match the wind resistance demands of bridges in mountainous areas. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehensively consider the joint effect of multiple wind parameters for determining wind-resistant design parameters of bridges. To address challenges such as short measurement periods and difficulties in expanding the extreme value model of wind parameters, a Bootstrap resampling strategy incorporating seasonal wind speed trends was developed, verified, and applied to long-term probabilistic modeling; thus, the uncertainty of the probability model of average wind parameters was investigated. Then, taking the environmental contour of wind speed and attack angle under varying wind directions as the basis, a technical framework for wind-resistant bridges based on multi-parameter joint design is proposed. Meanwhile, the main girder's longitudinal and lateral design wind speeds are derived under the joint influence of attack angle and yaw angle. The results show that the control wind direction of longitudinal and lateral design wind speed is different. The joint design considering multiple wind parameters effectively makes up the limitations of traditional methods. It provides valuable insights for wind-resistant design and lifecycle toughness evaluation of bridges in mountainous areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:45:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447368</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Wind Effects on Bridges Induced by Tornadoes for Tornado-Resistance Design – Phase I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of tornadoes on civil structures is often devastating and results in loss of property, injury of human beings and/or loss of lives. Thirteen bridges were destroyed or severely damaged by tornadoes in the USA in the past. Even in the latest version of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Bridge Design Specifications (8th Edition 2017), no specifications on design tornadic wind loads have been included. To prevent bridges from being severely damaged or destroyed during future tornado incidents, it is imperative to characterize the wind effects induced by tornadoes on bridges and determine the design tornadic wind loads for bridges. This project characterized the wind effects of tornadoes on bridges using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and modified the equations for calculating the design wind pressure on bridges. The obtained research findings will facilitate the tornado-resistance design of new bridges and the reinforcement of existing bridges to be tornado resistant. This will eventually prevent bridges from failure during tornado incidents to enhance the safety of highway or railroad bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2024 10:52:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378920</guid>
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