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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of a Space-saving High-power Vacuum-type Heater for Water-sprinkler Snow Melting Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to secure high-speed and stable operation of Shinkansen trains in heavy snowfall regions, water-sprinkler snow melting systems are installed in sections totaling 76 km on the Joetsu Shinkansen Line. There are 32 snow melting bases, and heating systems are also installed at 29 of those. In consideration of replacing the current 16-year-old systems in the future, a new heating system has been developed to enable energy saving control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2022 14:07:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multiple-fuel District Heating System of a Transportation Facility: Water Performance-based View</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main scope of this paper is to estimate the long-term impact of multiple-fuel use and plant renovation on a DH system water performance. The originality of this work is the application of this method for the complicated, branched CHP plant with a large heat output and high capacity, widespread in Russia. Suggested configuration for a renovation of a CHP plant supplied with steam includes main DH network feedwater line, a heat pump, low-temperature water conduit, electric boiler, and low-temperature conduit feedwater line. The heat pump and electric boiler need approximately 15% less electricity from the national grid for supplying the same amount of heat to the network. The fuel amount is reduced on average by 7% and a further reduction of 9% occurs if after-deaerator extraction is fully disabled. The drop in the costs is therefore on average 18% taking into account fuel costs of coal set to be half of the price of electricity. The steam alternative replaces flow-intensive water option, that is why it leads to a lower makeup, and this replaces more heat totally, that is why it is better than the existing case. The concept presented in this work is valid for any cold-climate region where alternative makeup methods are sought. Based on the idea proposed, a novel model of makeup system for central plant design and stability analysis was derived. The results presented in this paper may be used as input for future analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 2021 09:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838770</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Efficiency and Losses Analysis of Low-Pressure Feed Water Heater in Steam Propulsion System during Ship Maneuvering Period</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dominant propulsion systems of today’s LNG carriers are steam propulsion systems. Although a number of alternatives are developed, only steam propulsion systems in LNG carriers can fulfill a double function: the function of propulsion and on the other side the combustion of large amounts of BOG (Boil Off Gas) in one or more steam generators. In this paper was provided an analysis of the low-pressure feed water heater, as one of the important components of LNG carrier steam propulsion system. Based on the measured data for all flowing substances throughout the low-pressure feed water heater, it was performed numerical analysis of this energy and exergy efficiency, as well as calculation of energetic and exergetic power losses. The measurements were performed during LNG carrier maneuvering period, what enables insight into the operating parameters of heat exchanger during partial loads of steam propulsion system. From the energetic point of view the low-pressure feed water heater is a nearly perfect balanced device. Analyzed heat exchanger noticeable problems can be seen in exergy efficiency and exergy losses. Exergy represent the maximum available energy potential of any observed component in relation to the environment state. Impact of ambient temperature on the size of the exergy losses has been investigated at the end of conducted analysis. The low-pressure feed water heater is an example of a device which is very well balanced on the one side, even in the conditions of the steam system partial loads, and on the other side this available exergy potential is very poorly exploited.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 2017 17:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of Parent Self Reported Home Safety Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/759640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on a validation study conducted to determine the reliability of parents' self-reported home safety practices.  As part of a randomized controlled trial to improve patient-provider communication and preventive practices, parents' responses to telephone interviews were compared with observations of safety practices during a home visit.   The safety practices observed included the presence of smoke detectors, water heater temperature, car seat use and bike helmet use.  Home visits were completed within 9 weeks of the telephone interview.  Parents were not told that the visit was part of a validation study and home visit observers were unaware of the interview responses.  The authors calculated sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values and their corresponding confidence intervals.  Sensitivity and positive predictive values were high for all items.  Specificities and negative predictive values were more variable.  The highest estimates were for car seat types.  Parent self-reports of some safety practices, including owning a car seat and safe hot water temperatures, appeared to be reliable.  However, self-reports on other practices, such as working smoke detectors and properly fitted bike helmets, may be overstated.  These findings suggest that studies relying on self-reports should include an observational component to strengthen findings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2005 07:47:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/759640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENTS OF PIPE HEATING BY MEANS OF TUNNEL SPRING WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most mountain tunnels are built to allow a short cross over pass and many tunnel entrances and exits are located at high altitudes and on steep slopes.  As a result, bridges and shady spots are often located at tunnel exits.  This, in turn, often causes accidents caused by slippery road surface during winter season. This paper discusses the use of a pipe heating system using natural energy, such as tunnel spring water and geothermal heat in the tunnel.  The Chugoku Region in the western part of Japan was targeted in this study because tunnel spring water in this region is estimated to have relatively high temperature. The study was carried out using the actual spring water at 10 deg C. The water heating experiment was further carried out with the assumption that there would not be sufficient spring water for melting the existing snow which required provision of additional water from other parts of the tunnel.  The paper presents the experimental results based on the above.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A WASTEWATER RECYCLER AND HEATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/50867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of this program have demonstrated the feasibility of an automatic and self-contained appliance that can recover and store usable hot water from waste laundry water, using essentially the same amount of energy as an equivalent-capacity water heater. It has been shown by extended evaluation tests with a waste stream of real laundry water that this unit is capable of recovering sterile hot water at a steady state rate of 22.7 liters/hour (6 gph) with a specific energy draw of 79 watt-hours/liter (299 watt-hours/gal), without the use of any expendable chemicals. It has also been shown by extended evaluation tests with a feed that simulates hospital wastewater preconcentrated by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis that this unit can increase the solids concentration of a waste water from less than 2% to at least 29.3%. The results of a manufacturing cost analysis have shown that a conservative annual cost (that is, a maximum annual cost) of this appliance is $717 per year. Economic feasibility therefore is not demonstrable at present on a large scale. However, should water cost increase or the cost of the appliance decrease, a viable demand for household water recovery with the appliance would be possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/50867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SNOW-MELTING SYSTEM ON RAILWAY TRACKS USING FEED FORWARD CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/372311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Joetsu Shinkansen line, which runs through a heavy snowfall district is installed with snow-melting systems whose function is to melt snow deposit on the track by sprinkling heated water over a total distance of 74 km.  Because of its long water path in these systems, delivery and return of the water takes a very long time, resulting in a time lag of the feedback control.  In order to lessen this time lag, a control system using a feed forward algorithm has been developed and a system operation test has been carried out.  It is found to be very promising as a snow-melting device from a view point of energy saving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/372311</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROTECTION OF GROUNDWATER FROM OIL POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY OF AIRPORTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are potential, and quite frequently also actual, sources of serious groundwater pollution.  This is due to the large amounts of liquid fuel being handled all the time, to the physicochemical properties of oil hydrocarbons, and often to technical errors in the transport and storage of fuels.  The enfironment is further affected by liquid and gaseous emissions escaping during the take-off and landing of aircraft.  Prevention is the most efficient way of protecting groundwater from oil pollution.  Preventive surveys are based on the drilling of observation wells at suitable points of the potentially endangered areas. Monitoring of these wells provides timely detection of possible leaks of oil products into the aquifer.  In the case of an emergency, it is necessary to remove, as soon as possible, the oil substances from the surface or to remove the contaminated soil.  When the contaminant has penetrated into the aquifer, the reparatory measures are usually based on hydraulic protection which consists of a system of boreholes.  The respective hydrocarbon product is removed from the formation by pumping, the process being speeded up by the change in groundwater flow caused by the creation of depression cones.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOLAR ENERGY AUGMENTATION FOR HOT WATER NEEDS IN CONNECTICUT HIGHWAY REST AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/185337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In July 1978, a solar water-heating system was installed in the visitor center located on the Eastbound side of Interstate 86 in West Willington, Connecticut.  The system was heavily instrumented and monitored for over a year using a high-speed data-acquisition system.  The project, designated 77-4 was carried out by the Joint Highway Research Council (ConnDOT and University of Connecticut) to determine the feasibility of incorporating solar service water heating in other facilities of this and other types operated by ConnDOT.  The monitoring effort showed that the system performed close to expectations, off-setting 47 percent of the electrical energy expended in heating water.  A 20-year life cycle cost analysis based on this performance suggests that these systems are worthwhile economically, especially in areas of the state with high utility costs and in new construction situations where the expense of the conventional water heater can be avoided. Payback periods range from 7 to 15 years depending on the utility rates and life-cycle-cost-analysis assumptions.  It was found that the "FCHART" performance prediction procedure normally used for residential domestic hot-water-system situations come within 10 percent of predicting the actual performance of the subject system yielding slightly lower solar load fractions than those obtained in the experiment. This report contains a chronological history of the project, a description of the instrumentation and data system custom built for the project, detailed operational results, and an economic analysis of the solar system.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/185337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY CONSERVATION: POLICY ISSUES AND END-USE SCENARIOS OF SAVINGS POTENTIAL. PART 6. END-USE ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA BASE AND SCENARIOS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[End-use energy conservation scenarios discussed show the combined effect on energy consumption of implementing a number of conservation measures. The scenarios serve two overall purposes. First, they provide a contrast of a series of nonconservation cases based on assumption of growth rate and appliance saturation with conservation cases based on similar assumptions. Second, they provide detailed data and documentation for the savings potential for each conservation measure, the stock affected, and the calculation of total energy savings. Included are conservation measures of both a behavioral nature and technological nature. Quantitative estimates of energy consumption and conservation potential in the major residential and commercial end uses, transportation modes, and industrial subsectors have been made. For each measure and for the total scenario, a base case and a conservation case were computed. The subsectors for which the scenarios are constructed are: residential (electric and gas applicances); commercial end uses (heating, cooling, water heating, lighting); building types retail-wholesale, office, auto-repair, education services, health services, hotel-motel); transportation (auto, truck, van, airplane, bus, railway, motorcycle); freight (truck, rail, air); and industrial subsectors (17 industries). (ERA citation 04:030518)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COAL IN TRANSITION 1980--2000 DEMAND CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The usefulness of the Brookhaven model, TESOM, lies in its exploration of the demand side of the energy system. Sectors where coal may be substituted for other energy forms are identified, and attractive technologies are highlighted. The results of the runs accord well with intuitive expectations. The increasing prices of oil and natural gas usually imply that (a) coal synthetics become increasingly attractive technologies, except in the High Demand and CRUNCH Cases (b) nuclear and hydro-electric generation are preferred technologies, (c) coal steam electric, even with expensive scrubbers, becomes more attractive than oil or gas steam electric by year 1990, (d) fluidized bed combustion for electricity generation is cost effective (with relatively small environmental impacts) when compared to oil, gas and coal steam electric. FBC process steam exhibits similar behavior. In the High Demand and CRUNCH scenarios, technologies such as solar electric, which are usually not chosen on the basis of cost, enter the solution because meeting demands has become extremely difficult. As the allowed coal expansion rate becomes a limiting factor, coal synthetics manufacturing becomes an unattractive alternative. This is due both to the need for coal electric generation to meet high electricity demand levels, and to the inefficiencies in the manufacturing process. Due to preferred allocation of coal to electricity generation or synthetics, direct coal use is reduced, although this is normally a preferred option. (ERA citation 04:012268)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALIFORNIA ENERGY TRENDS AND CHOICES, VOLUME 3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION, A BIENNIAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/83075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume explains current and proposed conservation programs, including appliance and building efficiency standards, load management, and insulation standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/83075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIFESTYLES AND HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE: 1973 AND 1975 NATIONAL SURVEYS. CODE BOOK AND DATA PROCESSING GUIDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Energy and Lifestyles data documentation and file are a compilation of data collected in two national housing unit surveys. The first survey conducted in May 1973 collected data for 1455 households and the housing units in which those households resided. The sample was designed to provide an oversampling of low income households. The survey was repeated in 1975 for 3140 households, of which approximately 1000 were repeat households from the 1973 survey. Therefore, on a record dump, some households will have a large block of data, whereas, others will have some blanks for the missing information either from 1973 or 1975. Among the variables collected on the survey are: (1) characteristics, size, construction, and amenities of housing units; (2) economic and demographic data on households; (3) actual consumption and cost of electricity and natural gas in residential use; and estimated cost of fuel oil; (4) characteristics of equipment used for space heating and cooling, as well as water heating; (5) auto ownership and usage; (6) personal transportation behavior; (7) possession of appliances and other energy using household conveniences; and (8) changes in energy-related behavior and attitudes toward energy consumption since energy shortages first came to widespread public attention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIFESTYLES AND HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE: 1973 AND 1975 NATIONAL SURVEYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/58669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Energy and Lifestyles data documentation and file are a compilation of data collected in two national housing unit surveys. The first survey conducted in May 1973 collected data for 1455 households and the housing units in which those households resided. The sample was designed to provide an oversampling of low income households. The survey was repeated in 1975 for 3140 households, of which approximately 1000 were repeat households from the 1973 survey. Therefore, on a record dump, some households will have a large block of data, whereas, others will have some blanks for the missing information either from 1973 or 1975. Among the variables collected on the survey are: (1) characteristics, size, construction, and amenities of housing units; (2) economic and demographic data on households; (3) actual consumption and cost of electricity and natural gas in residential use; and estimated cost of fuel oil; (4) characteristics of equipment used for space heating and cooling, as well as water heating; (5) auto ownership and usage; (6) personal transportation behavior; (7) possession of appliances and other energy using household conveniences; and (8) changes in energy-related behavior and attitudes toward energy consumption since energy shortages first came to widespread public attention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/58669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY BALANCE FOR THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA FOR 1973</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A framework of accounts used in the metropolitan energy balance is presented for each of the following headings: resource type, fuel type, method of conversion, energy use, and demand sector. A table by fuel type of non-renewable and renewable primary energy resources used in the metropolitan Washington area is presented. Energy use data are presented in three demand sectors: (1) commercial, industrial, and institutional, (2) residential, and (3) transportation. Energy use data are presented by fuel type and demand sector using the following accounts: space heat, water heat, air conditioning, process, ground passenger transportation, ground freight transportation and air transportation. A flow chart is presented showing how a metropolitan energy resources model is integrated into a metropolitan framework model used for forecasting the effects of alternative metropolitan management strategies over a specified planning period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30427</guid>
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