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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Anisotropy of Mechanical Parameters of Weld for High-Strength Steel in Tensile Test for Towing and Coupling Components in Recovery Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents results for S700MC high-strength steel and its weld at longitudinal and transverse orientations of specimens. The determination of anisotropy features is proposed for the parent material and welding joint due to the often usage of this steel for manufacturing of towing and coupling components in recovery vehicles. This means that the most important mechanical parameters of the regions questioned should be determined for numerical and analytical analysis with the target to get their type approval and to keep the road safety. The mini-specimens were used to reflect the joint behaviour subjected to monotonic tension. The weld behaviour was assessed using the longitudinal specimen that was manufactured from the joint. The results enabled to indicate differences in the section tested depending on the loading orientations considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 09:53:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Construction of the Car Trailer Frame in Terms of Changing the Assembly Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car trailers are quite a popular means of transport and are offered in many versions, from single axle light trailers with a maximum permissible weight of 750 kg, through two- or more-axle specialized trailers. The issues of research car trailers focus on two directions: testing the driving properties and analysing the strength of the supporting frame system. Issues related to the construction of light trailers are often common to trailers used in agriculture or general transport. In this article, based on a mass-produced car trailer, an analysis was carried out regarding the choice in the technology of making the supporting structure consisting of a lower frame and an upper frame. The term upper frame should be understood as the structure on which the lifted load box rests. The costs of materials, assembly and technological possibilities of small-scale production were taken into account. In addition, strength analyses of the numerical models were carried out for critical areas of the frame during operation. After considering the unit costs for each of the analysed assembly technologies, it was shown that riveting would be the cheapest. However, the most suitable method of assembly is welding, as it allows the use of standard profiles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 09:14:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization design for anti-fatigue lightweight of dump truck carriage combined with machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As urbanization continues to accelerate, dump trucks assume an increasingly important role in the transportation and construction of infrastructure. The carriage represents a critical structural assembly of dump trucks. One of the primary failure modes of the carriage is weld fatigue failure, which frequently gives rise to the problem of weld fatigue cracking during transportation. To increase the fatigue life of welds and enhance the degree of structural lightweight of a heavy dump truck carriage, a method for anti-fatigue lightweight design based on machine learning and multi-objective optimization is proposed. A high-fidelity finite element model of the carriage is established for static simulation analysis of the typical conditions. Based on the virtual reliability simulation test of the dump truck and the equivalent structural stress method, the fatigue life of the critical welds in the carriage is calculated. The important part thicknesses are selected as design variables through the comprehensive contribution analysis method. The maximum displacement and maximum stress under the dangerous condition are considered as constraints. The mass of the carriage and the minimum fatigue life of the critical welds are considered as optimization objectives. The GA-XGBoost machine learning approximation models (GA-XGBoost-MLAM) and NSGA-II algorithm are employed for multi-objective optimization design of the carriage. The entropy weighted TOPSIS method is utilized for multi-objective decision-making of Pareto solutions. The design after optimization and decision-making shows that, while satisfying the requirements of static structural performance, the minimum fatigue life mileage of the critical welds of the carriage is increased by 157,570 km, representing an increase of 36.58%. Additionally, the mass of the carriage is reduced by 295.69 kg, representing a decrease of 9.47%. Therefore, the proposed design method achieves a good effect in the anti-fatigue lightweight of dump truck carriage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2024 09:38:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437513</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dissimilar Hardox and Low-Alloy Steel in Excavator Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the structure of excavators and other transport vehicles, it is observed that there is an increasing necessity to weld elements from the Hardox steels. The paper verifies the possibility to obtain accurate DMW (dissimilar metal welds from totally different grades of Hardox 450 steel with S355J2 steel). The microstructure and mechanical tests of the obtained various welds were analysed. Argon-based shielding gases with micro nitrogen additions were used for MAG welding. Gas mixtures with micro nitrogen additions of up to even 2000 ppm and their use in welding are an absolute novelty. The purpose of the manuscript was to find the correct parameters of making dissimilar joints with such modern mixtures and to determine the most suitable mixture for welding Hardox steel and low-alloy steel for use in the automotive industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:16:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints Subject to Intermittently Whipping Superimposed Wave Load</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stochastic characteristics of hull vibration superimposed stress waveform experienced by 6500 TEU container ship’s deck longitudinal is examined by Non-Linear Hydro-Elasticity Analyses. It is found that the stress waveform’s characteristics can be simplified so that the slamming impact occurs once in every 4 to 5 waves and the impact stress range is comparable to the wave stress range. Based on these results, the whipping superimposed stress waveform which are applied in fatigue tests are chosen. An electric exciter-driven plate bending vibration fatigue testing machine, which can apply various hull vibration superimposed stress waveform in high speed, is newly developed. Performing the whipping superimposed fatigue tests of welded joints using this machine, the validity of rainflow cycle counting for whipping superimposed loadings is examined. It is found that rainflow counting led to conservative estimates of fatigue lives, and the fatigue damage up to the failure of intermittently superimposed cases is larger than that of constantly superimposed cases under conditions chosen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Desulfovibrio desulfuricans induced corrosion of welded joint in X80 pipeline steel below delaminated coating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2302443</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buried pipelines are an important tool for long-distance oil and gas transportation. Welded joints are the weak components of buried pipelines. Interestingly, the biocorrosion degree of the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint is the lowest in mediums. However, there is no report on the biocorrosion of the welded joints when the protective coating is delaminated. In this paper, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) corrosion of X80 steel welded joint was studied below delaminated coating. Results showed that SRB corrosion of the welded joint was selective at the opening of the delaminated coating, and such selected SRB corrosion gradually faded along the direction from the opening to the far end. At the far end below the delaminated coating, the corrosion of the welded joint was related more to its microstructural characteristics rather than to the SRB metabolism process. The concentration decrease of the SRB cells was responsible for the gradual decrease of the SRB corrosion of the welded joint below the delaminated coating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Dec 2023 09:31:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2302443</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residual stresses effects on fatigue crack growth behavior of rib-to-deck double-sided welded joints in orthotropic steel decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rib-to-deck (RTD) innovative double-sided welded joints have the potential to enhance the fatigue resistance of orthotropic steel decks (OSDs). However, welding residual stress (WRS) has been reported to be a contributing factor to fatigue cracking of steel bridges. This paper performed fatigue crack growth of the RTD innovative double-sided welded joints of OSD considering WRS. Firstly, a thermal-mechanical sequential coupling finite element model (FEM) of the RTD double-sided welded joints was established. The WRS distribution along the direction of deck thickness was analyzed. Secondly, the FEM of the OSD segment with crack was established. The fatigue crack behavior of RTD double-sided welded joints under the combined action of vehicle load and WRS was studied. Finally, the influences of initial crack on fatigue life was analyzed. Results indicate the distribution of the transverse WRS along the direction of deck thickness is tension-compression-tension stress, which has the characteristics of the sinusoidal function. The ?Keff value increases significantly considering WRS than without considering WRS during crack growth. WRS has a significant effect on fatigue life, and the fatigue life of the weld toe without considering WRS is about twice that of considering WRS. The crack depth and aspect ratio (a0/c0) of the initial crack affect the fatigue life of RTD double-sided welded joints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 09:03:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Develop Assessment and Mitigation Guidance for Ancillary Highway Structures with Existing Cracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256318</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ancillary structures (AS) exist in a wide variety of applications critical to safety and daily needs of the travelling public (e.g. HMIP, COSS, and traffic signals). The long-term corrosion performance of these structures is of utmost importance to prevent deterioration and extend the structural design life and safety. While hot-dipped galvanizing provides excellent long-term behavior for corrosion control of these critical structures, over the past 20 years this process has been found to create extensive cracking of welds on base plate connections that is detrimental to the fatigue lives of these poles. Although improved details are used in new designs, thousands of HMIP, COSS, and signal poles exist in Texas with varying levels of cracking in the welds between the baseplates and pole shafts. The research outlined in this proposal identifies and provides critical assessment parameters and guidance for Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to determine if cracks should be monitored, repaired, or the structural component replaced. The proposed research includes a representative assessment of weld cracking in the AS inventory, the development of monitoring hardware and techniques, the development and assessment of repair techniques, and the development of certification methods/standards for inspection personnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2023 15:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256318</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High Cycle Fatigue Resistance of 700 MPa and 960 MPa Strength Categories High Strength Steels and Their Gas Metal Arc Welded Joints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973475</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High cycle fatigue tests were performed on two strength categories (700 MPa and 960 MPa) of high strength steels, on quenched and tempered (Q+T) and on thermomechanical (TM) types, on base materials and their welded joints, as well as on different mismatch conditions (matching (M), undermatching (UM), overmatching (OM), and matching/overmatching (M/OM)). Specimens cut and in full machined from base materials and welded joints, furthermore cut from welded joints were tested. Measured and analyzed data were compared and discussed. Statistical approach was applied during the evaluation of the experiments, which have been allowed for the expansion of the results and increasing their reliability. The parameters of the high cycle fatigue strength or design curves were calculated based on the Japanese (JSME) testing and evaluating method, which uses basically 14 specimens. The article presents and evaluates the results, comparing with each other and with literary data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 2023 11:39:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973475</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue experimental study on full-scale large sectional model of orthotropic steel deck of urban rail bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fatigue problem of orthotropic steel bridge decks of urban rail transit steel bridges has gradually become one of the hot research topics. And it is also a key problem that restricts the further development of rail transit steel bridges. In this paper, the orthotropic steel bridge deck structure of a long-span urban rail transit cable-stayed bridge is studied. Based on the segmental finite element model and full-scale model, the fatigue details of the joint weld between an orthotropic steel bridge deck and U-rib were studied theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical model of the segment is analyzed to obtain the hot spot stress characteristics. On this basis, the full-scale model fatigue test and the fatigue performance evaluation are completed based on the S-N curve. The results show that the fatigue performance of the bridge deck and U-rib joints of the orthotropic steel bridge deck structure model meets the design requirements and has a certain safety reserve. The joint fatigue details of the bridge deck, the U-rib joint weld, and the diaphragm plate are the sensitive areas that are most likely to occur fatigue failure first and need to be paid attention to in the later bridge maintenance and inspection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Apr 2023 11:45:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Failure assessment and life calculation of welded joints based on parameter table optimization algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reduce the potential safety hazards in the operation of rail vehicles, a new parameter table optimization algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to carry on the failure assessment and fatigue life calculation of welded joints. This algorithm reduces the number of iterations by adding connection pools to connect the parameter selection database. In addition, based on this algorithm, combined with Python language and BS7910 standard, a calculation program for failure assessment and fatigue crack growth life is written. The algorithm program is validated by taking the commonly used T-type, butt, and lap joints as examples. In terms of failure assessment, the calculation results of the algorithm program are securer and more conservative, and the safety accuracy of the algorithm program is improved by 8%–12%. In terms of fatigue crack growth life, the error between the calculated value of the algorithm program and the test data is within the engineering allowable range. At the same time, the algorithm program can give the evaluation calculation results more intuitively and quickly, which provides a reference for the failure assessment and life calculation of the welded structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Mar 2023 09:35:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue life estimation of welded connections in a tram vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Low floor tram vehicles are becoming popular for mass transportation due to their versatility. Most of the body of trams is composed of welded structures which are prone to fatigue failure. In this study, the fatigue life of welded joints on a low-floor tram is investigated using the hot-spot stress and structural stress methods. To assess the suitability of shell elements in finite element models for fatigue analysis, the authors performed hot-spot stress calculations for three benchmark cases. The hot-spot stress computed using the shell element models is comparable to the results obtained from a solid model for most loading cases. Based on these findings, the fatigue life of four critical regions in a tram are estimated using the hot-spot stress and structural stress methods. It is found that the fatigue lives computed using the structural stress method are more conservative than the fatigue life results obtained from the hot-spot stress method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:41:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on fatigue behavior of trapezoidal rib-to-deck welded joints in orthotropic steel decks strengthened with CFRP sheets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the unavoidable stress concentrations and welding defects, the trapezoidal rib-to-deck welded joints of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks (OSBD) are prone to fatigue cracking. It is a new exploration to apply Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets to strengthen the complex welded joints to improve the fatigue strength. In this paper, the comparative tests of un-strengthened and CFRP strengthened welded joints were carried out. The hot spot stress distribution under static load and fatigue behavior under cyclic load were studied, considering the influence of the number of CFRP sheet layers. The experimental results indicate that CFRP reinforcement can effectively reduce the stress concentrations at weld toe of the deck, and three-layers reinforcement has a greater effect than one-layer reinforcement. There was no significant difference in failure modes between the un-strengthened and CFRP strengthened welded joints. The fatigue cracks of all joints originated from weld toe of the deck, and then expanded along the width and thickness of the deck which caused the deck to break. CFRP reinforcement can significantly improve the fatigue life of trapezoidal rib-to-deck welded joints under the same nominal stress range and three-layers reinforcement presented a longer fatigue life. The S-N curve logN=12.059-3·log?shs based on the hot spot stress range at weld toe of the deck was established, which can be applied to the fatigue strength design of un-strengthened and CFRP strengthened rib-to-deck welded joints. The mechanism that CFRP reinforcement can significantly improve the fatigue performance of welded joints can be concluded to less stress concentrations and slower growth rate of the crack.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2023 09:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Estimation Method for Welding Fatigue Mean Stress Effect Independently from Failure Mode and Joint Type</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2107756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bending fatigue tests with stress ratio R = -1 and R = 0 of as welded (AW) and stress relieved (SR) root-failed plug weld (PW) specimens and toe-failed out-of-plane gusset weld (GW) and T-joint (TJ) specimens are performed. The welding residual stress (WRS) at the root notch and the weld toe of AW and SR specimens are measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. The mean stress effect of the fatigue test results are analyzed by using modified MIL-HDBK-5D equivalent stress σeq based on hot spot stress (HSS) and ‘root local stress (RLS)’ determined by two-points stress extrapolation. It is found that all fatigue test results can be approximated by a single S-N curve regardless of failure mode, joint type, stress ratio of the external load and SR treatment when RLS can be determined so that the root-failed AW fatigue test results can be approximated by HSS S-N curve. As an alternative means for the root-failed cases where HSS-based σeq is inapplicable, ‘EPLSC method’, in which σeq is determined from the elastic-plastic local stress cycle (EPLSC) calculated by welding and cyclic loading thermal elastic plastic FE analyses with very fine FE mesh, is proposed. The fatigue test results of AW PW and GW specimens with various external stress ratio can be approximated by a single S-N curve when σeq is determined by EPLSC method. It can be considered that the proposed EPLSC method is effective in a large number of root-failure cases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 09:07:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2107756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Fatigue Life Prediction Methods for GMAW Joints in Vehicle Structures and Frames</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1822632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the North American automotive industry, various advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are used to lighten vehicle structures, improve safety performance and fuel economy, and reduce harmful emissions. Relatively thick gages of AHSS are commonly joined to conventional high strength steels and/or mild steels using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) in the current generation body-in-white structures. Additionally, fatigue failures are most likely to occur at joints subjected to a variety of different loadings. It is therefore critical that automotive engineers need to understand the fatigue characteristics of welded joints. The Sheet Steel Fatigue Committee of the Auto/Steel Partnership (A/S-P) completed a comprehensive fatigue study on GMAW joints of both AHSS and conventional sheet steels including: DP590 GA, SAE 1008, HSLA HR 420, DP 600 HR, Boron, DQSK, TRIP 780 GI, and DP780 GI steels. Dissimilar metal welds were made between DP590 GA and SAE 1008, DP 600 and SAE 1008, TRIP 780 and SAE 1008, DP 780 and SAE 1008, and Boron and HSLA. Fatigue behavior was evaluated for several different specimen geometries: single lap-shear, double lap-shear, butt weld, start-stop, and perch mount. Currently, many fatigue life prediction methods, such as structural stress approach, hot spot structural stress approach, notch stress approach, and local strain approach, are available to analyze GMAW joints. This study reviews two structural stress methods for fatigue life prediction of the welded joints, and it also assesses the two methods with previous A/S-P Sheet Steel Fatigue Committee fatigue test results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 08:48:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1822632</guid>
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