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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Mixed-frequency scheduling for high-density urban waste collection: A GIS-based routing optimization framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid urbanization makes traditional, fixed-frequency municipal solid waste (MSW) collection highly inefficient, causing severe operational and environmental impacts. This study develops a GIS-based optimization framework for high-density MSW collection integrating spatial demand analysis with mixed-frequency routing and scheduling. Demand heterogeneity was quantified using GIS-based hot spot analysis to assign collection frequencies, and a standard GIS network solver was reconfigured to emulate periodic capacitated arc routing under high-density conditions. The resulting mixed-frequency plan was evaluated against the municipality’s fixed-frequency system in the Çiğli District of İzmir. Spatial optimization reduced the number of collection points by 31.63% and container inventory by 25.69%. Operational performance improved through an 18.75% reduction in collection time and a 19.02% reduction in fuel consumption. Correspondingly, collection-related CO₂ emissions decreased by 19.91%, contributing 7.54% toward decarbonization targets. By combining low computational cost with the simplicity of a “no-code” GIS environment, this approach offers a scalable, practical solution to improve urban service logistics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 09:19:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Mobile Waste Classification and Collection Robot System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the growing demand for waste management, improve the efficiency and accuracy of waste classification, reduce costs, promote environmental protection and circular economy development, and solve environmental pollution and resource waste problems through technological innovation. This paper proposes an intelligent mobile waste classification and collection robot system. The system consists of a picking mechanical arm subsystem, a waste classification and collection subsystem, a self-moving chassis subsystem, and a solar tracking power generation subsystem. The picking mechanical arm subsystem actively collects waste through a mechanical arm combined with machine vision technology and deposits it into the waste classification device, while the waste classification and collection subsystem completes functions such as classification, compression, collection, and dumping, utilizing a navigation and positioning-driven chassis to achieve autonomous waste collection, simultaneously employing an AI (Artificial Intelligence) interactive voice broadcast device for waste classification promotion. The operation and control of each subsystem are fed back to the client through remote network connection devices, achieving “unified network management.”]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:12:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A closed-loop multi-agent swarm framework for synergistic location-routing optimization in municipal solid waste collection system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the challenges faced by collection and transportation systems under waste classification, such as the increasing variety of vehicle types, the growing complexity of transportation modes, and fluctuations in waste generation, this study proposes a collaborative optimization method for municipal solid waste collection and transportation that integrates multi-agent swarm modeling and bi-level programming. By constructing a bi-level location-routing model with a closed loop feedback mechanism, and designing a hybrid algorithm combining genetic algorithm and large neighborhood search to efficiently solve the capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows, the method achieves synergistic optimization. Results show that the proposed retrofit plan for transfer stations reduces total costs by 10% compared to the original system, while the optimal integrated cost among new construction plans is achieved when four transfer stations are built. Furthermore, scenario simulations analyze the economic and environmental impacts of different operational factors. This study not only provides methodological tools for dynamic multi-vehicle collection and transportation systems but also establishes a multi-agent simulation framework that can serve as the core of a smart waste management platform, offering practical significance for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of urban solid waste systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 09:26:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Ecological Network Analysis to Assess an Automotive Eco-Industrial Park for Sustainable Manufacturing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key element for achieving sustainable manufacturing is efficient and effective resource use, which can potentially be achieved by encouraging symbiotic thinking among multiple manufacturers and industrial actors and establish resource flow structures that are analogous to material flows in natural ecosystems. Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) represent a strategic approach to sustainable industrial development by promoting resource efficiency, waste minimization, and symbiotic collaboration among industrial actors. This paper focuses on creating an eco-industrial park around an automotive assembly facility. Various scenarios are explored to increase interaction and circularity among various actors in the local automative ecosystem. Ecological Network Analysis (ENA), an approach used in benchmarking natural ecosystem, is applied to evaluate the various water, material and energy network improvements. The analyses show how to improve current structure of an automotive industrial ecosystem and quantitatively assess the network modifications without actual (often proprietary) resource flow data. By using ENA, it is also possible to compare the various EIP designs with actual natural ecosystems using various ENA metrics. Although improved, the resulting EIPs still lag compared to natural ecosystems with respect to some key metrics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Urgency to Regulate Informal EV Battery Recycling in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[China’s electric vehicle (EV) boom will generate an unprecedented volume of battery waste, yet over 70% of end-of-life EV batteries currently flow to informal recyclers operating outside regulated channels. Low market entry barriers, high profit margins, and weak regulatory enforcement enable these informal operators to outcompete licensed enterprises, posing a major obstacle to China’s sustainable energy transition. By coupling the Global Change Analysis Model with dynamic material flow analysis, we project that retired EV battery volumes will reach 22.39 million tons by 2040 under the carbon neutrality scenario, representing 112-fold increases from the 2020 level. To address this escalating crisis, we urge coordinated actions among all stakeholders, including legislating extended producer responsibility, classifying end-of-life batteries as hazardous waste, raising market entry thresholds, supporting research and development for low-cost recycling technologies, and implementing ownership-based classification of retired batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of cabin air filters used in waste collection trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exposures to traffic-related emissions are known to be responsible for diseases and increased mortality. Waste collection truck (WCT) drivers spend most of their time in microenvironments contaminated by these emissions and are also exposed to some pathogenic bioaerosols. To prevent WCT driver exposure, the cabin air filter (CAF) appears as a useful piece of equipment. No standard prescribing CAF efficiency levels for general or professional use was developed. Existing test procedures overlook particles smaller than 300 nm, such as diesel soot or certain bioaerosols, and no previous study has specifically addressed WCT cabin air filters or their clogging under real waste collection conditions. The aim of this work was to evaluate for a range of particle sizes including ultrafine particles (UFPs), the collection efficiency and pressure drop of the CAF media used in WCTs and to study their evolution after clogging under real waste collection conditions. All the tested CAF models exhibited the typical U-shape curve of fractional collection efficiency with low to medium minimum collection efficiency ranging between 1.3% and 42.5%, depending on the filtration velocity. Statistical analysis indicated that CAF media are relatively homogeneous across their filtration area and that variations in efficiency and pressure drop were mainly due to differences in clogging levels or initial state conditions. Compared to data available for private vehicles, CAF clogging appears to be more severe under waste collection conditions. Given the diversity of particulate contaminants, the low to moderate performances of current CAFs, and the exposure of WCT drivers, this study highlights the need for improved and more-reliable protection. It is therefore essential to develop specific regulations or standards for CAFs, including systematic measurements of fractional collection efficiency over a broad particle size range, from UFPs to micron-sized particles. The issue of preventive CAF replacement should also be addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategic framework to improve the value chain of end-of-life vehicles in Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[End-of-life vehicles (ELV) management is crucial for sustainable development in a circular economy and waste minimization for the conservation of natural resources. However, there is still improper connection between the National Automotive Policy (NAP) 2020 implementation and the ELV strategies development in the supply chain of the Malaysian automotive industry. ELV recycling and remanufacturing companies face difficulties adopting appropriate ELV implementation strategies for used parts recovery in ELV. Therefore, this study aims to develop a strategic framework to improve the value chain of ELV in Malaysia. The study adopted qualitative interview approach with a total of nine respondents from six ELV recycling companies as multiple case studies. The three directions identified are optimization of ELV used parts/cores supply and demand, recovery of ELV used parts/cores, and improvement of ELV used parts/cores quality. Nine sub-strategies were proposed to address the corresponding critical enablers (strengths and opportunities) and inhibitors (weaknesses and threats) to improve the ELV value chain. Based on their contextual relevance, these sub-strategies were categorized into two main strategies: 1) value chain development, and 2) human capital and technological development. Lastly, a strategic framework which consists of three key focus directions and two main strategies was developed. The proposed strategic framework serves as a pathway for implementing future ELV policy in Malaysia, in line with NAP 2020. The ELV-related companies, government agencies and industry stakeholders especially in developing countries can adopt this strategic framework to formulate appropriate directions and strategies to optimize their ELV value chain for sustainable development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 17:00:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of different biomass conversion methods to bio-oil for partial replacement of petroleum bitumen: analysis of effects and implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reliance on fossil fuels for asphalt binders raises significant environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. This study explores bio-oil derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a replacement for petroleum-based asphalt. Two extraction methods, pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), were compared to assess their efficiency in producing bio-oils suitable for bituminous applications. By optimizing laboratory conditions, the rheological and chemical properties of bio-bitumen were evaluated, focusing on functional groups responsible for adhesive strength and durability. Results indicate that both methods enhance bitumen durability and functionality while promoting sustainable waste management. Pyrolysis-derived bio-oil (SCP) improved low-temperature flexibility and thermal cracking resistance, making it ideal for cold climates. In contrast, HTL-derived bio-oil (SCH) exhibited greater thermal stability, stiffness, and resistance to high-temperature deformation, suitable for warm climates and heavy traffic. SCH also showed superior chemical compatibility with bitumen due to its increased polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity. SCP, with lower polarity and moderate hydrogen bonding, demonstrated better fatigue resistance under dynamic loading. These findings highlight the potential of bio-oils as sustainable modifiers, tailored to meet diverse environmental and mechanical demands of modern asphalt pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 10:12:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cross-scale study on the interaction behaviour of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-asphalt mortar: a macro-micro approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve the safety and sustainability of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in asphalt pavements, this study investigates the interaction mechanisms between MSWI fly ash (as a mineral powder substitute) and asphalt through multi-scale approaches. First, macroscopic rheological models were employed to quantitatively analyze the effects of temperature, frequency, and fly ash substitution level on the interaction between MSWI fly ash and asphalt. Next, microscopic methods were used to characterize the morphological properties and interaction mechanisms at the MSWI fly ash-asphalt mortar interface. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to compare the interaction dynamics of asphalt-MSWI fly ash and asphalt-mineral powder systems. Results show that increasing the substitution level of MSWI fly ash improves the asphalt-filler compatibility, particularly at elevated temperatures and low frequencies. The porous surface morphology of MSWI fly ash promotes asphalt adhesion through physical interactions. Superior interfacial adhesion was observed between MSWI fly ash and asphalt (254.97 kcal/mol), exceeding limestone mineral powder by 7%. The compositional analysis attributed this enhancement to the preferential accumulation of aromatic and resin components at MSWI fly ash interfaces. This study provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the immobilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash by asphalt binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 10:12:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Waste implications of Croatia's energy transition - projected waste from photovoltaic panels, electric and hybrid vehicle batteries, and wind turbine blades</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2653293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Croatia's energy transition will generate substantial end-of-life waste streams from photovoltaic panels (PV), electric and hybrid vehicle batteries, and wind-turbine blades, with significant implications for waste-management capacity. This paper applies a cohort-based, stock-driven material flow model using scenario-specific deployment pathways derived from official policy targets. Photovoltaic waste is projected to reach 41,481–47,423 tonnes by 2053, while cumulative in-use stocks reach 202,500–432,750 tonnes. Electric and hybrid vehicle battery waste is projected to reach 34,426–72,099 tonnes by 2050, driven primarily by the M1 passenger-vehicle fleet, with cumulative stocks of 115,040–496,335 tonnes. Wind-turbine blade waste from the existing 1264.15 MW installed capacity is projected at 13,051 tonnes by 2049, with cumulative stocks of 28,410–43,940 tonnes by 2075.The results show distinct waste dynamics across technologies. Battery waste dominates near-term flows due to short lifetimes, while PV waste is heavily back-loaded and concentrated around a mid-century peak driven by recent installation cohorts. Wind-turbine blades generate smaller but temporally concentrated waste waves in the 2040s. Sensitivity analysis indicates that shorter lifetimes can advance waste peaks by up to a decade, while reductions in material intensity could lower cumulative stocks by 25–50 percent, mainly beyond mid-century. These findings show that waste generation will not scale linearly with installed capacity and that reactive, single-stream planning is insufficient. Instead, anticipatory, technology-specific and integrated waste-management planning must be aligned with renewable-energy deployment. The modelling framework is replicable for other EU Member States to support evidence-based infrastructure planning aligned with circular economy objectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2653293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mapping reverse logistics: Research insights, environmental impacts, and pathways to sustainability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reverse logistics, involving the return, recycling, and repurposing of products, is increasingly recognized not only as an environmental imperative but also as a critical field within economics and management. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 3085 documents from Scopus to investigate how reverse logistics has evolved in business, management, and economics research. By employing performance analysis and science mapping, the study identifies key publication trends, influential authors and institutions, and thematic clusters with a particular focus on cost efficiency, supply chain decision-making, and strategic management. The findings highlight the growing role of reverse logistics in achieving competitive advantage, enhancing ESG performance, and supporting circular economy models. By narrowing its lens to the economics and management perspective, this review provides a roadmap for scholars and practitioners to integrate reverse logistics into sustainable business strategies, thereby aligning with the journal’s scope and contributing to the advancement of management research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:40:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Novel Trash Capture Device for Highway Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional trash capture devices that can be installed in upstream locations such as storm drains or curb inlets are of limited use in highway environments due to potential flooding, hydroplaning, safety, and maintenance-personnel exposure issues. There is a need for a trash capture system that can be retrofitted easily into existing highway drainage infrastructure or included in newer projects. To address this issue proactively, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Division of Environmental Analysis (DEA) initiated a trash capture device development and testing project in early 2020. The DEA Stormwater staff developed the initial idea for a capture housing device. Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used first to assess the feasibility and performance. Next, the hydraulic capacity, trash capture characteristics, operation, and ease of maintenance were tested using a full-scale physical model. After successful testing, standard plans and design guidance were developed. The full-scale model physical test demonstrated the following: (1) the device can pass the 1-year, 1-h storm intensity specified in the regulations without overflowing or causing roadway flooding; (2) the device can pass the 25-year 5-min-duration return period storm drain system design storm event without causing roadway flooding; (3) the device will trap trash sizes of 5 mm or larger for the 1 year, 1-h storm intensity specified in the regulations; and (4) the device has the storage capacity for the quantity of trash generated from a typical 0.405 ha (1-acre) highway drainage area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:25:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606252</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Two-Echelon Collaborative Location Routing Problem With Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Demands for Sorted-Waste Collection and Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores a novel model for sorted-waste transportation, defined as the two-echelon collaborative location routing problem with intuitionistic fuzzy multi-demands. It considers a reverse logistics network organized in two capacitated echelons: the first echelon aims to build routes for trucks visiting every node for different strains of pick-up requests under intuitionistic fuzzy multi-demands, and the objective of the second echelon is to ascertain the number and position of cooperation clusters from waste transfer stations to treatment facilities. Due to the complexity of the proposed model, the instances that can be solved to optimality are usually small to medium-sized and face computational difficulties in solving larger instances. To overcome this problem, we fashion a distributed heuristic based on fuzzy bi-means and adaptive large neighborhood segmented search to address this novel model. A refined Shapley model for profit allocation and the best coalition combination is constructed for each participant. Extensive computational findings and a practical case study are conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed model and approach. Several relevant managerial insights are also derived to aid decision-making in waste sorting management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 17:13:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CFD Analysis of Hull Separation and Vessel Speed on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Catamaran Trash Skimmers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trash accumulation in water bodies necessitates efficient waste collection solutions, with catamaran-based trash skimmers offering a promising approach. However, their hydrodynamic performance in river conditions remains understudied. This research applies Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to assess how hull spacing and operational speed influence drag forces, fluid dynamics, and surface wave characteristics in restricted-depth aquatic environments. The results indicate that at lower speeds, hull separation has minimal impact on resistance, while at higher speeds, larger hull separation ratios (S/L) increase resistance due to wave interference and conveyor-induced disruptions. River conditions further amplify these effects, leading to increased drag and turbulence. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing hull spacing and speed to enhance hydrodynamic efficiency, particularly in confined environments, providing valuable insights for improving the design and operation of trash skimmer catamarans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610733</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medical Waste Vehicle Routing Problem – a Review of Objectives, Collection and Transportation Strategies, and Algorithms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There has been a dramatic increase in medical waste due to rapid urbanisation and population growth, especially the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inadequate medical waste collection and transportation will negatively impact sustainable development. Consequently, the government is confronted with a substantial challenge, and it is an urgent issue that must be resolved. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the medical waste vehicle routing problem through a search on the Web of Science and it commences with a descriptive analysis, followed by a summary of objective functions from two perspectives: single and bi/multi-objective functions. Following that, it presents and highlights practical strategies for the medical waste vehicle routing problem, which may aid in preventing the occurrence of major disasters in the future. Subsequently, the algorithms employed are summarised. Finally, a discussion of the findings and future research directions is presented. The result revealed that sustainable multi-objective functions, the adoption of various collection and transportation strategies, and the utilisation of approximate and hybrid algorithms need to be explored further. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for decision-makers in the domain of medical waste collection and transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2025 14:37:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592173</guid>
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