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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>GREAT LAKES CARRIERS HULL STRESS MONITORING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/83900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to investigate the operations of Great Lakes Carriers, particularly the stress problems these ships are likely to encounter, and the technological state of the art, and to make recommendations for a system that would be of use to ship operating personnel both in making them aware of worsening stress conditions and in providing them with some information upon which to base corrective action.  Background studies carried out in the early stages of the project confirmed the importance of providing a stress monitoring system of Great Lakes bulk carriers, especially for the new long ships which are particularly susceptible to high spring stresses.  Based on preliminary results presented last year the decision was made to proceed with the development of specifications for a computerized digital system.  The system will incorporate video (CRT) graphical displays and use the best available technology to advise the captain of the consequences of alternative action.  Still water, wave and spring stress will all be considered.  The computer will also be available for ship management activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/83900</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MULTILATERAL CASING-EXIT TECHNOLOGY ELIMINATES FLOATING RIG HEAVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/577228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first-ever multilateral casing exit from a semi-submersible used an innovative rate of penetration control (ROPC) tool to neutralize vessel heave. This tool was pivotal in milling through the casing and liner positioned at the juncture of a multibranched well, and was instrumental in reestablishing contact with the main well bore. Until recently, these types of operations were ill-suited for floating rigs because of wave-induced heave.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/577228</guid>
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      <title>PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF BENDING-MOMENT DATA FROM SHIPS AT SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Data playback, manual reduction and analysis techniques, and the automatic system to be used for future analysis are presented.  Examples are given of some forms of presentation of long-term trends.  Useful data have been obtained on over 85% of voyages representing three ship-years of operation of a C-4 dry cargo vessel on North Atlantic trade routes.  Two complete voyages have been analyzed using manual techniques and the results of this analysis are presented.  The maximum observed peak-to-peak variation of wave-induced stress was 8300 psi which occurred during a Beaufort 11-12 Sea.  A prediction based on the limited amount of long-term data available from the two analyzed voyages yielded an extreme value of 10,290 psi for a year of operation of this ship type on North Atlantic route.  Stress variations on the order of 9,000 psi have been observed during the dry docking of the two instrumented ships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN UNMANNED SYSTEM FOR RECORDING STRESSES AND ACCELERATIONS ON SHIPS AT SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to obtain long-term statistical data on wave-induced bending moments, two dry-cargo ships have been equipped with stress transducers and automatic magnetic-tape recording instrumentation.  One of these ships has also been equipped with accelerometers to provide information on seaway-induced loads on cargo.  The transducers and their installation are described, as well as the data conditioning units, the tape recorder, and the programmer which allows sampling of the data at preselected intervals and continuous recording when pre- set stress levels are exceeded.  The system has performed beyond expectation; data have been obtained on 36 round-trip voyages representing almost three ship-years of operation. Versatility of the unit in handling a variety of data inputs and adapting to various data reduction methods has been demonstrated. In addition, the data tapes are available for future analysis in a broad spectrum of naval design applications.  Experience gained to date will permit future installations to be handled expeditiously and at minimum expense, with a high degree of reliability of the unit assured in service. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162520</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RESULTS FROM FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS OF MIDSHIP BENDING STRESSES ON TWO C4-S-B5 DRYCARGO SHIPS OPERATING IN NORTH ATLANTIC SERVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Records of wave-induced midship bending stresses were obtained on magnetic tape during the past three years using an unmanned instrumentation system.  The reduced data cover thirty-four round trip voyages of two instrumented C4-S-B5 (machinery aft) dry-cargo vessels on the North Atlantic trade route.  The data represent about 12,000 hours at sea out of five ship-years of operation. Each data point is based on a one-half hour record representing four hours of ship operation.  An automatic Probability Analyzer is used in the reduction of data.  All available data are presented as plots of rms stress  variation and maximum peak-to-peak stress variation vs. sea state (Beaufort Wind Scale).  The data were shown to be representative of a class of ships exposed to sea states corresponding to Beaufort Numbers 3-7. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LONG TERM PREDICTION OF THE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES INDUCED ON A SHIP HULL IN SEA WAVES. PART 2-SHEARING STRESSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152591</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calculation of shear stresses on longitudinal members of a 310 m long tanker operating in the North Atlantic Ocean.  An approximate long-term correlation method is compared with the so-called square method.  Order from NSFI as No. 18996.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152591</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESULTS OF THE FIRST FIVE "DATA YEARS" OF EXTREME STRESS SCRATCH GAUGE DATA COLLECTED ABOARD SEA-LAND'S SL-7'S (SL-7-25)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report covers the installation of Extreme Stress Gauges mounted on each of SEA-LAND's SL-7's.  Data collected from each ship over a five-year period is presented in histogram form.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXAMINATION OF SERVICE AND STRESS DATA OF THREE SHIPS DEVELOPMENT OF HULL GIRDER LOAD CRITERIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a follow-on project to SSC-240, "Load Criteria for Ship Structural Design", which proposed methods for the estimation and superposition of the primary loads and performed sample calculations for one conventional dry cargo ship.  It involved the following bending moments: Still-water due to weight and buoyancy; Ship's own wave train; Quasi-static wave-induced, vertical and lateral combined; Dynamic loads, including slamming, whipping and springing; Thermal effects.  Here the service and full-scale stress data of three larger and/or faster ships (Containership SL-7, Bulk Carrier FOTINI-L and very large Crude Carrier UNIVERSE IRELAND) are examined for the purpose of the eventual development of hull-girder criteria.  The examination is limited to extreme midship bending moment loads which are related to the ultimate strength.  An assessment is made of the compatibility between the service and stress data of the distinctly different study ships and the analysis methods of SSC-240 and their assumptions for cargo ship type.  Considerable insight is obtained into the probable correct mathematical approximations of the loads and their interrelationships.  It appears that still-water bending moments can be approached probabilistically, however, considerable additional information on experienced loading conditions must be gathered to determine the statistical distributions.  Additional effort is required to determine the suitable probabilistic expression and a synthesis method for the contribution of vibration to the extreme load.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF THE FORE HOLD STRUCTURE OF A CONTAINER SHIP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Authors present the results of an investigation of the torsional strength of the forehold structure of a container ship.  This type of vessel with its hatch openings and slender body is subject to wave-induced torsional stresses which are at a maximum forward where the torsional rigidity is lowest.  The effect of reinforcement to decrease twisting distortion at the forepart of the hull was also investigated.  Six container ships were analysed using a computer program based on the beam theory and the characteristics of torsional and warping rigidity and stresses encountered forward in these ships are described. To confirm the accuracy of the results obtained, the torsional strength of the forehold structure was analysed using FEM and the effectiveness of the inner hull structure with respect to torsional rigidity was examined.  Order from BSRA as No. 49,583.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87446</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP STRUCTURE LOADS AND STRESSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The investigation was divided into: the testing and further development of known methods of calculating the behaviour of a ship in a seaway which were based on a linearization of the responses with respect to wave height, whereby the extensions were particularly aimed at applications to any kind of ship shapes, including unconventional ones; the determination of nonlinear effects on the behaviour in a seaway, in order to be able to take account especially of the greatest loads and strains excited by heavy seaways; the determination of the elastic vibrations of the ship's hull excited by the seaway, which can cause considerable additional strains.  Work on this aspect mainly consisted of determining the exciting and damping forces.  Since all effects produced by the natural seaway are of a random nature, analysis of the measurement results, application of theoretical results as well as forecasting of loads and strains is only possible by means of a statistical analysis: short-term statistics in order to compare measurement results with theoretical results for a particular seaway, and long-term statistics in order to compare the loads with the strength of the structure. Still-water stresses are added to those caused by the seaway.  They, too, are random quantities amenable to a statistical analysis.  To draw attention to this aspect and to show its influence, stowage plans were collected, analyzed and used in preparing a still-water load statistic. The purpose of all these activities was to establish the frequency distribution of the total strains (long-term statistics), from which result, among other things, distributions of the extreme values of the total strains, characteristic values for the fatigue load as well as data which are necessary for the determination of the failure probability of the structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PREDICTING THE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES INDUCED ON A LARGE OIL TANKER IN SEA WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In short- and long-term seaways, the total normal stress and the total shearing stress on a longitudinal member can be predicted by using the variances of component sea loads and the covariances between these component loads.  Exact application of this method is made for a large oil tanker in the North Atlantic Ocean and an approximate long-term correlation method is examined in comparison with the so-called square root met-method. Order from NSFI as No. 16617.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86715</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE STABILITY OF A BARGE TRANSPORTING A LARGE OFFSHORE STRUCTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[First, the paper outlines a system of programs which analyze barge stability against waves and winds during transportation of an offshore structure.  Then it presents the results of analyses made on specific jacket structures. These sections are followed by evaluations of the wave-induced slamming of the jacket structure, and then of stresses that occur in jacket members and tie-down braces while under tow.  Order from NSFI as No. 16651.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86721</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF STRESSES CALCULATED USING THE DAISY SYSTEM TO THOSE MEASURED ON THE SL-7 CONTAINERSHIP PROGRAM (SL-7-24)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/83834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A comparison of stresses calculated using the ABS/DAISY system with those measured on board the SL-7 Containership is undertaken to verify the analytical procedures used in assessing the strength of ships in a seaway.  The comparisons and evaluations are performed for four different and progressively more severe technical conditions: dockside calibration, RMS stresses in head seas, instantaneous stresses in head seas and instantaneous stresses in oblique seas.  The overall comparison between calculated and measured stresses for the dockside calibration is good where thermal effects were small but inconclusive elsewhere.  The comparison of RMS stresses in head seas is generally satisfactory, using both the spectrum analysis approach and the equivalent regular wave approach, and the comparison of instantaneous stresses in head seas and in oblique seas is also good for the wave conditions considered.  The results show that the existing analytical tools for predicting wave loads and structural responses are suitable to assess the overall strength of the hull-girder. All the measured and calculated hull-girder stresses are of low magnitude, and no modifications to the present hull-girder strength standard are deemed necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/83834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUMMATION OF WAVE-INDUCED STRESSES IN THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF SHIPS' HULLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An algorithm is described for the determination of combined wave-induced stresses in a ship's hull, when the bending mements, acting in two planes, are combined with torsional mements.  The algorithm is used to calculate the stress conditions in a container ship.  Order from BSRA as No. 49,762.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THE SL-7 CONTAINERSHIP RADAR AND TUCKER WAVEMETER DATA (SL-7-23)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[So that more precise correlations between full scale observations and analytical and model results could be carried out, one of the objectives of the instrumentation program for the SL-7 class container ships was the provision of instrumental measures of the wave environment.  To this end, two wave meter systems were installed on the S.S. SEA-LAND McLEAN.  Raw data was collected from both systems during the second (1973-1974) and third (1974-1975) winter data collecting seasons.  It was the purpose of the present work to reduce this raw data, to develop and implement such corrections as were found necessary and feasible, and to correlate and evaluate the final results from the two wave meters.  In carrying out this work it was necessary to at least partly reduce several other channels of recorded data, so that, as a by-product, reduced results were also obtained for midship bending stresses, roll, pitch, and two components of acceleration of the ship's bridge.  As the work progressed it became evident that the volume of documentation required would grow beyond the usual dimensions of a single technical report.  For this reason the analyses, the methods, the detailed results, discussions, and conclusions are contained in a series of ten related reports.  This report, contains the last phases of the work, specifically, the discussion of results, the correlation and evaluations of final results from both wave meters, the conclusions, and the recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76383</guid>
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