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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>PILOT-PLANT DEMONSTRATION OF WET OXIDATION FOR TREATMENT OF SHIPBOARD WASTEWATERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/62712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two processes were demonstrated: (1) Acidic wet oxidation of wastewater and direct discharge of the effluent; and (2) ammoniacal wet oxidation and recycling of toliet flushings.  Fifty-gallon batches of wastewater were treated in a full-scale (20-man) prototype system.  Wet oxidation was effected in a continuous-flow horizontal autocalve in which wastewater and air were reacted concurrently in a series of stirred chambers.  The total pressure of the reactor was 600 psi, and the temperature ranged from 400 to 480F.  Percentage reduction in COD ranged from about 65 to 95 in tests conducted on body sewage and simulated wastewaters from the galley and bilge. Laundry water proved indestructible; sodium lauryl sulfate, the most prevalent modern detergent, was unaffected.  An engineering design is presented for a 20-man shipboard waste treatment system in which body sewage and solid galley waste are conducted through the reactor in an ammoniacal liquor which is recycled as flushant to recirculating toilets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/62712</guid>
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      <title>SHIPBOARD WASTE DISPOSAL: CORROSION STUDIES FOR WET-AIR-OXIDATION PROCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wet-air-oxidation is being considered as a candidate for the shipboard treatment of water-borne organic wastes. Corrosion studies have been conducted with a number of alloys, subjecting them to wet-air-oxidation conditions, with a view to identifying those most suitable for the construction of process vessels.  The results of the corrosion work were integrated with information from alloy manufacturers and the literature.  Under the test conditions used, the results indicate that from a corrosion standpoint, for use in wet-air-oxidation process equipment with salt-water sewage the most  promising materials are two Nickel-Chomium- molybdenum alloys and a Titanium alloy containing one percent Nickel.  Fresh-water sewage was much less corrosive than was salt-water sewage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE WET OXIDATION DESTRUCTION OF SHIPBOARD WASTE STREAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increasingly stringent water quality regulations anticipate the need for treating all shipboard waste streams containing combustible matter. Wet air oxidation or pressurized aqueous combustion conducted at 475 to 600F at operating pressures from 600 to 1850 pounds per square inch gage was investigated as one means for the ultimate destruction of organic wastes. This process was investigated by conducting experiments in a 1-gallon pressure vessel with a variety of wastes under different conditions. Waste types used in the experiments were sanitary, food, oil, municipal sludge, glucose, and cellulose. Results showed that the wet oxidation process obeys first-order kinetics consisting of two separate and distinct reactions. Catalysts have their main influence on the fast reaction, increasing its rate by a factor of three. Additional removal of organic matter can be achieved by further processing the wet oxidation effluent through a reverse osmosis membrane. (Modified author abstract)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/23346</guid>
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      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF USING WET OXIDATION TO PROCESS DILUTE SEWAGE ONBOARD A COAST GUARD VESSEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/20769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The investigation covered by this paper considered wet oxidation for processing the dilute wastes from a 20-man Coast Guard vessel including waste water from heads, showers, lavatories, scullery, galley, laundry, and below water deck drains.  The dilute wastes result in a high hydraulic loading, which increases plant size, power and weight, but if high oxidation efficiencies can be achieved, a single step wet oxidation plant is an attractive simple solution to shipboard waste treatment.  The design, assembly, and testing of a full-scale, continuous flow, laboratory breadboard wet oxidation system using a packed tower 5-gal reactor are described.  Initial test results at various temperature, pressure, contact time, pH, and reactor configurations are presented, and the basis for a catalyst survey program is made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/20769</guid>
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      <title>HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT RESULTING FROM WET AIR OXIDATION OF SHIPBOARD WASTES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/17244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At present, effluents resulting from wet air oxidation of shipboard wastes are too high in COD to be discharged overboard. This report describes a method whereby the effluent stream may be further oxidized, or 'polished', with hydrogen peroxide in order to meet the COD limits imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/17244</guid>
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      <title>PURETEC SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF SHIPBOARD WASTE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/15821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the national objective of cleaning up our environment, ship and boat owners will be required in the near future to drastically curtail or eliminate the discharge of human waste into the navigable waters of the United States.  A recent paper presented to this society by H.N. Wallin summarized the marine waste treatment regulations and described various types of sewage treatment systems that may be useful in a marine environment.  In that presentation, the anticipated requirements were summarized. This paper describes some of our work on wet oxidation of shipboard sewage and its application to the "No Discharge" requirement that may be mandatory in the near future.  Under the "No Discharge" rules, the number of possible ways in which shipboard sewage can be handled are limited.  The possible methods that have been considered include: (1) holding tanks, (2) evaporation/incineration, and (3) closed circuit wet oxidation.  Holding tanks require substantial space but require little attention from the crew while underway.  Modest aeration is required and the tanks must be vented to prevent the objectionable odors of anaerobic bacterial growth and the explosion hazards of evolved methane.  Only capacity limits the time between pump-outs and dockside facilities must be available for discharge. The evaporation/incineration systems are somewhat more complex in operation and some versions require the use of substantial quantities of energy to evaporate the water or reduce the water content of the sludge.  Problems have been encountered with odors but use of gas treatment systems, such as catalytic after-burners, has reportedly solved this problem.  Evaporation of fecal material and urine, especially in the presence of sea water, causes build-up of scale and/or char on the heated surface, requiring frequent cleaning if system efficiency is to be maintained. Wet oxidation, the subject of this paper, seems uniquely applicable for the on-board processing of marine sanitary waste.  The process is simple, adaptable to closed-loop (no discharge) or open-loop operation.  If ultimately required, galley waste can be added to the system with minor modifications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/15821</guid>
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      <title>MATERIALS FOR WET OXIDATION PROCESSING EQUIPMENT (SHIPBOARD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is intended to provide an overview of the wet oxidation process and the potential materials of construction for the reaction vessel (for shipboard applications).  Since the wet oxidation process requires the containment of corrosive products (the material being processed can range from very acidic to slightly basic and over a broad spectrum of wastes), at elevated temperatures and pressures, these conditions lead to difficult but solvable materials-of-construction problems.  Based on the current state of the art, wet oxidation systems can be constructed from commercially pure titanium as well as from titanium alloyed with palladium (0.12-0.25%).  This type of system, it is felt, can be operated safely at approximately 500 F with reasonable assurance of moderate life (approximately 10 years).  However, should a longer life system be desired and one which is virtually indestructible from a chemical point of view, a tantalum-lined and coated titanium system would provide the best choice of materials.  For higher temperature operation up to 600 F and a projected equipment life of 15 years, a ceramic-lined and coated carbon steel or titanium system would have to be developed.  Here, an added advantage to ceramic lining is improved heat insulation.  This allows for a reduction of external insulation.  In addition, a penetration monitoring system (of the electrical resistance type) can be incorporated in the ceramic lining.  From an overall design consideration point of view, it appears that the wet oxidation process can be operated in a continuous manner in shipboard installations and the reaction vessel can consist of a piping array configuration.  Several distinct operating advantages (viz space-saving) are expected from this configuration, and thus it is recommended that further development of the process and equipment be based on this particular design approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14088</guid>
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