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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Structure and Protective Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To substantiate the expansion of the area of application of plasma technology in the restoration of parts of ship equipment, the suitability of wear-resistant coatings applied by powder alloys in a plasma stream, under different conditions of external exposure: under conditions of cyclic contact pulse loading, cavitation wear and in conditions of liquid sliding friction were investigated. Wear-resistant coatings were obtained by plasma flow sputtering with intermetallic Ni-Al and Ni-Ti powder alloys, as well as with powder Ni-Cr-B-Si-C alloy, hardened with carboride phases. Bench and operational tests showed the expediency of using the coatings obtained with the use of modern plasma technologies for restoration and hardening of parts working in difficult conditions of cavitation and hydroabrasion wear, as well as in mating sliding friction pairs. The coating sprayed with a powder of intermetallic Ni-Al alloy showed a higher resistance under shock cyclic action and abrasion under liquid friction than other studied materials. Coating with a self-fluxing Ni-Cr-B-Si-C powder alloy hardened with carbon-boride solid phases loses individual particles during sliding friction. These solid fragments play the role of abrasive in the friction zone, leading to rapid wear of the mating pairs. Such coating without its additional heat treatment is not recommended for the restoration of surfaces operating in sliding friction pairs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 10:12:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407694</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Methods of Improving Cylinder Liner Wear</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ring/liner wear is a major factor in determining effective engine life. One of the primary goals of engine manufactures is to design engines for increased durability. In order to preserve knowledge that was gained over the years with current liner materials and to meet target costs, methods of improving the wear resistance of the liner material without changing the substrate from gray cast iron are attractive. In addition, stringent emission requirements pose a larger challenge to the materials community. For example, cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one option to meet US EPA NOₓ emissions for the year 2002. With the application of cooled EGR technology, the present durability of current ring/liner materials may be reduced. Three methods to improve the wear resistance of gray cast iron liners are 1) adding special alloying elements 2) using surface treatment techniques such as induction hardening, gas nitriding, etc. 3) applying surface coatings. This paper discusses the investigation of the first two approaches by running laboratory wear tests using Cameron-Plint apparatus. The data revealed that 1) the wear behavior of induction hardened and specially alloyed gray cast iron is better than the gray cast iron. 2) Used oil has increased the liner wear significantly as compared to new oil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2024 17:10:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787332</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The use of additive technologies for the restoration and strengthening of parts of transport means</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article is devoted to the comprehensive development and implementation of multifunctional coatings obtained through the use of additive technologies, based on scientific research in the field of restoration and strengthening of worn parts to increase the resource of transport means and their elements, aimed at reducing the material and technical resource and reducing the supply of spare parts. When choosing a method of gas thermal spraying, the main conditions for the formation of high-quality coatings are established, and it is proved that the method of electric arc spraying best meets these conditions. The conducted assessment showed that to restore and strengthen the surfaces of parts of ship's technical equipment, it is expedient to replace expensive powder-coated wires made of highly alloyed alloys with cheaper and more affordable steel wires of a solid cross-section made of iron-carbon alloys. The obtained research results of coatings applied by the electric arc method showed the prospects and feasibility of their processing by pulsed ion nitriding. As a result of the conducted research, for the first time, a method of increasing wear resistance was proposed and developed, which provides an increased level of physical and mechanical properties of restored surfaces and a comprehensive solution to the problems of ensuring the characteristics of strength and operational properties of restored surfaces and developing a technological process of restoring parts of ship's technical equipment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2024 17:07:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characterization of AA357 Metal Matrix Composite with Reinforcement of Si3N4</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The engineering sector researchers are always searching for new materials for their challenging applications. The aluminum alloy (AA) 357 plays a critical role in applications like automotive and aerospace because of its exceptional characteristics such as toughness, fatigue resistance, and more importantly strength-to-weight ratio, but it suffers from poor wear resistance. However, the research community is looking for enhancement in wear resistance at various loads. This research deals with AA357-Si3N4 nanocomposites fabricated through the induction stir casting method and evaluation of properties in comparison with AA357 matrix. The Si3N4 nanoparticulates were selected as reinforcement and added 0.5 to 3.0 wt.% in the steps of 0.5 wt.%. The influence of Si3N4 nano reinforcement content on hardness, strength, and wear resistance of AA357-Si3N4 nanocomposites investigative work was conducted as per ASTM standards. The studies of microstructures of AA357-Si3N4 nanocomposites were performed using an optical microscope to analyze grain structure and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine particle distribution. The density, hardness, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), in addition to morphological studies of fractured surfaces and energy dispersive spectroscopy for nanocomposites elemental study. As per ASTM G99, Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus, standards, pin-on-disc equipment was used to examine tribological properties of AA357-Si3N4 nanocomposites and SEM pictures of worn nanocomposites surfaces analyzed extensively. By going through the experimental outcomes, it is realized that with increase in nano reinforcement in matrix AA357, the properties such as density, resistance to indentation/hardness, and UTS increased at the expense of percentage elongation. The pin-on-disc tribometer experimental results indicate that the fabricated AA357-Si3N4 nanocomposites have higher wear resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welding of S355J+N low alloy steel elements in railway carriages structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various types of structures and materials play an important role in the creation modern means of transport, including various grades of steel with different mechanical properties. For the rolling stock, proper operation and meeting the operational conditions is very important. Welded structures play an important role in the construction of various means of transport. Correct welding of carriages is important both in production and when carrying out various types of repairs. Each repair a carriage depends on its advancement and condition and the time of its operation. Each inspection for a refurbished carriage is defined either by the service life or the big distance traveled by the carriage. Important factor that may lead to damage is the effect of the load transported in the carriage. Therefore, the causes of the wear of the rolling stock are investigated and measures are taken to prevent any damage. The appropriate technical condition of the carriage also ensures safety on railroads for users and owners of the rolling stock. In the case of welded structures in carriages, it is influenced by poorly materials choice, incorrectly selected production processes and wrong selection of parameters. The goal of this paper is the mechanical properties analyse of weld low alloy steel structure of carriages after MAG welding using the parameters of the process. Thick-walled steel structures are used to build carriages, which is often a serious welding problem. The main role of welding conditions is connected with filer materials, welding technology, state of stress and temperature. In this paper, the properties of low alloy steel S3555J+N structures after MAG welding are presented. Furthermore, metallographic structure, tensile strength, bending test and impact toughness welded joints were analysed regarding welding parameters. The amount of acicular ferrite in WMD oxygen after welding was tested. Gas mixtures of argon and carbon dioxide with various percentage was used for shielding gas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 09:40:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined wear of slurry erosion, cavitation erosion, and corrosion on the simulated ship surface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1712940</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The surface material of marine ship hulls suffers degradation by slurry erosion because of the impact of sands or solid particles in seawater. When the ship’s moving speed increases, pressure is changed suddenly and cavitation erosion will occur. Therefore, in the ocean, the corrosion of the surface material of the ship hulls is a combined damage in a slurry erosion and cavitation erosion states. An experimental device, for the combined wear, capable of simulating the above working conditions is designed and manufactured. A combined wear test of various materials (Q235, DH32, and NM360 steels) is conducted. The results show that cutting furrows of the slurry erosion, pinholes of the cavitation erosion, holes of electrochemical corrosion, and their combined effect increase the material wear rates and areas. Ductile materials of high strength have less slurry and cavitation damage, and more corrosion damage. For ductile materials of low strength, slurry and cavitation wear play an important role. When the slurry impact speed is increased, the wear degree of materials is also increased. This experimental setup for the combined wear provides a strong support for the development of wear-resistant materials for ship hulls and the structural optimization of ship hulls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Apr 2021 09:22:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1712940</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automotive Industry Application of Aluminium-Based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Monolithic materials cannot fulfil the demands for the advanced industrial requirements. Therefore, composite materials which possess the combined properties of different constituents are developed. In this experimental work, Al 6061 was used as matrix and Al2O3, SiC and E glass short fibers were used as the reinforcement material. The composite specimen is fabricated through stir casting by varying the weight percentage of reinforcements and matrix materials. The investigation concluded that the load and sliding speed are expanded to improve the wear rate, and developing the sliding distance the wear rate is decreased. The different compositions of the materials are tested by using Pin on Disc apparatus to find the wear rate. From the experimental results the least wear rate is obtained in the composition (C4) of 70% wt of Al 6061, 15% wt of Al2O3, 9% wt of SiC and 6% wt of E glass short fiber.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2020 12:39:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A High Strength and Wear Resisting AA5083 Alloy for Armoured Vehicle Applications: Structure Property Correlation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An alloy with high strength is constantly desired without increasing the weight to enhance the performance of armored vehicles. In this study, an ultra-fine grain (UFG) structured AA-5083 aluminum alloy, developed using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) under route RA, is employed to study its microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior. The ECAPed AA-5083 alloy exhibits considerable microstructural refinement, and its influence is corroborated with the hardness, compression and wear behavior of the base alloy. A significant grain size reduction is observed in both extrusion and transverse direction of processed AA-5083 alloy compared with base alloy. The ECAPed AA-5083 alloy exhibits higher compressive strength and hardness values than its base alloy. The wear studies have been performed using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, to understand the influence of grain size on the wear behavior and a superior wear resistance was found in the extrusion direction of ECAPed AA-5083 alloy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2020 12:39:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on the Turning Characteristics and Optimization of MOS2p and SiCp-Reinforced Al-Si10Mg Metal Matrix Composites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the fabrication of parts in auto and aero segments, the use of ceramic (SiCp, Al2O3p) reinforces aluminum alloy found to be increased than that of steel and cast iron. This matrix-reinforced alloy has a high strength to weight ratio along with higher modulus and hardness, the lower thermal coefficient of expansion, and improved tribological properties. To this extent, this paper investigates the turning characteristics and optimization study of newly developed metal matrix composites by the addition of both hard ceramic SiCp and soft stable lubricant molybdenum disulfide (MoS2p). The samples such as Sample 1: AlSi10Mg/3SiCp, Sample 2: AlSi10Mg/2MoS2p and Sample 3: AlSi10Mg/3SiCp /2MoS2p are prepared using the automated stir-casting machine. The particles are observed to be uniformly distributed in the composite. After density and hardness measurement, the samples are subjected to machining, and the responses are optimized by using response surface method. From the optimal points of investigation, the addition of MoS2P along with SiCp in sample 3 prevent the entrapment of hard particles in tool/workpiece interface for both sharp and dull thus tool life is increased 14 min that of 10 min for sample 1. The controlled formation of built-up edge protects the cutting edge and acts as a sacrificial coating also contributed to improving the tool life for sample 3 that of sample 1. Also, the surface morphology of flank face reveals abrasive, and adherence is the primary wear mechanism at the time of machining. Further, the investigation results show that for industrial applications the addition of solid lubricant MOS2p alone to aluminum does not help to improve lubrication properties of the aluminum alloy.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 11:13:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561915</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parametric Study, the Process Benefits, Optimization and Chip Morphology Study of Machining Parameter on Turning of Inconel 718 Using CVD Coated Tool and Nd: YAG Laser</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the parametric study, process benefits, optimization and chip appearance of machining parameters on turning of the Inconel 718 using Nd: YAG laser source. To analyze the mentioned above effect on alloy 718, the cutting inserts of chemical vapor disposition coated (CVD) TiN/TICN/Al2O3 are used to turn at the time of machining. To evaluate the linear (mean effect plots) and interaction effect (3D surface plots) of laser parameters on the force, roughness and tool wear to keep the minimal, experiments of the L27 orthogonal array are done by selecting the controllable parameters viz speed, the rate of feed along with laser power. From the parametric study, increase in speed and laser power along with decrement in the rate of feed resulted in lower cutting force. But surface finish and tool wear reduced with a decline in speed and scale of feed and increased with increment in laser power. The investigations result in shows that with the application of moderate laser power decline the cutting force by 28%; both surface roughness along with flank wear by 60% that of CM. Results of variance test show that the speed along with the rate of feed bags the critical effect on the force, roughness, and tool wear followed by laser power. Desirability function analysis (DFA) is employed as response optimizer to determine optimum levels which minimize force, roughness as well as flank wear. At the determined optimum conditions compared to CM, 66% increment in the tool life is obtained in LAT. The presence of abrasion and flaking while the absence of chipping is observed in LAT compared to CM using an optical image. Under chip appearance, the benefit is determined due to the maximum un-deformed chip thickness of about 130 µm in LAT compared to CM.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 11:13:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561905</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Laser-Clad Valve Seats that enabled high-speed combustion and global production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1623113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laser-clad valve seats directly deposit wear-resistant alloy onto cylinder head. This direct deposition process enhances knocking resistance by raising thermal conductivity, and improves combustion efficiency by increasing design flexibility around the ports. This technology enables innovative cylinder head design that helps to improve the trade-off relationship between tumble flow and intake resistance. As a result, it helps greatly increase engine thermal efficiency and specific power. To enable the application of this technology as a global, a new wear-resistant material was designed for use with alternative fuels. in addition, a new energy-saving manufacturing process for worldwide production was developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2019 20:01:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1623113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Primary Silicon Precipitates on Anodized Aluminum Alloys Surface Layer Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the authors present the influence of the anodizing method and parameters, as well as the chemical composition of the used aluminium alloys on the properties and microstructure of the anodic layer produced on aluminium alloys, in particular on the size and morphology of the primary silicon precipitates and the homogeneity of the resulting oxide coating. Aluminium alloys AlSi8 and AlSi12, produced using the die-casting method and subsequently subjected to anodic oxidation were used as test material. The microstructure of the obtained surface layer was analyzed by taking into account the primary silicon precipitates. The results of the hardness and abrasive wear test also show the influence of anodizing and electrolyte parameters on the structure and properties of the tested aluminium alloys.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 17:19:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material Cost Savings in Powder Metal Transfer Case Sprockets and Sun Gears</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For years powder metal (P/M) nickel steel sprockets have been in use in the SUV Transfer Case market. The heat-treated, nickel steel powder metal provides a high strength and high wear resistant material for this very demanding application. Recently the cost of nickel has increased from $5 / lb Oct'05 to $24 / lb May'07. Because of this almost 5 fold increase in the commodity price a replacement material for the powder metal nickel steel was sought that would have comparable properties, comparable processing steps at a raw material cost that would be equal to the nickel steel powder metal prices of 2005. A replacement material was found that has comparable properties at a competitive price. Material composition, testing data and microscopic analysis will be presented.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2017 10:16:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wear Protection of Al383/SiO2 Metal Matrix Composites by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Al383/SiO2 metal matrix composites (MMC) were designed to increase the wear properties of the Al alloy.  However, the soft Al matrix was subject to large plastic deformation under high normal load during lubricated sliding wear tests, causing detachment of the reinforced particles.  To further increase the wear resistance of the MMC, in this research, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process was used to form oxide coatings on the MMC.  The hard and wear-resistant oxide coatings protected the metal matrix during the wear tests, reducing the wear rate of MMC.  The effect of both oxide coating thickness and volume content of SiO2 particles on the wear behavior of MMC was investigated.  It was found that with a proper combination of the volume content of SiO2 and coating thickness, the MMC exhibited high wear resistance and low friction coefficient.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 2017 17:08:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dry Sliding Wear and Friction of Aluminium Alloy Silicon Carbide Particulates Reinforced Composites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the dry sliding wear behaviour and friction characteristics of aluminium alloy Al6061 silicon carbide particulates (SiCp) of size 43 µm reinforced composites were evaluated through laboratory experiments. The content of SiCp in the alloy was varied from 5% to 35% in steps of 5% by weight. The metal matrix composites were manufactured using stir casting technique. A pin-on-disc wear testing machine was used to evaluate the wear rate, in which an EN-31 steel disc was used as a counter face. Results indicated that the wear rates of the composites were lower than that of the matrix alloy and further reduction in wear rate was achieved by increasing the SiCp content. The wear rate increased for an increase in the load and sliding velocity. Increase in the applied load increased the wear severity by changing the wear mechanism from abrasion to particle cracking. The observations have been explained using scanning electron microscopy analysis of the worn surfaces. The coefficient of friction was evaluated using friction forces measured from the tests. The coefficient of friction decreased for an increase in the SiCp content at low sliding velocity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:44:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413454</guid>
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