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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON DAMAGE STABILITY WITH WATER ON DECK OF A RO-RO PASSENGER SHIP IN WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors conducted an experiment on the stability of a ro-ro passenger vessel in beam seas using a model ship with a side damage hole as defined by the SOLAS regulation.  After the duration time of the experiment (30 minutes in ship scale) in irregular waves, the ship survived with a constant mean heel angle /0 and a mean water volume on deck w in most test conditions, but capsized in a few.  The variation of these constant values with CG height, existence of centre casing, height of freeboard and initial heel was discussed.  It was clarified that /0 tends to decrease and w tends to increase as GMd (GM in damaged condition) have a larger value, and that the ship can survive even with w of 40% of intact ship displacement if she has a large (not extraordinary) GMd value.  The effect of resonance of roll motion on this problem was also studied based on the test result in regular waves, /0, w and some other data often have a peak near the resonant frequency, so the stability test of a ro-ro passenger vessel should be carried out including resonant conditions.  The height of water on deck above the calm sea surface Hd was proposed as an index which settles the balancing condition. It was clarified that Hd keeps a certain value above calm outer surface when wave height is not so low and mean hell angle is not so large to the lee side.  The equilibrium curve for each GMd can be calculated from GZ-curves with a constant volume of water on deck, fully static calculation, and figured on Hd /0 diagram.  It is concluded that the possibility of capsize can be judged by this equilibrium curve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF GREEN WATER OCCURRENCE IN PREDICTION OF DECK WETNESS FOR SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based upon the prediction of the relative vertical motion with respect to the wave surface at the bow calculated from the seakeeping analysis, a statistical model of green water occurrence is described which indicates the severity of wetness and will be employed to predict the water ingress for a hatchcoverless containership.  A new efficient procedure in the calculation of the probability distribution of the duration of the deck wetness is also presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IMPACT OF GREEN WATER ON FPSO DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on a series of model tests this paper presents an orientation into the various aspects which play a role in the green water loading on FPSO units.  First the occurring phenomena are described.  Second the effect of the environmental conditions, such as the wave height, wave period and current velocity, are highlighted. Finally several design aspects are considered.  The influence of the bow shape, the position of the equipment of the deck and the shape of breakwaters is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WAVE IMPACT ON THE BOW END OF A CATAMARAN WET DECK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The plane unsteady problem of a wave impact on the bow end of a catamaran wet deck is considered.  The wet deck is modelled by a Euler beam.  At the initial instant of time, the wave crest touches the beam edge.  In order to describe the beam deflection and the liquid flow, the method of normal modes and the Wagner approach are used.  The analysis focuses on the method of treating this coupled problem and the estimations of its applicability. Preliminary numerical calculations reveal that the interaction of the beam deflection and the liquid flow may lead to hydrodynamic pressures which are higher than those for a rigid wet deck.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467059</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROELASTIC MODELLING OF WET DECK SLAMMING ON MULTIHULL VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Slamming against the wet deck of a multihull vessel in head sea waves is studied analytically and numerically.  The theoretical slamming model is a two-dimensional, asymptotic method valid for small local angles between the undisturbed water surface and the wet deck in the impact region.  The disturbance of the water surface as well as the local hydroelastic effects in the slamming area are accounted for.  The elastic deflections of the wet deck are expressed in terms of "dry" normal modes.  The structural formulation accounts for shear deformations and the rotary inertia effects in the wet deck. The findings show that the slamming loads on the wet deck and the resulting elastic stresses in the wet deck are strongly influenced by the elasticity of the wet deck structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FREEBOARD CALCULATION - TRADITIONAL AND FUTURE APPROACH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The earliest requirement related to the safety of ships at sea was probably the requirement to assign freeboard.  This requirement was included in the early regulations of the British Board of Trade. International requirements were included in the 1930 Load Lines Convention, revised in 1996.  The early concept of freeboard was based on the assurance of a sufficient amount of reserve buoyancy. This concept was criticised in the 1966 Load Line Conference and it was proposed that freeboard should be based on the concept of deck wetness and protection of crew.  The International Maritime Organization recently initiated work towards this end and a research programme has been started in Poland.  The deck wetness approach to the freeboard concept and its implications are discussed in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A VESSEL'S DYNAMIC RESPONSES WITH WATER TRAPPED ON DECK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When analyzed statically, the presence of water on deck reduces intact stability.  In a dynamic analysis, the sloshing of water on deck affects the vessel's responses to waves and may evanesce the ship to capsize.  The focus of this research is to determine the vessel's dynamic response when water is present on the deck.  A numerical program developed by combining two existing computer programs was used to calculate the motion response of a vessel with water on deck.   Three degree-of-freedom (sway, heave, and roll) vessel motions were calculated.  These calculations indicate that when the vessel is in a stable condition, the determination of the "low frequency" response due to water on deck may be critically important in predicting vessel capsize.  When the vessel is in a marginally stable condition, the water on deck may result in a quasistatic hell angle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF ROLL MOTION OF A SHIP WITH LIQUIDS ON BOARD IN REGULAR WAVES FROM DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the roll motion of a fishing vessel with free surface liquids on board is analyzed both in a regular beam sea and in a longitudinal sea.  Firstly an analytical model based on the Lagrange equation representing the roll motion of the ship with free surface liquids has been developed.  Successively a hydrodynamic approach involving the roll motion equation of the ship in conjunction with the Navier-Stokes equations for the determination of the sloshing loads has been used, and computations were carried out on a 1:12.5 model of a fishing vessel equipped with a rectangular tank.  In addition, the effect of viscosity of the shipped liquids on the overall sloshing induced loads has been investigated in both sea conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF ROLLING AMPLITUDE OF A SHIP IN HIGH WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The probability distribution function of the rolling amplitude of a ship with S-type stability curve in high waves is derived by using the stochastic averaging method.  Some results of different S type stability curves and damping are presented and discussed.  The influence of shipping water on the probability distribution is demonstrated using time domain numerical simulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455852</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBLEMS OF REDUCING SHIP'S STERN WETNESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/433364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY ON THE AMOUNT OF SHIPPING WATER ON DECK IN REGULAR WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/433718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE ROLLING MOTION UNDER THE SHIPPING WATER CONDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper deals with the problems associated with the effect of shipping water on the rolling of a ship in beam seas. The motion of the deck water is modelled using shallow water equations and solved using Grimm's random choice method. The hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship are determined by a boundary element approach in the time domain. The motions of the ship and deck water are calculated and illustrated graphically. For the sake of simplicity, only a two dimensional case is studied. However, the authors point out that there is no obstacle to extending the calculation to a full scale ship by using the strip method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY ARGUMENTS UNDER A "WAVY LID" - A NEW APPROACH TO CAPSIZING AND OTHER HIGHLY NONLINEAR PROBLEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highly nonlinear problems such as capsize and deck wetting are of great importance to naval architects, who require not so much a full numerical simulation of the phenomena (physical model tests satisfy that need), as a good simplified approach which can give them insight into the controlling parameters. The example of capsizing is particularly timely, since recent developments in the theory of nonlinear dynamics and chaos suggest that ships should have a well-defined regular waveheight beyond which they will capsize in transient conditions (Rainey & Thompson 1990). This gives a rational measure of the stability of both physical and numerical models, setting the stage for work on the required "good simplifications".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROLLING OF SHIPS UNDER SHIPPING WATER CONDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/438939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the problems associated with the effect of water shifting on a ship rolling in beam sea. The motion of deck water is modelled by shallow water equation and solved by Glimm's random choice method. The hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship are determined by boundary element approach in time domain. The motion of the ship and the deck water are calculated and illustrated. Although only two dimensional cases are considered for the sake of simplicity, the calculation can easily be extended to a full scale ship by using the strip method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/438939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PREDICTION OF DECK WETNESS IN OBLIQUE WAVES AND EFFECTS OF SHIPPING WATER ON STABILITY OF SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/439346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A theoretical method of predicting the critical wave height for deck wetness of ships in oblique waves and effects of shipping water on the stability of ships is presented.  The dynamic swell-up due to the oblique waves, on the ship's sides in the oblique waves was investigated theoretically.  The critical wave height for deck wetness of ships considering that effect in the oblique waves was calculated by using the strip method.  The model experiments on the dynamic swell-up due to the oblique waves were carried out for a model ship with the Lewis form cross sections fixed in the oblique waves.  Another model experiments on the safety of ships in the waves were carried out for that model ship and a model ship of fishing vessel.  Numerical results and experimental observation teach us that deck wetting occurs on a ship when the magnitude of incident waves exceeds the critical wave height for deck wetness.  In such case if deck wetting occurs repeatedly, some amount of shipping water is accumulated on deck.  In this situation, stationary oscillation around heeling condition and/or capsizing of the ship occur in waves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/439346</guid>
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