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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>RESIDENCE TIME OF FRESHWATER IN BOSTON'S INNER HARBOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477585</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two field tracer studies and some numerical model experiments were used to analyze the residence time of freshwater in Boston's inner harbor, and thereby help evaluate water quality impacts of combined sewer overflows.  An exponential filter was used to modify the freshwater fraction approach for variable freshwater inflow and to reanalyze data from Bumpus and colleagues (1953). Results showed an inverse relationship between residence time and inflow rate, with times ranging from 2 days to 10 days.  An instantaneous dye study gave a residence time of 3.75 days, consistent with the freshwater measurements for conditions of summertime low flow.  A three-dimensional numerical model applied to a schematized domain was able to reproduce trends observed in both the freshwater and dye studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EUTROPHICATION MODELLING AS A TOOL FOR FIGHTING AGAINST ULVA COASTAL MASS BLOOMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the last 10 years, injuries to recreational use of beaches of Brittany (France) have become more and more severe. due to Ulva mass blooms accumulating and decaying on the shores. This eutrophication problem results from the conjunction of a physical feature of the bays (i.e. a long residence time of the waters) and a biological characteristic of Ulva (i.e. the intracellular storage of great amounts of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus).  A 2-D depth-averaged, model of tidal currents allowed us to calculate the Lagrangian residual fluxes through a system of three geographical boxes describing the southern part of the Bay of St. Brieuc (France).  A biological model was then coupled to this box model to simulate the annual evolution of N and P in the water and in the algae.  The complete ecological model reproduces correctly the actual situation and allows predictions about the degree of nutrient removal to be required in the sewage outfalls in order to produce a noticeable regression of the Ulva mass blooms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>A SEA CHANGE ON COASTAL POLLUTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/413029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[North West Water is undertaking a 500 million British-pound investment program to bring 23 beaches in north-west England into compliance, by 1997, with European Commission directives. This 'Sea Change' project will comprise 20 km of tunnels and 10 sewage treatment works, and is in addition to the Mersey Estuary Pollution Alleviation Scheme. At Southport, 60 million British pounds is being spent on the Coastal Water Interceptor Project. The system being replaced comprises two sewage treatment works, one to the south of the town and one to the north, four sewer outfalls discharging into the sea and numerous river outfalls. The sewers in this area have very low gradients and are built at or near the groundwater level, which results in the discharge of septic sewage into the treatment works.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/413029</guid>
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      <title>GREAT LAKES SEWAGE POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These regulations are contained in the Consolidated Regulations of Canada (CRC) Vol. XVI.  The regulations are divided into the following topics: Definitions; Application; Sewage Disposal; Approved Devices; Approval Procedure; Design and Construction; Documentation and Operation; Testing; Materials Suitability Tests; Prototype Operational Tests for both Discharging Systems and Incinerating Systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARINE POLLUTION, 1973. 1977 EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/84556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recognizing that deliberate, negligent or accidental release of oil and other harmful substances from ships constitutes a serious source of pollution, this conference adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973).  It provides regulations for the complete elimination of intentional pollution and the minimization of accidental discharges of oil, noxious substances and garbage and sewage from ships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/84556</guid>
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      <title>OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The majority of the cited topics discuss the ocean disposal of sewage, sewage sludge, and dredged material, although reports on the disposal of radioactive wastes, brines and industrial wastes are also covered. The ecological affects are included, as is research on the pollution of the New York Bight. However, studies on the discharge of heated effluents are excluded.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56588</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STATE OF POLLUTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of its configuration and proximity to a number of more developed nations, the Mediterranean is expected to be one of the first seas to suffer harm from man's impact.  An overview of the major pollutants impinging on the Mediterranean is presented, and some judgments are made of their relative importance.  Although fringes of the sea are polluted, particularly in the northwest basin, the levels of most pollutants in the open sea are similar to those in other oceans.  Sewage and oil pollution appear to be the principal problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73363</guid>
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      <title>TECHNO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES FOR SEAGOING SHIPS (PARTS 1 AND 2)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/61159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After giving some general information on the environmental protection requirements of the IMCO Convention (1973) and the Baltic Convention (1974), the Author (of the East German shipping board) examines the possible techno-economic effects of these requirements.  In Part 1, ships in general are considered in relation to the measures that will be required to meet the requirements for protection of the sea against pollution from engine-room fuels and lubricants and from sewage and other wastes.  The measures will lead to additional costs for building (or modification) and higher operating costs, and may, through their effect will depend primarily on ship type and size, machinery type and power, crew size, operating conditions, and the technical measures taken to meet the requirements.  On the whole, however, the measures taken will have a comparatively small effect on building and operating costs.  In Part 2, the larger part of the article, protection against pollution due to oil-tanker cargoes is examined with special reference to the techno-economic effects of the 1973 IMCO Convention requirements.  Tank-size limitation, the load-on-top system, and segregated ballast-tanks are discussed in some detail. The effects of the Convention will depend very largely on the particular ship and its operating conditions, but become more pronounced as ship size increases.  It is estimated that, for tankers smaller than 70,000 dwt, the techno-economic consequences of the Convention will be comparatively small; tankers in the 70,000-200,000 dwt range will show an increase of about 5% in building costs; those of over 200,000 dwt will show an even greater increase in building costs, the estimated increase for ships above 450,000 dwt being about 25% plus an increase of about 10 to 15% in operating costs.  See also Abstracts No. 44,425 (Nov. 1976) and 44,143 (Oct. 1976).  Order from: BSRA as No. 46,791.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/61159</guid>
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      <title>SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60423</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of aspects of the discharging of non-oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated.  Options to discharging (the use of holding tank, onboard treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated.  An account is given of the characterization of navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during, and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transiting navy ships.  A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters).  This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits.  Information is given on long-range effects of ships' sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the USN and others, as well as public health considerations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60423</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARINE POLLUTION: A MULTI-FACETED, MULTI-AGENCY DETECTION, RESEARCH AND ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reveals the numerous federal and civil organizations involved in one way or another in the nation's marine pollution programs, and federal measures taken to control or eliminate detrimental effects of various forms of pollution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Dec 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEWAGE POLLUTION CONTROL: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THE SHIPOWNER AND DESIGNER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/53577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is presented to the reader as an aid in understanding the local and federal regulations and as a guide for selecting and installing a sewage treatment system as it pertains to his specific requirements.  The present regulations regarding the disposal of sewage generated on board vessel compels the industry to modify existing vessels, and design into new vessels the capability of complying with such regulations by 1980.  Many operators have already installed systems, some of which have fallen short of expectations.  Included is an investigation of the types of sewage collection systems and flushes and a discussion of the merits of the various types of commercial systems available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/53577</guid>
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      <title>MARINE STUDIES OF SAN PEDRO, CALIFORNIA. PART 12. BIOENHANCEMENT STUDIES OF THE RECEIVING WATERS IN OUTER LOS ANGELES HARBOR. (REVIEW OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS, ASSIMILATION CAPACITY/OXYGEN BUDGET MODELLING BIOASSAY AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/48929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field studies indicate that the present state of the harbor is healthy. Rich and diverse biotic elements are supported by the present environmental regime. Episodes of stress, which occurred in earlier years, as indicated by reduced levels of dissolved oxygen, have not been noted since the canneries have instituted improved waste management procedures. Bioenhancement is occurring in outer Los Angeles Harbor, due at least in part to the presence of natural waste effluents. Bioenhancement has been evaluated in terms of numbers of organisms and species diversity of plankton, benthic organisms, and standing crop of fish, as well as in biomass and a number of other factors. The regulation of waste loading and control of pollutants in the past six-year period has brought the harbor ecosystem from a depauperate biota to a moderately rich one in the immediate outfalls zone, with a very rich biota in the adjacent outer harbor area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/48929</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COASTAL DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Turbulent eddies of different sizes control the far field of pollutants discharged to the marine environment.  For the fine turbulence and regular advection, the validity of the local isotropy law is considered, and it is shown how the shore, circulation cells, multiple energy inputs, velocity gradients, waves, and other factors modify this law in the coastal zone.  A model of the dispersive effects due to wave-current interactions is proposed and a formula is given for the spectral eddy diffusivity due to waves and currents. A solution of the steady-state diffusion equation has been derived for a fairly general case of exponential velocities and eddy diffusivities.  By the Fourier transform, this solution has been used to embody the effect of mesoscale eddies, which destroy the aforementioned regular spreading patterns.  Among other tools, a step-by-step procedure is proposed as a combination of fine turbulence and mesoscale effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 May 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SCALING LAWS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS EMPLOYING COAGULATION AND SEDIMENTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work the authors develop scaling laws that delineate the regimes in which coagulation, breakup and sedimentation are predominant. Although the details of the interactions between the particles or between the particles and the continuous phase are examined for an idealized isotropic turbulent flow, it is shown how the results which are obtained can be applied to dispersed systems in agitator tanks and in turbulent pipe flows. Based on this analysis and a knowledge of the physicochemical properties of a dispersed system, which can be gained by in situ measurements, the authors show how a wastewater treatment or water purification system can be rationally designed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63626</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE RESPONSE OF THE OIL INDUSTRY TO THE PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION OF THE SEA FROM SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/46973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A history of Oil Companies International Marine Forum, whose members operate in most areas of the world and handle about 85% of all oil shipped by sea, is presented and its objectives to promote practical measures for protecting the marine environment and the safe and efficient handling of oil cargoes are outlined.  A United Kingdom government report estimates the main source of oil pollution is oil discharged by 20% of the world's tanker fleet which does not use the LOT procedure and creates 90% of the operational pollution from tankers.  Measures to control operational pollution include inspections at the loading port, shore reception facilities, cleaning of tankers at discharge ports, and oil-in-water monitoring.  Controlling accidental pollution includes greater attention to personnel training using simulators and radar facilities, advanced automation, improved maneuverability, bridge control of engines, collision avoidance radars, and segregated ballast tankers. The petroleum industry's existing compensation schemes for oil pollution, benefits of ratification of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, are discussed.  Problem areas considered are provision of shore reception facilities for oily ballast especially in geographical areas of short crude hauls, monitoring and control of oil discharged from ships, and the supervision of compliance with the requirements of the convention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/46973</guid>
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