<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue behaviour of high strength S690 steel and their welded sections under symmetric cyclic actions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental investigation into fatigue behaviour of high strength S690 steel, and their welded sections. A total of 48 cyclic tests were carried out on cylindrical coupons of two different types of high strength S690 steel, namely, the S690-TM steel and the S690-QT steel, and their welded sections. These cyclic tests were conducted as i) load-controlled tests, and ii) strain-controlled tests over a range of 104 to 107 cycles to provide test data to demonstrate their resistances against fatigue fracture under practical situations, such as bridge structures. Both scanning electron microscope observations and metallographic analyses were conducted on typical fractured coupons to examine micromechanics of fatigue fracture of these high strength steel and their welded sections. It should be noted that while both the load- and the strain-controlled tests provide engineering data for generation of design S-N curves commonly adopted in fatigue assessment of bridge design, the strain-controlled tests provide additional information to quantify their fatigue behaviour including stiffness degradation, crack initiation and propagation, and fracture. All the test data of the steel plates and their welded sections of the S690-TM and the S690-QT were found to lie significantly above the design S-N curves for fatigue assessment given in EN 1993–1–9, AISC 360 and GB 50017, especially for those data which numbers of cycles are larger than 106. In addition, these high strength S690 steel possess superior fatigue performance, when compared with those of the normal strength S355 steel reported in the literature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:56:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563192</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultimate strength assessment of rectangular plates subjected to in-plane compression using a statistical model of welding initial deflection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stiffened panels in steel ships and offshore structures are usually fabricated by fillet welding to attach stiffeners to a plating. Thermal contraction due to the welding causes angular distortion of the plate along the stiffeners, and the plate initially deflects. This welding initial deflection significantly affects the ultimate strength and collapse behavior of the stiffened panels, and it is one of the important uncertainty factors in ultimate strength assessment. This study proposes a methodology to quantify the uncertainty of the ultimate strength of rectangular plates due to the welding initial deflection. This paper has twofold. One is the development of a statistical model of the initial deflection shape based on measured data in past studies. Bayesian statistics is adopted since it can consider uncertainty accompanied by the insufficient number of measured data. A regression model of the initial deflection is selected as the best model from several candidate models based on an information criterion. The other is the assessment of probability distributions of the ultimate strength of simply supported rectangular plates. The probabilistic distributions of the ultimate strength are calculated by Monte Carlo simulation using a nonlinear finite element method. Initial deflection samples are generated from the developed statistical model and applied to finite element models of the rectangular plates. The analysis result indicates that the probability distribution of the ultimate strength depends on the collapse mode which is changed by the initial deflection shape. As a usage example of the proposed methodology, existing formulas of the ultimate strength are evaluated and adjusted to give safe side estimations for design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264466</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical properties of steel plate compression joint under seawater corrosion and welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seawater corrosion and welding can together cause significant damage to marine structures, thereby deteriorating the mechanical properties of steel and the bearing and deformation capacities of the overall structure. Therefore, in this paper, the electrochemical corrosion method was used to simulate the actual seawater corrosion, and the corrosion distribution characteristics and compressive mechanical properties of D36 steel plate welded joints in seawater were studied. Through scanning electron microscopy, the authors analysed the influence of welding and corrosion, that is, the different weld angles and degree of corrosion on the damage distribution of welded joints. The bearing and deformation capacities of the structure, as well as the failure mode and failure position of the structure are determined. Finally, through a quadratic regression analysis, the experimental results were used to develop a generalized constitutive model of corroded and welded damaged steel with corrosion degree and weld angles as the variables.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:57:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of weld seam on the compaction characteristics of steel bridge deck pavement asphalt mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many weld seams are generated to connect the orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSBDs), which poses a potential threat to the compaction quality of steel bridge deck pavement (SBDP) asphalt mixture. To clarify the influence of weld seam on the compaction characteristics of SBDP asphalt mixture, the coupled finite element method- discrete element method (FEM-DEM) model with weld seam was established to simulate the SBDP asphalt mixture compaction process, and the simulation results were verified with the field compaction ones. Then, the influence of different weld seam heights on the compaction quality was analyzed and the coupling effect under different compaction speeds was also investigated. Moreover, the impact of weld seam on the particle bonding failure mechanism was further examined. Results show that the weld seam height has little effect on the SBDP asphalt mixture compaction quality under low compaction speed, while large compaction speed would reduce the SBDP asphalt mixture compaction quality, and the existence of weld seam would exacerbate this adverse effect and prompt the particle bonging failures. The SBDP crack propagation process above the weld seam is divided into the initiation, propagation, acceleration and stagnation stages. Furthermore, optimization suggestions for SBDP asphalt mixture compaction quality monitoring were given: for the 25 mm and 30 mm thick SBDP lower layer, the weld seam height is recommended not more than 2 mm and 3 mm, respectively; the compaction speed is recommended not more than 3 km/h and 4 km/h, respectively. The findings contribute to proving the theoretical guidance and technical support for the lean construction of SBDP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2022 14:33:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shear resistance of headed shear studs welded on welded plates in composite floors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present paper deals with composite steel-concrete floor with headed shear studs welded onto a flat steel plate. In bridges applications, which are the focus of the paper, very thick steel plates are often combined with a moderate layer of concrete. And, in some wide slab applications, the most performant lay-out for the shear studs could lead to them being welded on top of an existing butt weld between steel plates. Presently, nothing is known about the shear resistance of the weld-to-weld interface and its possible detrimental effect on the overall resistance of the system. In addition, the ultimate behaviour of the system combines the flexural resistance of a composite cross-section followed by, when the concrete is cracked, the development of a compressed arch anchored in these headed shear studs, emphasising the importance of such connections. Both questions are addressed in the paper and, based on experiments, an in-depth analysis on the system’s behaviour at ultimate limit state is provided. Two types of tests are performed: pure shear tests complying to the push-out tests of Annex B of EN 1994-1-1 and beam tests with four-point loading where the studs in the shear spans are loaded with longitudinal shear. For each pair of tests, the reference specimen was made with a steel plate without a butt weld or comprising a butt weld directly under the line of shear studs. Typical floor dimensions from bridge applications are studied. No difference in shear capacity, stiffness or failure mode could be observed. However, it was noticed that the classic design rules provided in EN1994-1-1 cannot accurately predict the failure load of the chosen configuration. Based on assumptions made following the observations of the failure mechanisms, the authors propose a theoretical evaluation of the capacity of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Provisions for Load Rating Gusset Plates in Steel Truss Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1872060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many states have load rated their truss bridge gusset plates following the guidelines published in 2009 by the Federal Highway Administration in response to the catastrophic failure of the I-35W Bridge. As the Manual of Bridge Evaluation released new load rating provisions after 2014, the urgency in adopting and applying these mandated provisions became a pending burden for state agencies requiring extensive work to update the ratings of gusset plates. Moreover, this paper argues that the current states’ load rating practices do not involve the rating for the welded gusset plate owing to the lack of established provisions. In addition, the gusset plate with no plans also poses particular challenges for the state agencies. To provide state agencies with better insights on the load rating approach of gusset plates, this paper presents a study that carefully reviewed the states’ current practices and load rating provisions. The results of the study indicate the necessity of adopting the new provisions, as the former load rating methodology exhibited inaccurate results in some cases. Additionally, this paper reviews extensive work done for welded connections and proposes a load rating guidance for welded gusset plates. To deliver better interpretations, a case study is provided for the welded gusset plates. This paper also reviews the evaluation method for deteriorations and staggered bolt patterns with relevant case studies. Lastly, the paper provides guidance on estimating the unknown bolt strength as well as weld metal strength for the gusset plate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2021 18:07:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1872060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and numerical analysis of the penetration of welded aluminium alloy panels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1854738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents experiments and finite-element simulations of welded 5083-H116 aluminium alloy panels, quasi-statically punched at the mid-span by a rigid hemispherical indenter, to examine their plastic deformation and fracture resistance. Four specimens are examined: one bare plate, one butt-welded plate and two stiffened plates. The effect of the welding and the influence of stiffeners on the structural impact response are evaluated. The experimental results are presented in terms of the force–displacement responses and collapse modes, showing agreement with the simulations performed by the LS-DYNA finite-element solver. The finite-element analysis discusses the structural behaviour and rupture of the welded aluminium alloy panels under accidental loads, focusing on the welding details and the material degradation in the heat-affected zone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jun 2021 12:35:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1854738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Historical review of research on brittle crack propagation arresting technology for large welded steel structures developed in Japan with the application of Kca parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1688804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to the concern of increased risk of brittle fracture accompanying the recent enlargement of container ships, experimental research is being conducted to investigate brittle crack propagation arrest properties in Japan. The objective is to obtain the required toughness of the material to arrest brittle crack propagation in a 100-mm thick plate, which is considered to be the maximum thickness used in such applications. The use of Kca as a method for determining arrest toughness is a main difference with respect to methodologies employed in Europe and the United States. In this review, the authors compare the approaches for determining brittle crack propagation arrest properties that are used in Japan with those used in Europe and the United States. Moreover, they review recent research trends, particularly with respect to the background and development of Kca parameters. With regard to the industrial application techniques concerning arrestability of brittle crack propagation in steel plates, studies in the ship and storage tank research fields date back to after World War II, while some attention is also seen for nuclear power and line pipes. These research procedures were initially established in Europe and the United States, but was first adopted by Japan. However, soon after, Japan and the time when the research fell downward due to progress of steel manufacturing technology and defect management technology. Since then, research has actively resumed, and original contributions are being realised. The background of this work in Japan, and the creation of the Kca concept will be explained herein. Further, the background of research on brittle crack propagation arrest properties in very large container ships, determination philosophy for deriving demand values, and ultrawide brittle crack propagation tests in the study of 75-mm thick material and their results are described. In both of the scenarios considered, i.e. one in which cracks are generated from the top of the hatch side coaming and arrested on the upper deck, and the other wherein brittle cracks occur at the upper deck end and are arrested in the hatch side coaming, the required Kca was found to be 6000 N/mm³/².]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:26:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1688804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On Rough Set-Based Modeling and with Application to Process Decision for Forming Plate by Line Heating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1647415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In shipbuilding, forming plate by line heating is a typical complex manufacturing process involving many uncertain factors, so it is difficult to establish an accurate mathematical model. How to establish a knowledge model that can reflect technological laws is the key to the development of an intelligent decision system for forming plate by line heating. In this article, rough set (RS) theory is applied to the modeling of the line heating process. By defining variable-inclusion RSs, an algorithm of knowledge reduction is proposed, which enhances the noise immunity and fault tolerance of the model, and improves the efficiency of knowledge acquisition. Through introducing fuzzy logic, a method of modeling the line heating process based on RSs and fuzzy logic is proposed, which effectively extracts the technological rules of plate formation. Finally, rapid decision-making for process parameters is implemented by fuzzy inference technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2019 14:38:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1647415</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Welded Stiffeners on Crack Growth Rate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue crack growth is studied in welded, stiffened panels through the use of analytical, numerical, and experimental means. Full scale testing is conducted by integrating welded, stiffened panels into a box girder configuration subjected to cyclic fatigue loading. Analytical modeling is performed based on superposition of linear elastic fracture mechanics, assuming a worst-case residual stress field representation. Numerical modeling is performed using finite element models, with temperature gradients simulating residual stresses, to calculate the J-Integral around the crack tip at different stages of crack development, and transforming the results into a propagation rate prediction. An initial crack is introduced and crack propagation behavior is observed, noting variations due to interaction with the inherent residual stress field of welded stiffeners. The two modeling techniques are compared in their ability to predict worst-case crack growth rates and correlated with experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2019 17:13:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An ICME Modeling Application for the Optimization of a Tie-Down Weld Sequence in Ship Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aircraft tie-downs have been widely used to secure airplanes, helicopters, and other transportation vehicles to a ship’s deck. A multi-pass welding process is typically used for integrating tie-downs to the deck plate to develop the required strength at the joint. During and after welding, the surrounding deck material around the tie-downs must deform elastically to preserve dimensional continuity, creating residual stresses. Weld-induced residual stress is a major concern because the tie-downs are subject to cyclic, dynamic loading which could induce cracking and directly impact the fatigue life of the deck plate structures during services. To select an optimized welding sequence that minimizes weld-induced residual stress in the welded joint, an integrated computational materials engineering approach was used to evaluate the effect of welding sequences on residual stress distributions. Various deck materials (including ABS Grade DH36 and HSLA-100 steel alloys) and welding sequences were investigated to identify the optimized welding sequence which reduced radial residual stress distribution, resulting in lower final deck plate distortion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2019 10:32:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crack Initiation and Propagation Fatigue Life Prediction for an A36 Steel Welded Plate Specimen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue crack initiation and propagation models predict the fatigue life of welded "T" specimens tested by the Fatigue Design and Evaluation (FDE) Committee of SAE under constant and variable amplitude load histories. The crack propagation equations stipulated by British Standard BS-7910 have been incorporated in a material memory model for cyclic deformation. The simulations begin with the crack initiation model and show how it is used to account for cyclic mean stress relaxation and the effects of periodic overloads. After the cracks initiate the BS-7910 model is applied to predict the crack advance due to either constant or variable amplitude histories. Simulation results correspond to the experimental results with good accuracy.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2019 11:04:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Traverse Speed in Self-Reacting FSW of AA6061-T6</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1583742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Self-reacting friction stir welding (SRFSW) is a variant of friction stir welding in which a small modification of the tool design, i.e., the addition of a lower shoulder eliminates the need for a backing plate. In the present work, SRFSW was carried out on 4-mm-thick AA6061-T6 aluminum, which is one of the most extensively used of the 6000 series aluminum alloy at different traverse speeds. The focus of this research work is to understand the effect of tool traverse speed on the mechanical properties and the microstructural zones created in the joints, keeping all other parameters constant. From the tensile test, it was observed that the yield strength and tensile strength of the joints increased with the increase in traverse speed. From the fractography study, ductility was found to increase with the increase in traverse speed. From the Vickers microhardness test, it was clear that the hardness distribution across the thickness indicated uniformity in mechanical properties across the thickness. From the microstructural study, it was observed that with the increase in welding traverse speed, the elliptical swirl zone size and shape changed significantly, which affects the joint quality significantly. It was also observed that traverse speed has significant effect on the flashing out of material from weld zone. With lower traverse speed, chances of flashing out of material is more, which results in the formation of wormhole defect (main weld defect in friction stir welding). A saddle-shaped macrostructure of the bobbin tool friction stir welding joint was observed, which was prominent in the advancing side and was found to have a banded microstructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:20:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1583742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Heat Source Modeling for FCAW of Fillet Joints using Artificial Neural Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1583737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present work deals with the prediction of heat source parameters of Goldak’s double ellipsoidal model for flux cored arc welded fillet joints through an artificial neural network (ANN). Extensive experiments were carried out on low-carbon mild steel plates of thickness ranging from 3 mm to 10 mm. In each case, welding current (I), voltage (V), and speed () were recorded as the welding parameters. The flux cored arc welding of fillet joint was carried out using 100% CO₂ as the shielding gas. This work is based on the simple and fundamental presumption that the weld pool is the primary source of heat which is delivered from the welding arc. Therefore, the magnitude and distribution of heat can be defined through the weld pool dimensions. Hence, these dimensions were directly considered for determining the heat source ellipsoid parameters. These parameters, namely, front double ellipsoidal length (C f), rear double ellipsoidal length (C r), half-width of the heat source (a), and depth of the heat source (b) were measured from the welded specimens. Furthermore, the ANN model was trained and tested for the prediction of the heat source parameters. The ANN predicted data were in good agreement with the measured values. Subsequently, the ANN model was used to predict the parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model for a set of welding parameters. The temperature history numerically computed with the ANN-predicted parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model compared very well with the measured data. The proposed ANN structure, therefore, can be gainfully used as a tool for the prediction of parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model in case of gas metal arc welding with 100% CO₂ as the shielding medium for a plate thickness range of 3‐10 mm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:20:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1583737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residual Stresses and Fatigue Behavior of Welded Structural Members</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the project was to study experimentally the fatigue behavior of flange plates in welded beam sections as influenced by different residual stress distributions which are caused by different sizes of welds. In connection with the project, a survey of literature on the fatigue of welded structural members was conducted. The result of this survey including a set of conclusions is presented in Part I of this report. Plate type specimens with longitudinal weld beads running along the center lines of the specimens were subjected to axial repetitive loading to simulate the behavior of the flange plates, Residual stresses were measured on a number of specimens with different plate widths and weld areas. The program is divided into the following sections: (1) pilot test series, consisting of 13 specimens; (2) a study of the effect of weld removal on residual stress distribution, and (3) main test series, consisting of 9 specimens. Although the details and the results of items (1) and (2) have been presented in a previous report, most of the information is included in this report for completeness and convenience in discussion. The program and the test results for the main test series are presented in detail in this report. The complete experimental investigation is presented in Part II of this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 11:37:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579137</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>