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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Increasing Strength of Vehicle Body Frame Components Using Work Hardening of Steel Sheet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method was developed to enhance the bending strength of vehicle structural components by applying the work-hardening characteristics of steel sheet. When stamping the components, a corrugated shape is first formed, then the relevant part is flattened. Doing this lessens the reduction of sheet thickness and causes application of strain. The significance for yield strength of steel sheet obtained by these processes was clarified. When applied to hat-shaped components, the processes were demonstrated to have an effect on bending strength. It is considered that this approach will realize a reduction in vehicle body weight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104515</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of Shot Peening Exposure Time on Mechanical Behavior of Al 7075-T6 Alloy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742850</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This investigation addresses the effect of exposure time applied through shot peening as one of the severe plastic deformation technique on mechanical behavior of Al 7075-T6 alloy. Shot peening induces hardened layer in the surface region due to work-hardening effect by shot peening. The specimen shot peened for 105 s (SP105) exhibited highest values of tensile strength (591 MPa), yield strength (550 MPa) and surface hardness (265 VHN) as compared with untreated specimen with 568 MPa, 504 MPa and 184 VHN respectively. The increment in tensile properties are due to rapid improvement in the surface work-hardening by virtue of peening treatment with 105 s duration. In contrast, the shot peened alloy exhibited lower percentage elongation and higher surface roughness as compared with untreated one. The surface morphology and roughness studies before and after the treatment analyzed by suitable characterization. Besides, the extension of peening time in 140 s, the specimen lost its properties and shown lower tensile properties than 105 s peened one, even it exhibits a marginally higher hardness than SP105 specimen. As the SP140 specimen get disturbed over the longer impact of steel shots and by which the treated surface underwent into exhausted state. However, this shot peening treatment is industrially popular method due to its superior benefits compared to other surface treatments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2020 16:35:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742850</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis on the Mechanism of Strength-Ductility Enhancement by the Addition of 5% Mn in 0.1%C-2%Si-Mn Fresh Martensitic Steel with Synchrotron Radiation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1528074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To clarify the mechanism in which a 0.1C-2Si-5wt%Mn fresh martensitic steel shows high strength and high ductility, the relationship between work hardening behavior and dislocation density change during tensile test using high intensity X-ray diffraction in synchrotron radiation in SPring-8. The increase in Mn content from 1.5 to 5% enables martensitic structure to increase dislocation density from 2.5x10¹⁵ to 4.4x10¹⁵ mm/mm³, resulting in higher work hardening rate. The dislocation arrangement parameter obtained by the XRD result and TEM observation revealed that the addition of 5% Mn brought about retarding the formation of dislocation cell structure enable to increase dislocation density.５Ｍｎマルテンサイト鋼の高強度と高延性を示す原因を明らかにするため，放射光を用いて加工硬化と転位密度変化の関係を調べた．Ｍｎ含有量の増加は，転位密度を増加させ，高い加工硬化率をもたらした．ＸＲＤ，ＴＥＭ観察で得た転位配置パラメータは，５％Ｍｎの添加により転位セルの形成を遅らせることを明らかにした．]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2018 13:45:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1528074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Sensitivity to Work Hardening and Strain-Rate Effects in Nonlinear FEM Analysis of Ship Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complete stress–strain relationship is needed for nonlinear finite element simulation of ship collisions and other events with plastic deformations, whereas only the material grade is known in the design phase. The analyst has to rely on minimum requirements to material strength found in class rules and statistical distributions of the material parameters. This paper investigates the effect of various features of the complete stress–strain curve on the predicted outcome of a collision simulation. This is discussed on the basis of published literature, and the effect of the assumed stress–strain curve is determined through nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) simulations of a full-scale impact scenario. The influence of strain-rate effects is investigated. The findings reveal that the slope of the stress–strain curve determines how strains localise, and thereby when and where fracture propagates. The slope is strongly dependent on the yield ratio, yield plateau and the elongation to fracture, parameters that have significant statistical variation within a material grade. Some challenges related to simulation of strain-rate effects are also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jun 2018 16:40:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Double Modified Plastic Work-Hardening Constitutive Model for Sand under Plane-Strain Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/934534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the results from the isotropic loading-unloading tests and a series of plane strain compression tests along different stress path on Toyoura sand, a couple of hardening functions respectively for shear and volumetric plastic strain for sand is introduced in the framework of double hardening elasto-plastic constitutive model. A modified form of plastic compressive strain energy, which is stress path-independent, and a volumetric yielding locus compose the compression hardening model. Another modified plastic shear strain energy, which is also stress path-independent, and a shear yielding locus compose the shear hardening model. Then, the plastic strains can be described as the sum of two independent parts. Based on the above, a double modified plastic work-hardening constitutive model for sandy soils is proposed. It is shown that, based on the direct comparisons between the results from the numerical calculation and corresponding drained plane strain compression tests on Toyoura sand, the above-proposed constitutive model could reasonably simulate the deformation and strength behavior of sand with different stress-path.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Sep 2010 07:50:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/934534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Tensile Properties on the Energy-Absorbing Capacity of Weld-Bonded Austenitic Stainless Steel Profiles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/795999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article investigates the energy-absorbing capacity of stainless steel grades EN 1.4318 and EN 1.4301. The research considers both the quasi-static and dynamic properties of the materials and is performed using uniaxial tensile tests and compression tests on weld-bonded sheet metal profiles. A comparison of the compression tests with the tensile tests shows that stainless steel grade EN 1.4318 (considered to be unstable) absorbs crash energy more effectively, due to having a higher work-hardening rate. When optimizing the energy absorption of sheet metal profiles, results indicate that the work-hardening rate is an essential material property.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2007 11:31:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/795999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD CAPACITY AND THE ALLOCATION OF TIME</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/646382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Additional highway capacity gained by increasing travel speed affects the share of time an individual allocated to daily activities, such as commuting and time spent at work, shopping, or at home.  Using the 1990 and 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation surveys and Federal Highway Administration data, this paper extends previous research that identified and quantified induced demand in terms of vehicle miles traveled, by considering what type of demand is induced and which activities are consequently reduced.  While total travel times did not significantly change between 1990 and 1995, there was a significant change in activity duration.  Further, as a result of additional capacity, workers spent less time at home and doing other activities.  Nonworkers, in contrast, traveled more and spent more time shopping and at home, but less time at other activities.  This points out the differences in discretionary and nondiscretionary activities for workers and nonworkers.  It also suggests increased highway capacity provides real gains for people, at least in the short term, because time, not vehicle miles traveled, is the deciding factor for which activities are undertaken and which are eliminated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/646382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A MODEL FOR WORK-HARDENING PLASTICITY AND FAILURE OF CONCRETE UNDER MULTIAXIAL STRESSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/283083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A constitutive model aimed at describing the actual behaviour of concrete under multiaxial stresses, from initial yielding up to failure, is presented.  The model exhibits closed surfaces for initial yielding and subsequent loading stages, whilst the failure surface is open-ended along the negative hydrostatic axis.  The traces of the surfaces on any deviatoric plane are smooth and convex curves, particularly suitable for numerical applications. The results of the model show good agreement with experimental data.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jul 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/283083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A MATERIAL CHARACTERISATION STUDY OF LATERITISED PALLID ZONE SOILS NEAR WORSLEY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, SAN FRANCISCO, 12-16 AUGUST 1985</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The constitutive properties of the lateritic soils, near Worsley, located some 200 km south of Perth, W A, are the products of weathering and lateritisation of igneous rocks. These processes have produced a highly leached and cemented soil profile.  Laboratory based testing will significantly underestimate strengths and over estimate the compressibilities of these lateritised soils.  The camkometer (self boring pressuremeter) is most appropriate for testing these soils.  The shear stress vs strain relationships thus derived show initial linearity to the peak stress followed by either work softening or hardening behaviour.  Simplified models integrating geological causes with geotechnical effects are presented to explain their unusual constitutive properties.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLEEVE EXPANSION OF BOLT HOLES IN RAILROAD RAIL. VOLUME I - DESCRIPTION AND PLANNING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most predominant failure mode of rails with bolt joints is a web crack initiating at the rail bolt hole. This failure mode is of a classical fatigue nature induced by web stress concentration around the bolt hole. This program was conducted to apply a metal-working process to the rail bolt hole to reduce the effect of such stress concentration and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique. Using a process known as cold hole expansion, common to the aircraft industry, where the bolt hole is expanded to the point of plastic deformation, a residual compressive stress of both radial and tangential components is formed around the bolt hole. The compressive stress developed effectively reduces the failure-initiating stress concentration at the bolt hole. The effectiveness of the cold-expansion process as applied to rail was demonstrated by comparison fatigue testing of both cold-expanded (CE) and non-cold-expanded (NCE) specimens. Laboratory tests indicated that life improvement for CE specimens was such that web or head failures would be the predominant failure mode, rather than CE bolt holes. The test results were statistically analyzed, indicating a factor of 10 or greater improvement in rail life due to reduction in bolt-hole failure could be anticipated. Experimental equipment was adapted to apply cold hole expansion to an 8.5 mile test section of track in commercial service. Evaluation of this field test is continuing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLEEVE EXPANSION OF BOLT HOLES IN RAILROAD RAIL. VOLUME III - FIELD EXPERIMENT RESULTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bolt-hole cold-expansion process has been demonstrated by laboratory tests to significantly affect the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks from rail bolt holes such that a reduction of the incidence of rail-bolt-hole failure in cold-expanded rail would be expected. A field-verification experiment was implemented in 1977 and reported in Volume I of this report. This volume contains the results of the field experiment, and examination of the effect of fatigue ratio (R) on the observed laboratory fatigue-life improvement of cold-expanded bolt holes, an investigation of crack growth of rails in a vacuum environment, and a comparison of the fatigue performance of cold-expanded bolt holes with rail flashwelds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLEEVE EXPANSION OF BOLT HOLES IN RAILROAD RAIL. VOLUME II - PROCESS PARAMETERS AND PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bolt-hole cold-expansion process has been applied to railroad rail in laboratory tests and has demonstrated a potential for the reduction of rail-bolt-hole-failure incidence. Limited field tests also have been conducted and are currently under long-term evaluation. Because the process is not common to the rail industry, this procedures manual has been prepared to assist in process implementation. The procedures manual describes the process, and provides instruction and recommendations for field application, and establishes the requirements for bolt-hole and tool-size relationships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE COMBINED ISOTROPIC-KINEMATIC WORKHARDENING RULE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Ziegler modification of the Prager kinematic workhardening rule has been shown to be a correct statement of consistency during plastic loading.  Although the same modification has been used in conjunction with a combined isotropic-kinematic workhardening rule, it has not been established that this latter model renders an acceptable statement of consistency.  This paper shows that the Ziegler modification used with the combined isotropic-kinematic workhardening rule not only satisfies the consistency condition, but is also computationally more efficient than a direct employment of the consistency condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE APPLICATION OF THERMAL AND CREEP EFFECTS TO THE COMBINED ISOTROPIC-KINEMATIC HARDENING MODEL FOR INELASTIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a formulation is presented for a combined isotropic-kinematic hardening rule which includes both creep and thermal effects.  The resulting model accounts for temperature dependent material properties as well as the Bauschinger effect for reverse loading.  The virtual work equation and resulting matrix equations are derived for implementation of the model into a general purpose finite element code.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELASTOPLASTIC STRESS-STRAIN THEORY FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL- DISCUSSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[General observations are made about the requirements of models of the stress-strain behavior of cohesionless soil (by the use of both elastic and plastic constitutive relationships), and comments are made about the problem of the determination of the work-hardening law.  The use of the continium approach and its inherent problems (inhomogeneous deformation when dense materials are sheared) are discussed, and it is noted that plastic stress-strain relations provide a more convenient means of modeling this behavior than other approaches.  The use of stress-strain models to predict the response of a soil deposit to leading requires sophisticated analysis, but the reliability of the conclusiosn drawn from this analysis depends on the adequacy of the input data. Not only must sufficient testing be done to determine a set of material parameters but also sufficient work is needed to provide some idea of the likely variability of the material at a given site.  A procedure is outlined for determining the hardening function.  In developing a model for overconsolidated materials in general, but particularly with cohesive soils, it has been found possible to determine the hardening fuction by considering the nature of the undrained stress path.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Mar 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66607</guid>
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