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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Investigation of Waste Oils as Rejuvenators of Aged Bitumen for Sustainable Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1631420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For sustainable pavement construction, this research paper aims to investigate the feasibility of using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as rejuvenators on the rheological properties of aged bitumen extracted from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The aged bitumen was extracted from milled RAP recruited from an old pavement. The rheological characteristics of the rejuvenated bitumen were determined by penetration, softening point, Brookfield viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests. In addition, the chemical composition of virgin (control), aged and rejuvenated bitumen by WCO, and WEO was investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The quality of the rejuvenated bitumen was also evaluated by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging technique. Based on penetration and softening point testing results, the optimum percentages of the waste oils were found to range from 3.5 to 4.0% for the WCO and from 5.5 to 6.0% for the WEO. The aged bitumen properties were significantly improved by rejuvenators as evidenced by the chemical analysis (FTIR and SEM/EDX) along with the ratio of asphaltenes to maltenes. Furthermore, the surface morphology was renovated as well as the fundamental physical properties of the rejuvenated aged bitumen. Additionally, the rejuvenated bitumen showed less tendency to short-term aging as confirmed by the DSR results. BBR results of rejuvenated aged bitumen samples exhibited comparable performance to those of the control samples at different low temperatures having a performance grade of PG 64-28. Moreover, rejuvenated 100% RAP mixes were found to cope with Egyptian requirements for heavy traffic as binder courses and medium traffic as wearing courses in terms of Marshall stability and flow. Finally, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) results were within the specification limits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2019 09:35:46 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Research on the development and regeneration performance of asphalt rejuvenator based on the mixed waste engine oil and waste cooking oil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1635372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of waste oils and improve performance of aged asphalt, a new type of asphalt rejuvenator was developed using waste engine oil (WEO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) as the basis and the other two additives as auxiliary materials. Then an orthogonal test was designed with four factors and three levels to determine the optimum amount of each component of the new rejuvenator. After the process conditions were proposed, the reasonable ratio of different materials of the rejuvenator was determined by the indoor tests, i.e. softening point, penetration and Brookfield viscosity of recycled asphalt. Afterwards, the regenerative effect was studied and analyzed to verify its feasibility compared with the aged asphalt and virgin asphalt. At the same time, the temperature sensitivity of the asphalt sample was evaluated by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. The results showed that the aged asphalt could be rejuvenated by the new regeneration agent. Workability was improved as a result of lower viscosity experienced in the asphalt. The properties of aged asphalt could be significantly improved with the rejuvenator content of 3%–4%. The new asphalt rejuvenator with mixed WEO and WCO had good potential applications in recycled asphalt pavement field, which provided waste oils a wider range of application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2019 14:31:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1635372</guid>
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      <title>Environmental impact of biogenic oils as raw materials in road construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Replacing fossil with biogenic raw materials is an approach to slowing the consumption of fossil resources and to reducing climate change. However, the use of biogenic raw materials can cause other considerable environmental impacts. This study evaluates the overall environmental impact of the use of biogenic oil in the five main road construction applications in Europe today. In hot spray surface dressing and cold asphalt for repairs, biogenic oils of food crop origin are used to replace solvents. In colourless binders, surface treatment emulsions and rejuvenating agents, biogenic oils of food crop origin are used to replace fossil oils. Based on literature review and expert interviews, the products with biogenic additives could be assumed to have equivalent quality and behaviour in the construction, use and end-of-life phases, so the life cycle analysis (LCA) was restricted to the production of raw materials and the emissions of those materials during the construction phase. In general, binders supplemented with vegetable food crop oils are not advisable from an environmental point of view. The use of food crop oils could only make sense if they are produced from waste oils (recycling) or if a better quality in the construction or use phases is achieved, such as reduced emissions or increased service life. Such improved quality can be achieved not only with biogenic raw materials, but also with those of fossil origin. Based on the literature analysis, it is also recommended that the “system” as a whole be optimised, i.e. not only its materials but also its use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2019 13:06:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599322</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of engine load and biodiesel content on performance and regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine using contour-plot map</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was conducted to explore the favorable and unfavorable conditions which promote or reduce the performance and emissions in a diesel engine, based on six engine loads (5% to 95% load) and five waste cooking oil biodiesel contents including B0 (diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel, volume %), B50, B75 and B100 (pure biodiesel), at a constant engine speed of 1920 rpm. According to the results, the maximum BSFC was recorded at the lowest engine load (5% load) using B100, while the highest BTE was obtained at 80% load using B100. In regard to regulated emissions, the highest engine load (95% load) with the diesel was the condition for maximum CO, smoke opacity, PM mass, total particle number concentration and geometric mean diameter. The 95% load with B100 was the condition for maximum CO₂ and NOₓ. The 60% load with diesel was the condition for maximum THC. For unregulated emissions, low engine load with B100 was the condition for maximum formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethene and propene. The maximum 1,3-butadiene was observed for B100 at 80% load. The highest benzene emission was recorded at 40% load for B100. The maximum toluene and xylene emissions were found at 5% load for diesel. Also, the conditions which lead to produce the minimum emissions are also extensively discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2019 10:17:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575756</guid>
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      <title>Asphalt Cement Loss Tangent as Surrogate Performance Indicator for Control of Thermal Cracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/880896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper documents and discusses the field validation of a simple performance indicator for specification grading of asphalt cement for thermal cracking. The loss tangent, tan(δ), as defined by the ratio of the viscous over elastic modulus, G″/G′, is able to provide a quantitative measure of the sol and gel nature of asphalt cement. As such, tan(δ) relates closely to how well a material is able to relax stress and is therefore investigated as a surrogate performance indicator for thermal cracking. Asphalt cements from 20 contract sites in Ontario, Canada, were tested in torsion bar geometry to determine their viscoelastic properties. The findings show that tan(δ) was able to distinguish good from poor performers for this set of materials with 95% accuracy, which is a considerable improvement over the current bending beam rheometer protocol. In addition to the use of tan(δ), it is suggested that a measure of the critical strain tolerance in the ductile state could be included to provide a significantly improved performance grading method. Most of the worst performing contracts were found to contain zinc. The presence of this element suggests that the use of waste engine oils in asphalt production is likely widespread, since zinc is a universal additive in engine oil and is never found in straight asphalt cement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 07:40:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/880896</guid>
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      <title>Use of Waste Oils as Fuel in Cement Manufacture: An Annotated Bibliography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/795861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Waste oils are one of the many types of alternative fuels being used successfully in cement manufacture. Their use helps to preserve coal resources, and prevents the contamination of soil resulting from landfilling oils such as lubricating oils, cooking oils, and refinery wastes. The following annotated bibliography will provide a foundation to those who wish to explore this topic. It summarizes reports, journal articles, patents, and conference papers, identified through searches of the Library’s collection as well as online databases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2007 13:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/795861</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FISCAL YEAR 1978 PROGRAM OF RESEARCH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The responsibilities of the Bartlesville Energy Research Center in the areas of advanced research on coal, enhanced oil recovery, drilling and offshore technology, product characterization, enhanced gas recovery, waste oil recycling, and alternative fuels are briefly reviewed and the progress made indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WASTE OIL FACT SHEET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Waste oil is generated from automotive and industrial sources at the rate of approximately 1,100,000,000 gallons each year. Although this amounts to somewhat less than 1 percent of the Nation's annual petroleum consumption, it does equate, nevertheless, to more than 70,000 barrels of oil per day, or 7 percent of the President's energy conservation goal for 1975. Although dirty and contaminated, waste oil has high energy value and is composed almost entirely of ''lube oil fractions,'' a small but valuable portion of a barrel of crude oil. It can be re-refined into good lubricating oil or used as a feedstock in the manufacture of other petroleum products. In industrial applications it can be reclaimed to nearly original quality by off-the-shelf equipment. It can be reprocessed to clean fuel oil and, under special conditions, can be burned safely untreated. Yet today, as much as 50 percent of all waste oil generated in this country is lost from a resource recovery point of view. Although this loss is primarily related to the adverse economics of various collection and recovery systems, especially in rural areas, the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) believes that better waste oil recovery is possible without Federal subsidization, and regards this objective as an important opportunity for energy conservation. FEA has developed and begun to implement a waste oil recovery program. This program has been designed to encourage greater waste oil collection and re-use, through state and local action, and public and industrial education programs. This Fact Sheet summarizes the issues, presents the results of federal research, states FEA's position on these issues, and outlines the elements of the waste oil conservation program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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