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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Application of Digital Twins for Testing Connectivity, Automation, and Cooperation Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the use of co-simulation for evaluating cooperative driving automation (CDA) applications within a work zone environment. The examined use case focused on the merging maneuvers of a single CDA-equipped vehicle into either a CDA platoon or a traffic stream consisting of human-driven vehicles near a work zone with a one-lane blockage. The findings demonstrate that co-simulation can serve as an effective component of automated vehicle and CDA testing, particularly in complex and challenging environments such as work zones. The study further demonstrated that cooperative lane-changing behavior near work zones can be systematically assessed within a controlled simulation environment, and that the resulting performance measures can help identify limitations and guide improvements to existing automated and cooperative driving algorithms and control logic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 08:38:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761021</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Noise-resilient multi-camera vehicle trajectory refinement in long activity area of work zones via a novel multi-step smoothing and validation framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706579</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate vehicle trajectory data are essential for analyzing driver behavior and operational dynamics in large activity areas of work zone environments. However, trajectories derived from multi-camera systems often contain noise caused by camera jitters, lens distortion, and tracking inconsistencies. Traditional smoothing methods struggle in these conditions, tend to over or under smoothing, erasing important behaviors, leaving noise and jitter unfiltered. With the emergence of video based technology and computer vision, this study proposed multi-step trajectory smoothing techniques combining traditional and deep learning methods. The proposed framework is intended not only to improve smoothing accuracy, but also to enhance the reliability of trajectory-derived transportation variables for driver behavior monitoring, mobility analysis, and safety-oriented operational assessment in long work-zone activity areas. The novelty of this smoothing model framework includes pre smoothing, behavior learning, and post smoothing within a unified trajectory-refinement process. Secondly, the study introduces a multi-step quantitative validation framework to ensure that the refined trajectories are quantitatively accurate and statistically, kinematically, and behaviorally consistent. Thirdly, this study processed and curated 77 h of work-zone trajectory data from the I-65 freeway work zone in Tennessee. The dataset focuses on a 694 m activity area, representing a longer continuous work-zone observation length than typically reported in prior studies. The multi-step smoothing framework tested seven different model combinations and found the Savitzky–Golay to DL to Kernel configuration to be the most effective. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed modeling techniques consistently outperformed traditional smoothing methods. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the proposed modeling framework is capable of generating accurate and behaviorally consistent trajectories in complex real-world work zones, particularly focusing on activity areas through the validation framework.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 16:32:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706579</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Full Closure Versus Lane Closures for Freeway Maintenance
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freeway maintenance projects are essential but challenging operations that often entail significant safety risks, high costs, and traffic disruptions. In North Carolina, most freeway maintenance is performed using the lane closure option, where one or more lanes are closed and traffic is routed through remaining lanes or shoulders. A second option is a full closure, which shuts down the entire roadway (in one direction or both) and detours traffic via alternate routes. Each option has trade-offs: full closures can accelerate construction and enhance worker safety by removing traffic from the work zone, but they inconvenience motorists with detours; partial closures allow some traffic through, reducing detour impacts, but prolong the work and expose workers and drivers to work zone hazards. Currently, guidance on when to choose full closure versus lane closures is limited, leaving engineers to make case-by-case judgments without a consistent framework. Given the stakes, a data-driven approach is needed to optimize closure decisions.
This proposal outlines a two-year, research project to investigate the safety, construction cost, and operational impacts of full closures versus lane closures for freeway maintenance. The primary focus is traffic safety: understanding how full closures (with detoured traffic) compare to partial closures (with live traffic in a work zone) in terms of crash risk for motorists and workers. Secondary objectives include quantifying construction cost and time differences and assessing operational impacts such as traffic delay and rerouting effects, using practical analysis methods (avoiding the need for full regional traffic modeling). The ultimate goal is to develop guidance for North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to use when determining whether to use full closure or lane closures. This guidance will directly help NCDOT staff (both at the Division level and central offices) plan maintenance projects that minimize total harm (safety and mobility impacts) while maximizing efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
To achieve these objectives, the research team will: (1) review national and international literature and practices on work zone closure strategies, with emphasis on safety outcomes; (2) collect and analyze relevant data from past projects (in North Carolina and other states) to compare crash rates, work durations, and costs under different closure approaches; and (3) perform targeted operational analyses (e.g. using deterministic models or simplified traffic analysis tools) to estimate delays and diversion impacts without full-scale regional simulation.
Significance: By focusing first on safety, this research will fill a critical gap. For example, while it is intuitively safer for workers to have no traffic in the work zone (full closure), questions remain about the overall safety impact once detour routes are considered. Preliminary evidence from other states is mixed but informative: some full closure implementations have been associated with improved safety for both workers and travelers (and even lower overall crash rates on alternate routes), while others note the importance of careful detour planning to mitigate increased exposure of local roads to additional traffic and associated safety risks. By systematically studying these impacts and also evaluating cost and mobility outcomes, this project will produce actionable guidance. The products will include a final report and a concise guideline document that NCDOT can circulate among engineers and project managers. An implementation plan is built into the project to ensure the guidelines are effectively communicated (through workshops or webinars) and pilot-tested on a real project scenario. The outcome will empower NCDOT to make well-informed decisions that improve work zone safety, minimize traveler inconvenience, save money, and expedite project delivery.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 17:20:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highway Investigation Report: Multivehicle Work Zone Collision and Postcrash Fire on Interstate 95, Kenly, North Carolina, July 24, 2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736760</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On Wednesday, July 24, 2024, about 1:22 p.m., a Freightliner combination vehicle operated by Leonard’s Express was traveling north in the right lane of Interstate 95 near Kenly, Wilson County, North Carolina. The driver did not slow as the vehicle approached a slow-moving traffic queue that had formed due to a temporary work zone and lane closure about 1.7 miles north. The combination vehicle struck the rear of a slow-moving 2013 Chevrolet Tahoe at an estimated speed of 70 mph, resulting in a crash sequence that involved three other vehicles in the queue. A postcrash fire ensued and consumed the combination vehicle, which came to final rest in the left lane. Five people died and three sustained minor injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the Kenly, North Carolina, crash was the Freightliner driver’s inattention and failure to respond, for unknown reasons, to the visibly slow-moving vehicles at the end of a traffic queue caused by a temporary work zone and associated lane closure ahead. Contributing to the severity of the crash and occupant injuries were the speed, weight, and bumper height differentials between the striking vehicle and the slow-moving vehicles in the traffic queue.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736760</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Connected Work Zones Implementation Guide and Standard v01.00: Guidance for Setting Up and Operating a Connected Work Zone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document identifies the Connected Work Zone (CWZ) deployer needs, sets the requirements, and provides guidance for nationally interoperable connected work zones across the United States. The focus of this document is on system-to-system interfaces to enable interoperable CWZ applications. This document is envisioned as a living document. In addition to this Executive Summary, this document contains six main sections, as follows: General Information, Concept of Operations, System Interface Requirements, System Interface Design Details: Data Exchange Dialogs, System Interface Design Details: Data Concepts, and Connected Work Zones Testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:03:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Cost AI-Based System for Temporary Traffic Control Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work-zone fatalities in the United States increased by about 50% between 2013 and 2022, with a surge of 33% in 2021 alone. To protect workers and guide drivers safely through modified traffic patterns, temporary traffic controls (TTCs) are used that must be regularly inspected for proper functioning. However, the current inspection process is manual and resource intensive, typically involving a three-person team: one person to drive, another to photograph, and a third to document observations. This staffing requirement limits the frequency and the geographic coverage of safety reviews. 
For NCHRP 20-30/IDEA 264, the research team will develop an open-source artificial intelligence (AI)-powered TTC inspection software that leverages Vision Language Models and requires just one inspector with a dashcam and an internet-connected computer. The inspector will drive through the work zone, upload dashcam footage for processing, and review AI-detected issues on an interactive video. The system will transform TTC reviews in several significant ways: Convert a three-person operation into a streamlined, single-operator system, enabling more frequent inspections across wider geographic areas without additional labor cost; Apply assessment criteria uniformly and objectively across all work zones. This offers the potential to deliver more consistent and accurate evaluations regardless of inspector fatigue, regional staffing differences, and complex work zones; Harness the growing availability of crowdsourced dashcam footage from commercial fleets and autonomous vehicles. This integration transforms work-zone monitoring by ensuring remote, widespread, continuous geographical coverage, including during challenging conditions such as nighttime and adverse weather.
The team will focus on high-priority deficiencies the Texas Department of Transportation identified that carry the highest penalties and represent significant safety hazards in work zones. A structured database of historical review reports will be created for use for training, validation, and prototype testing. Working with Texas Department of Transportation, an evaluation metric will be established and refined. This will be followed by a system engineering task in which core components or modules of the proposed system will be developed and tested individually and in end-to-end testing using a dataset. The system’s report generation component will synthesize component outputs into standardized inspection documentation, incorporating observations, images, regulatory citations, and location data for each identified deficiency. Finally, the AI-based system will be tested and validated across at least three active work zones in Texas that have ongoing, traditional TTC inspections.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:44:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Temporary Portable Rumble Strips on Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness and operational implications of Temporary Portable Rumble Strips (TPRS) used by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) to alert drivers to upcoming work zones. While TPRS are intended to capture driver attention and reduce crash risk, concerns remain regarding their influence on driver behavior, avoidance maneuvers, and maintenance requirements. A field experiment was conducted at four work zones in Utah during the Summer 2025 construction season. Four deployment conditions—no TPRS and three spacing configurations—were tested. Data collection included speed measurements using mobile radar detectors and video-based observations of vehicle classification, braking behavior, avoidance maneuvers, and TPRS displacement. Results indicate that the effect of TPRS on speed reduction is inconclusive. Drivers who braked in response to TPRS typically did so before reaching the devices, suggesting that visual cues may be as influential as tactile feedback. Avoidance behavior was common among motorcycles and occurred occasionally among other vehicles. Driver responses were more strongly influenced by site-specific factors—such as roadway geometry and sight distance—than by TPRS spacing. TPRS displacement occurred gradually under traffic but was not clearly related to traffic volume or speed, suggesting that device age and condition play a larger role. Maintenance requires traffic gaps of approximately 34 seconds, which may not be feasible at higher-volume sites. These findings highlight the need for further evaluation of TPRS effectiveness, standards for device condition, consideration of alternative measures for long-term work zones, and increased contractor discretion based on site conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Different Vibrotactile Warning Strategies for Struck-By Hazards in Highway Construction Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Struck-by accidents are the foremost cause of fatalities at highway construction sites. Traditional visual and auditory alerts often fall short in addressing this issue due to the noisy and dynamic conditions prevalent in these work environments. This study assesses the performance of different vibrotactile warning strategies designed to alert workers on foot about imminent threats. Lab-based experiments were conducted to compare the performance of three distinct warning strategies, and their impact on participants’ reaction time, mental workload, and physical workload was evaluated. The findings reveal that two of the strategies (Strategy 1: indicating the direction of the safe path; Strategy 2: indicating the direction of the detected hazard) resulted in significantly quicker reaction times than Strategy 3 (indicating both hazard and safe path directions). However, the preferences regarding the warning strategies were evenly distributed across the three strategies among participants. This distribution highlights the necessity for developing customizable warning strategies in safety-critical environments, which enable tailoring solutions to diverse user groups and preferences. Future research should investigate the key factors affecting the preference of participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Caltrans Traffic Operations Data Standards Implementation Recommendations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report investigates the evolving landscape of data standards within the transportation ecosystem, emphasizing their critical role in enabling interoperability, safety, and innovation across Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The report outlines a strategic approach for advancing transportation data interoperability, emphasizing the need for implementation guidance to complement evolving standards. Effective interoperability requires five key components: robust data curation, discoverability, identity management, data exchange, and analytics. The private sector has a vital role to play—competing in analytics and user-facing applications—while resisting vendor lock-in that hampers long term integration. Emerging standards for Connected Work Zones (CWZ) represent a critical near-term opportunity, with Caltrans positioned to lead by modernizing its Lane Closure System (LCS), engaging stakeholders, and aligning business processes with data needs. The report concludes with actionable next steps for Caltrans, including developing data ontologies, piloting CWZ-compliant workflows, and investing in open, scalable infrastructure to support a safer, more connected transportation ecosystem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:09:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relationships Between Drivers’ Safety Perception and Merging Behavior in Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Merging situations in work zones often introduce elevated safety risks because of dynamic lane configurations, temporary traffic controls, and the complex, rapid decision-making required by drivers in controlled environments. Previous research has analyzed driver safety perception in work zone areas; however, limited attention has been paid to understanding how the perceived level of safety relates to driving behavior in work zone merging. This study addresses this gap by examining how individual differences in driving behavior are associated with drivers’ perceived safety when navigating merging maneuvers in work zones. An online survey was conducted on 333 drivers in Australia and the UK, gathering data on driver safety perceptions for 16 simulated merging scenarios. Respondents also completed a Driver Behavior Questionnaire. In a two-step analysis methodology, a principal component analysis (PCA) was first employed to reduce the dimensionality of the data and extract underlying behavioral and perceptual constructs. A generalized estimating equations regression model was then developed to determine the associations between safety perception and the components obtained from the PCA. The results showed that drivers prone to cognitive errors felt less safe when surrounded by more than two vehicles, and the aggression and violation traits had less effect on safety perceptions. Younger and male drivers feel safer in potentially risky situations. The results offer a data-driven basis for improving risk assessment frameworks and tailoring driver-targeted interventions in work zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 08:41:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Communication of Fixed and Mobile Warnings to Commercial Trucks Using In-Cab Notification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving commercial vehicle safety continues to be an important priority for all stakeholders. There has been considerable focus in Indiana on reducing work zone related crashes, particularly those involving commercial motor vehicles encountering unexpected slowdowns or stopped traffic on the Interstate. Connected vehicle data have the potential to warn motorists of impending slowdowns and congestion in real-time. Multiple data providers have recently begun providing in-cab alerts to commercial vehicle drivers in areas of congestion, dangerous slowdowns, and work zone construction to increase driver awareness of potential hazards. This research utilized 1-second frequency data from trucks receiving in-cab alerts for Congestion or Dangerous Slowdown incidents on limited access roadways in Indiana to analyze the impact of these alerts on commercial vehicle driver behavior from about 30 seconds prior up to 5 minutes after an alert was received. Analysis of approximately 20,000 in-cab alerts sent to commercial vehicle drivers along 44 limited access corridors in Indiana for the months of April–June 2024 showed that 21.2% of drivers receiving a Dangerous Slowdown alert and 15% of drivers receiving a Congestion alert had reduced their speeds by at least 5 mph within 30 s of receiving an alert. As this area of in-cab alerts continues to evolve, it will be important to converge on a shared vision and common targets for these safety and mobility performance measures so that public agencies, in-cab alert providers, and trucking companies can work closely together to agilely improve these systems and increase driver confidence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving the Quality and Useability of Planned and Active Work Zone Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work zone data may be used to support efforts ranging from internal operational and safety analysis to public communications and connected vehicle navigation. Ensuring the quality and consistency of this data is vital to its usability. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT)’s current systems,  VaTraffic and the Lane Closure Advisory Management System (LCAMS), require double entry of data, and the other data sets they feed into all display the data differently. This project will review data quality standards and create guidance that can be applied in LaneAware to ensure quality moving forward. In November 2024, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) updated its Work Zone Safety and Mobility Final Rule (23CFR630 Subpart J), which in part requires state departments of transportation (DOTs) to identify mobility and work-zone-exposure performance metrics that will be used to track performance and the statewide level and for specific major projects.  Best practices used by other DOTs will be gathered and recommended for adoption. Tools and scripts for data cleaning and analysis will improve the application of these data to operational and safety analysis, which is currently hampered by issues such as identifying data from planned work zones from active ones. By consulting with a wide range of stakeholders, these recommendations will consider the wide-ranging needs of both data producers and consumers in this system.     ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 10:53:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MoDOT Work Zone Speed Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Management of work zone speeds and ensuring driver compliance with work zone speed limits play an important role in reducing the number and severity of work zone crashes. The objective of this research study is to assess speeds driven by motorists in Missouri freeway work zones, including average speeds, 85th percentile speeds, maximum speeds, and levels of work zone speed limit compliance and noncompliance. The research methodology to meet this objective includes a literature review and field study to collect and measure work zone speed data. The field study included the measurement and analysis of speeds (with and without a work zone) for almost 5.5 million vehicles at five interstate work zones in Missouri. Probe data from HERE were also analyzed, and crashes corresponding to the dates and locations of the data collection were reviewed. Results from the literature review indicate that previous studies generally found various levels of speed limit compliance in work zones. The crash review identified four crashes across all sites during the time of the data collection, one of which was due to excessive speed. Overall, results from the analysis of field data and HERE data indicate prevalent speeding in Missouri work zones. While vehicle speeds were lower with the work zone compared to non-work zone conditions, speed variation with the work zone in place also increased. The presence of workers in the closed lane separated by channelizers on I-44 was associated with lower speeds and greater speed limit compliance. Possible strategies to reduce speeds and improve speed limit compliance in Missouri work zones could include law enforcement presence, speed feedback trailers, public outreach campaigns, and reviewing existing policies on setting work zone speed limits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accurate Collection and Reporting of Worker Presence in Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway work zones remain high-risk environments due to the close interaction between workers, live traffic, and heavy equipment. While platforms like the Work Zone Data Exchange (WZDx) and state Department of Transportation (DOT) traveler information maps provide location and traffic impact data, real-time, verified information regarding actual worker presence is often unavailable. This data gap limits the effectiveness of smart work zone deployments and emerging connected vehicle applications. This study evaluated device-based location technologies for highway work zone applications by comparing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) approaches. Results indicated that BLE devices relying on crowdsourced networks produced inconsistent reporting and large location errors, particularly in rural areas, while GNSS devices provided more stable and temporally consistent data but involved tradeoffs related to cost, battery life, and data accessibility. To address these limitations, the research developed the WZ-Gateway Node, an open-source prototype that utilizes shared communication to reduce recurring costs. Complementing the hardware, the MU Worker Presence Platform was developed to process device-level data into validated worker presence attributes. By applying spatial buffering and activity classification logic, the platform filters false positives and protects worker privacy while accurately associating field activity with work zone characteristics. Field evaluations confirmed the platform’s ability to generate WZDx-compliant feeds with real-time, verified worker presence information. These findings offer a practical roadmap for Missouri DOT and other transportation agencies to enhance traveler safety, smart work zone operations, and connected vehicle applications by basing worker presence alerts on actual field conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the Contributing Factors to Crashes with and without the Presence of Work Zone Workers Using Machine Learning Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the nation’s roadways continue to deteriorate, the presence of work zones on US highways is anticipated to increase, highlighting the crucial need for the safety of both work zone workers and road users. This study combined descriptive statistics and Shapley feature important analysis to examine work zone crash data in Ohio from 2019 to 2023. The goal was to identify the factors contributing to crash severity with and without the presence of work zone workers. Various machine learning models, including k-nearest neighbors, random forest, eXtreme gradient boosting, and Light gradient boosting machines, were employed to predict crash outcomes across three data sets. LightGBM emerged as the best-performing model. Shapley values were then utilized to interpret the contributing factors to crash injury severity. The analysis indicated that shoulder and lap belt use consistently reduced crash severity across all data sets. Multi-vehicle crashes, sideswipes, angles, and rear-end crashes were among the variables that had an increasing influence on crash severity across the three data sets. The partial dependence plot revealed that the mobile work zone type significantly influenced worker-present crash severity, while out-of-state drivers were a significant factor in non-worker-present crashes. The findings of this study are intended to guide transportation practitioners and policymakers in enhancing work zone safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562238</guid>
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