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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Expected Life of Silane Water Repellant Treatments on Bridge Decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report covers techniques used to evaluate the presence of silane coatings on bridge decks in the lab and in the field. After these techniques are established, they are then used to determine the effective service life of silane and the ability to reapply silane to the surface of the concrete. The following techniques are investigated in this study: surface resistivity, German water permeability, contact angle measurements, selective dyes, and a XRF Microscope. The most promising techniques were used to evaluate the field performance that had been in service between 5 and 28 years. The work showed that the silane coatings lasted at least 6 years and that after 9 years about 30% of the silane coatings were no longer effective. Lab based reapplication efforts suggest that it is possible to reapply silane; however, additional efforts are needed above what is typically done for concrete less than a year old.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 19:09:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental and Economic Assessment of Engineered Water Repellency for Frost Mitigation in Low-Volume Flexible Pavements in Minnesota</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Engineered water repellency (EWR) using organosilanes provides a promising approach for mitigating frost heave by preventing ice lens formation. This study evaluates the environmental and economic impacts of typical flexible pavement structures used in Minnesota, as well as three EWR-treated variants. Primary data for the life cycle assessment (LCA) were collected from the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) and Minnesota Road Research Facility and analyzed with the Federal Highway Administration LCA PAVE tool. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was performed with the MnDOT tool to calculate the net present value per the ISO 15686-5 standard. The MnDOT soil replacement method (SRM) with EWR emerged as the most sustainable and cost-effective, showing a 23% reduction in global warming potential compared with the traditional SRM. The primary sources of emissions and expenses were hot mix asphalt activities, accounting for 58%–71% of the total. The LCA contributed less than 8% to the overall integrated cost, underscoring the predominance of LCCA in decision-making. Further field evaluations are recommended to confirm the long-term performance of EWR technologies and to optimize their integration into pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 08:43:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Moisture Resistance/Control of Pavement Foundation Systems via Engineered Water Repellency
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to evaluate the use of nanoscale organo-silane (OS) to control water and increase subgrade and overall pavement performance. It will also explore the extent to which OS can mitigate frost heave-thaw settlement and thaw weakening of frost susceptible pavement foundation layers. This will be achieved through the completion of four objectives: (1) collect both subgrade soils and OS materials; (2) develop a viable treatment design for field construction; (3) construct test sites with OS and without OS (control) and evaluate their geomechanical (e.g., stiffness, strength, F-T durability) and environmental (e.g., temperature, moisture, and matric suction) performances; and (4) collect data and calibrate numerical models. Advanced technologies provided as a match to the project will be used, including Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and shape array sensors (SAS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 16:09:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Report on 2023 MnROAD Construction Activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636123</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 2023 construction season, two experimental test sections were installed on the Low Volume Road (LVR) at MnROAD as part of the NRRA research initiative titled Improving Moisture Resistance and Control of Pavement Foundation Systems via Engineered Water Repellency. This work supports an ongoing multi-phase study evaluating the use of organo-silane (OS) treatments to enhance moisture control and improve subgrade and overall pavement system performance. The construction aimed to assess OS’s potential to mitigate frost heave, thaw-settlement, and freeze-thaw weakening within frost-susceptible foundation layers. The field implementation represents task 3 of the study—constructing and instrumenting OS-treated and control sections for comparison under controlled and real-world conditions. Advanced instrumentation, including LiDAR and shape array sensors (SAS), supports data collection on geomechanical and environmental responses such as stiffness, strength, temperature, moisture, and suction variability. These sections contribute to a broader body of research focused on drainage performance, cracking mechanisms, and the durability of treated foundations under seasonal stresses. This report documents the construction activities conducted in 2023, and the subsequent repairs completed in 2024, offering a reference point for future performance evaluations and model calibration efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:37:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636123</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the compressive strength of engineered water repellency in natural soils under varying environmental conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570052</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The persistent degradation of soil stiffness and strength due to moisture fluctuations can be mitigated through Engineered Water Repellency (EWR). This technique alters the wettability of soils using organosilane (OS), modifying the soil surface without forming cementitious bonds. This study evaluates the performance of EWR-treated soils under varying environmental conditions, including air drying, wet-dry cycles, and prolonged immersion, by assessing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of two EWR-treated soils. The soils were treated with different OS concentrations and subjected to up to 120 days of immersion and 21 wet-dry cycles. The UCS of treated samples was measured as the hydrophobicity of the EWR soils developed during drying. X-ray CT scans were used to analyze porosity changes and internal pore structures post-exposure to the varying environmental conditions. The results showed that OS treatment reduced the optimum moisture content while having minimal impact on maximum dry unit weight. However, mechanical strength decreased as OS concentration increased, attributed to the organic moiety of the OS molecule siloxane bond formation, which reduced compressive strength. However, EWR-treated soils maintained their structural integrity during extended water immersion, with higher OS concentrations offering better resistance to wet-dry cycles. Over 120 days of soaking, EWR-treated soils experienced strength reductions due to increased porosity and excess unbound OS. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrophobic soils, providing valuable insights into the mechanical strength of EWR soils and enhancing the feasibility of applying this technology for subgrade modification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570052</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of recycled lignin powder as a sustainable additive for soil improvement against water resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To evaluate the engineering performance against water resistance of lignin-modified soil, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and direct shear tests were conducted on silty sand modified with varying lignin contents (2%, 5%, 8%, 12%, and 15%) following wet-dry cycles. The results demonstrate that 8% lignin-modified soil has the highest UCS and shear strength. The addition of lignin to soil enhances its wet-dry durability, with soil modified by 8% lignin exhibiting the highest durability. The structural properties of lignin-modified soil subjected to wet-dry cycles can be quantified using a combined structural stability index and structural variability index. A model relevant to the structural properties was proposed to predict the shear strength of lignin-modified soil following wet-dry cycles. Notably, the addition of lignin to silty sand does not result in the formation of new minerals, indicating that lignin addition is an environmentally-friendly soil treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing Soil Strength Degradation through Engineering Water Repellency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2390012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recurring challenge of soil stiffness and strength reduction, arising from fluctuations in soil moisture, finds a promising solution in engineered water repellency (EWR). Engineered water repellency involves the transformation of in situ soil into a hydrophobic state, using organosilane (OS), which modifies the soil surface without creating cementitious bonding. This study delves into the mechanical strength of two distinct EWR-treated soil samples, subjected to wet-dry cycles simulating moisture variations. Strength determination was carried out using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing at a 1% per minute strain rate. A comparative evaluation was also conducted on untreated soil samples with varying moisture content. The results showed that EWR-treated samples exhibited minimal water absorption, averaging less than 4 g per cycle, and endured only a 38% decline in unconfined compressive strength after 12 cycles. In contrast, untreated samples experienced substantial strength fluctuations, reaching 73%, owing to the inherent variability in moisture levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 09:31:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2390012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Density on Engineered Water Repellent Soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Engineered water repellency (EWR) is a soil improvement method that involves intentionally modifying natural soil to become hydrophobic. Potential applications of EWR include landfill covers, frost mitigation, and moisture control in pavement systems. Designing with EWR requires knowledge of water entry pressure (WEP) and its relationship to pore size and contact angle for a given soil. In this study, a commercial grade organosilane (OS) was examined using a new methodology to establish the WEP. Soil specimens were placed in a triaxial-type cell and tested with a step-wise pressure profile from 0.7 to 117 kPa. The results indicate that for a given dosage, a relatively higher density yields the least water infiltration and a larger WEP. The maximum dry density (e.g., 95% of standard proctor effort) should be specified for field application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 09:31:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces via Air-assisted Electrospray Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2150831</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent decades, superhydrophobic surfaces have received utmost attention due to their novel applications such as self-cleaning, anticorrosion, anti-fouling, anti-icing coatings, and oil-water separation. The fabrication of such surface coatings requires delicate control over nano- and micro-scale roughness. However, superhydrophobic surface fabrication often involves time-consuming or complicated processes and has little control over surface structures. For instance, the current popular coating fabrication methods include dip coating, blading coating, as well as air gun spray. The first two have no control on surface structures, and the air gun spray tends to be time consuming and have requirement on solvent volatility. To address these problems, an air-assisted electrospray technique is presented in this study to fabricate superhydrophobic coating on glass substrates. The outstanding advantage of this approach is to form a coating with excellent adhesion, high uniformity, and good surface structure controls in a timely manner. This air-controlled electrospray was inspired by the widely applied electrospinning method, thus possessing all the advantages that electrospinning has such as low cost, easy scaling up, and simultaneous solvent evaporation. The air-assisted electrospray nozzle is comprised of two concentric cylindrical needles with the inner needle supplied with solution and outer shell with convective air flow jet from air compressor. The air helps atomize the big solution droplets into small ones so that electrostatic force is able to bring them to target. Similar to electrospinning, solvent can be simultaneously evaporated during the process. This instantly drying spray process eliminates the possibility of cracking due to surface tension from solvent evaporation which is sometimes seen in conventional coating methods, such as dip or blading coating. The authors used a silicon dioxide nanopowder in the polyacrylonitrile/n,n-dimethylformamide to test out the new method and identified the optimal spray solution ratio of the precursors. In addition, the authors systematically studied the process parameters involved including concentration, air flow rate, solution infused rate, and power voltage. The optimal conditions of the air-assisted electrospray process for the selected material system were also identified. The static water contact angle of the prepared superhydrophobic surface can achieve 167.1o . The superhydrophobic surface exhibits both remarkable water and oil repellent properties and mechanical robustness against abrasion. Therefore, the presented facile airassisted electrospray technique can be potentially used for various advanced industrial applications for self-cleaning and anti-corrosion surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Apr 2023 09:00:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2150831</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Review of Innovative Frost Heave Mitigation Techniques for Road Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Frost action (heaving and thawing) is a perennial problem encountered in the design, construction, and management of civil engineering structures, particularly road pavements in cold regions and areas that experience seasonal sub-freezing temperatures. This paper reviews the existing methods for frost heave mitigation and proposes an innovative approach through engineered water repellency. Soil was collected from a test plot at the Charlotte Douglas International Airport and treated with a commercially available organosilane. Preliminary results indicate an increase in the maximum dry density from 17.54 kN/m3 to 17.66 kN/m3 and a decrease in the optimum moisture content from 17.36% to 11.75% after treatment. Data obtained from performance tests carried out under sub-freezing weather conditions indicated that the treatment was effective in limiting the infiltration and migration of water into the soil matrix when compared with the untreated soil. As such, engineered water repellency may be a viable solution for airports and Departments of Transportation seeking methods to mitigate frost action.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2022 09:03:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A New Generation of Multi-Functional Asphalt Mixtures with Superhydrophobic and Luminescent Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the Nation struggles to address poor infrastructure conditions, costing motorists more than
$67 billion a year, infrastructure deterioration is accelerated by sea level rise, heavy downpours,
inundation, extreme heat, and damages that are projected to increase with continued climate
change. While modern technologies such as porous and pervious pavements may help delay
road submersion by allowing rainwater to infiltrate rapidly through the pavement surface, the
durability of these mixes is not adequate and the mix voids are quickly filled with dust and debris
rendering the effectiveness of these mixes questionable especially in the long-term. The lack of
visibility and light during nighttime is also a major challenge for sleep-deprived drivers leading to
an increase in accident rates at night. Therefore, there is a need to improve visibility at night to
enhance safety and comfort to the users under all conditions.
The proposed research study will introduce a novel plagiarism, which has the potential to
introduce a new generation of multi-functional asphalt mixtures with the ability to repel water
driving it to the drainage ditches, reducing the impacts of heavy rain events and snow
accumulation on the mobility of the public, and enhancing visibility during nighttime. Through
advanced modification, characterization, and laboratory testing, this study aims to formulate a
new generation of multi-functional asphalt concrete (AC) materials that would provide reduced
water/snow accumulation by using super-hydrophobic nanomaterials and other modification.
The prepared asphalt mixtures will be beneficial for both hot and wet climate in the South and
cold and snowy climate in the North. Furthermore, the new generation of AC will be formulated
to provide luminescence during nighttime. In addition, it will be environmentally friendly and
cost-effective by testing and evaluating different blends of polymers, recycled products, and
other additives such as Evotherm as a warm-mix agent.
The proposed new generation of multi-functional asphalt mixtures will be developed by
addressing the following knowledge gaps:
(1) Evaluate the effects of superhydrophobic coating (SC) on the binder rheological
properties and aggregate wettability;
(2) Evaluate the effects of luminescent materials (LM) on the mixture brightness in
the dark;
(3) Assess the durability of asphalt mixtures prepared with SC and LM materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 11:14:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Heated Airport Pavements: Volume II—Engineered Superhydrophobic Concrete Surface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since airports instituted all-weather aircraft operations, landing and aborted takeoff incidents or accidents have occurred every winter due to slippery and icy conditions on aprons, taxiways, and runways. In addition to the winter maintenance issues caused by the presence of ice and snow on pavement surfaces, water penetration into concrete surface causes durability-related problems. To address these issues, the need to develop new technologies that can more effectively and efficiently remove or prevent the formation of ice and snow on concrete paved surfaces is imperative. In the context of developing new technologies to achieve snow- and ice-free concrete pavement systems, this research study was conducted in two parts: (1) the development of self-heating electrically conductive concrete (ECON) (Volume I), and (2) the development of a superhydrophobic concrete surfaces (Volume II). This report, Volume II, presents the findings of the latter part of this study. For this report, a comprehensive literature review and a set of laboratory experimental investigations were conducted to explore the fundamental properties (i.e., the wettability and tribological behavior) required for airport pavement application using candidate superhydrophobic materials, the development and evaluation of superhydrophobic concrete surfaces as a proof-of-concept demonstration, and the effect of conventional deicing chemicals on superhydrophobic concrete surfaces. A superhydrophobic concrete surface was engineered using low surface energy materials and demonstrated a successful proof-of-concept on achieving water- and ice-repellent surfaces with the potential to mitigate winter maintenance issues on airfield areas. The superhydrophobic concrete surface developed in this study can be employed as an additional defense mechanism against icing for heated pavement systems, such as hydronic, conductive concrete/asphalt, phase change materials, etc., and may reduce the amount of electrical power required for these heated pavement technologies to melt ice and snow away in the context of hybrid heated airport concrete pavement system concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 2022 09:43:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineered Water Repellency for Frost Mitigation: Practical Modeling Considerations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1890329</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Engineered water repellency has the potential to mitigate frost heave in geotechnical systems such as roads and foundations. Models can be used to inform design approaches and predict performance; the literature is replete with general models of frost action. There are comparatively fewer reports on how to practically incorporate the effect of mineral surfaces, pore fluid composition, and engineered water repellency into thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) models. An aspect of such models involves describing the state of pore fluid in the frozen fringe and unfrozen soil beneath an impinging freezing front and growing ice lens. Capillary and osmotic gradients are created as ice formation reduces moisture content while increasing the concentration of ions in the remaining unfrozen pore fluid. The work reported here is part of a larger effort to quantify the relative role of osmotic and matric potential on frost heaving, while exploring the use of organosilanes to mitigate ice lens formation and growth. As a precursor to incorporating the broader array of physicochemical processes in frost action, this paper reviews the sensitivity of unsaturated flow to changes in contact angle. Unsaturated flow gradients are created in response to simulated matric, osmotic, and cryogenic suction within a two-dimensional model. Results indicate that an increased contact angle results in a reduction in unsaturated flow, regardless of induced gradient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2021 12:14:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1890329</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An experimental study of rain erosion effects on a hydro-/ice-phobic coating pertinent to Unmanned-Arial-System (UAS) inflight icing mitigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1749479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the variations of the surface wettability and ice adhesion strength on a typical hydro−/ice-phobic surface before and after undergoing continuous impingement of water droplets (i.e., rain erosion effects) at relatively high speeds (i.e., up to ~100 m/s) pertinent to Unmanned-Arial-System (UAS) inflight icing mitigation. The experimental study was conducted by leveraging a specially designed rain erosion testing rig available at Iowa State University. Micro-sized water droplets carried by an air jet flow were injected normally onto a test plate coated with a typical Super-Hydrophobic Surface (SHS) coating to simulate the scenario with micro-sized water droplets in the cloud impacting onto UAS airframe surfaces. During the experiments, the surface wettability (i.e., in the terms of static, advancing and receding contact angles of water droplets) and the ice adhesion strength on the SHS coated test plate were quantified as a function of the duration of the rain erosion testing. The surface topology changes of the SHS coated surface against the duration of the rain erosion testing were also measured by using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) system. The characteristics of the surface wettability and ice adhesion strength on the eroded SHS surface are correlated with the AFM measurement results to elucidate the underlying physics for a better understanding about the rain erosion effects on hydro−/ice-phobic coatings in the context of UAS inflight icing mitigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2020 10:11:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1749479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of anti-icing, anti-skid, and water impermeability performances of an acrylic superhydrophobic coating on asphalt pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1738319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Icing asphalt pavement affects driving safety. The purpose of this research is to find a solution to improve the anti-icing performance of asphalt pavement. An acrylic superhydrophobic coating (ASC) on asphalt pavement was prepared from uncured acrylic acid and carbon nanotubes. The contact angle and rolling angle of water droplets on the ASC surface are 155.173° and 4.26°. The icing observation experiment shows that the freezing time of the water droplet on the ASC surface is prolonged by 17% in comparison with that on the asphalt mixture surface. The anti-skid performance test results reveal that the coefficient of friction of the ASC is improved by 5.7% than that of asphalt pavement. The water permeability test results show that ASC can prevent water from penetrating the upper pavement structure, thereby reducing moisture damage. The results of this research indicate that ASC has good potential to improve the anti-icing performance of asphalt pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2020 14:26:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1738319</guid>
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