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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Evaluating Long Term Capacity &amp; Ductility of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Prestressing &amp; Post Tensioning Strands Subject to Long Term Losses, Creep, and Environmental Factors, and Development of CFRP Prestressing Specifications for the Design of Highway Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1647075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Comprehensive experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations were executed to establish the main design criteria of bridge beams prestressed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strands. The investigation evaluated the short and long-term performance of CFRP under various environmental and loading conditions. Main CFRP design parameters such as maximum tensile strength, guaranteed strength, environmental reduction factors, relaxation, creep rupture strength, short and long-term prestress loss, and performance at elevated temperatures have been evaluated and documented. The experimental investigation included testing and evaluating unbonded prestressed CFRP strands as well as half-scale CFRP pretentioned decked bulb T-beams. Various test protocols were adopted and included such as testing and evaluating bonded and unbonded CFRP specimens: (1) at ambient temperature and controlled laboratory conditions, (2) under combined fire/loading events, (3) after exposure to cycles of freezing and thawing, (4) after exposure to outdoor harsh Michigan weather conditions for three years, (5) inside an environmental chamber simulating extremely hot and cold weather conditions, and (6) after exposure to elevated temperatures with and without loading. The results from the experimental investigation were implemented in the development of extensive analytical and numerical investigations that addressed the flexural and shear design of full-scale highway bridge beams. Test results were deployed to establish benchmark design criteria, design guidelines, and recommendations in a format similar to that of AASHTO LRFD to facilitate and promote the design and construction of highway bridges with CFRP components.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2019 13:01:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1647075</guid>
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      <title>Analysis of the Impacts of a Tunnel on a Normal Fault Rupture through Uniform Soil Cover</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Damages due to a fault activity can be divided into dynamic rupture and quasi-static rupture. In some special projects like roads, channels, and pipelines, engineers have to design and construct them on the faults inescapably. In addition to seismic design, the effects of fault rupture crossing the structures must be considered in the design process. In this paper, four different computer models of a granular alluvium with and without a tunnel were made by a three-dimensional finite-difference software. A normal fault offset with three different cross angles was applied to the bottom of the models at the next step. Then, the shear bands propagation and ground deformations were calculated. The results show that the effects of tunnel existence on the ground deformations and shear band propagation depend on the cross angle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:14:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417215</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Improved Method of Leak Detection Used in Natural Gas Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipelines are the safest and most economic transport systems for natural gas. In the long-term life of the pipeline, there will inevitably be a rupture, leak or damage caused by manmade events or by natural disasters. Leaks may generate dangerous clouds of gas which escape from high-pressure pipes and produce serious fires and explosions, endangering the lives and property of people in and around the area. Monitoring natural gas pipeline leaks will, in time, discover and locate these dangerous situations and reduce loss. The core contents of leak monitoring are the accurate location of leaks as well as rapid identification of different signal sources, thus reducing the occurrence of false alarms. There are a variety of approaches currently used by pipeline operators to detect leaks in natural gas pipelines. This paper describes a developed leak detection approach based on Real Time Transient Model (RTTM) for leak detecting in natural gas pipelines which has been used in Central Asia/China Gas Pipeline. The advantage of this developed approach is that a leak which occurs in all flow conditions (including operational transients) can be detected. This RTTM model provides a sensitive alarm threshold and takes a very short time to detect leaks in gas pipelines. It can identify and locate small leaks in seconds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2014 11:44:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Modeling of Strike-Slip Fault Rupture Propagation through Soft Soil Deposit and Embankment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To explore the effect of strike-slip fault rupture propagation through soft soil deposit on embankment deformation, the authors performed dynamic response analyses by using the software ABAQUS. In the first step of their analysis, the authors discuss the effect of strike-slip fault rupture direction and velocity on the embankment deformation. The reason behind this is that in most studies fault rupture direction is assumed to be unilateral and its velocity is assumed to be slow, with linear changes occurring with time. As a result, in the study the authors assume that the fault rupture can be unilateral or bilateral, and that the fault rupture velocity changes with time. Results from the analyses show that the ground displacement is greater than the displacement on the top of the embankment regardless of the fault rupture direction and velocity; bilateral fault rupture produces greater embankment displacement than the unilateral fault rupture and an approximately symmetrical embankment deformation shape with respect to the fault location. If the increments of the fault rupture velocity change with the increase of time, the embankment deformation is different. For example, if the increment of the fault rupture velocity reduces with time, the situation shows that the embankment deformation is smaller than if the increments of the fault rupture velocity increase with time. From the study, the authors also obtained the worst-case fault rupture direction and velocity, which will be of assistance to engineers' design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2013 08:52:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Pulse Effects of NFGM on the Dynamic Response of Bridge Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1120931</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Low-frequency near-fault ground motions (NFGM) occur as a result of source effects of rupture directivity. Because of path effects, large subduction-zone earthquakes as well as moderate to large crustal earthquakes can generate far-source low-frequency ground motions in distant sedimentary basins. These effects are important design considerations because they often impose large demands on long-period structures like bridges. By using discrete-time signal processing method in which a low-pass filter at a suitable cut-off frequency is applied to the Fourier transforms of the processed acceleration and velocity time history records, low– frequency contents for acceleration, velocity and/or displacement time histories can be isolated from which directivity or path effects can be identified. By using the acceleration pulse as the excitation force, it is shown that the displacement response of a linearly elastic single degree-of-freedom (SDF) system with natural period exceeding a certain value referred to as the cut-off period is quite comparable with that due to the original ground excitation. The displacement response characteristics of a linearly elastic SDF system like a bridge bent when it is subjected to pulse-like excitation is studied qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively, the effects of three types of pulses - monotonically increasing, ripple and resonance - on the system displacement response are identified. Quantitatively, these three pulse types are identified though a modified displacement response factor. Because values of the displacement response factor can be as high as 10 to 25 for resonant pulses acting on an undamped system, it can be concluded that such pulses are the most devastating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 14:51:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1120931</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Two Yielding Surface Elasto-Plastic Model with Consideration of Grain Breakage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/934560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An elasto-plastic model with two yield surfaces has been developed for the simulation of granular materials with consideration of grain ruptures. Grain breakage is induced by deviatoric as well as isotropic stresses. One yield function is based on a Mohr-Coulomb criterion with a hyperbolic hardening function of the plastic deviatoric strain. A second yield function is introduced to describe the plastic behavior under compression, in which a hardening function of the plastic volumetric strain is introduced. The main assumption of this model is that, upon loading, the position of the critical state changes as a consequence of grain breakage. The effect of the grain size distribution is introduced in the relationship between the void ratio at critical state and the mean effective stress. Triaxial and oedometer tests have been performed on crushable granular materials. Comparison of experimental results and numerical simulations shows that the new model can reproduce with good accuracy the behavior of granular materials subjected to grain ruptures during mechanical loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Sep 2010 07:49:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/934560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Dynamic Slip Model for a Shear Crack</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/915724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A better understanding of the surface and internal deformations induced by a stress drop slip zone during an earthquake is important for geophysics and earthquake engineering. The objective of this paper is to develop a dynamic slip model for a shear crack under constant stress drop. This crack problem is formulated by a traction boundary integral equation (BIE) in the frequency domain and then solved by the hyper-singular boundary element method as well as the regularization technique proposed in this paper. Based on the spectral integral form of the kernel function, the unbounded term can be isolated and extracted from the hyper-singular kernel function by using the method of subtracted and added back in wave number domain. Finally, based on the inverse transformation from the frequency domain to the time domain, the time histories of crack opening displacement under constant stress drop can be determined. Three rupture models (simultaneous rupture model, symmetric bilaterally-propagating model and unilaterally propagating model) with specified time histories of stress drop are considered in this paper. Even though these three models will cause the same final slip shapes because of the same constant stress drop, the associated slip time functions differ significantly from each other during the rupture process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Apr 2010 07:14:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/915724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Normal Fault Rupture Interaction with Strip Foundations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/885803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observations after earthquakes where surface fault ruptures crossed engineering facilities reveal that some structures survived the rupture almost unscathed. In some cases, the rupture path appears to divert, "avoiding" the structure. Such observations point to an interaction between the propagating rupture, the soil, and the foundation. This paper (i) develops a two-step nonlinear finite-element methodology to study rupture propagation and its interaction with strip foundations; (ii) provides validation through successful Class "A" predictions of centrifuge model tests; and (iii) conducts a parameter study on the interaction of strip foundations with normal fault ruptures. It is shown that a heavily loaded foundation can substantially divert the rupture path, which may avoid outcropping underneath the foundation. The latter undergoes rigid body rotation, often detaching from the soil. Its distress arises mainly from the ensuing loss of support that takes place either at the edges or around its center. The average pressure q on the foundation largely dictates the width of such unsupported spans. Increasing q decreases the unsupported width, reducing foundation distress. The role of q is dual: (1) it compresses the soil, "flattening" fault-induced surface "anomalies"; and (2) it changes the stress field underneath the foundation, facilitating rupture diversion. However, even if the rupture is diverted, the foundation may undergo significant stressing, depending on its position relative to the fault outcrop.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2009 07:18:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/885803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporation of Forward-Directivity into Seismic Hazard Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ground motions in close proximity to the causative fault of an earthquake can be significantly affected by the propagation of rupture. In particular, when the rupture and slip direction relative to a site coincide and a significant portion of the fault ruptures towards the site, the ground motion can exhibit the effects of Forward-Directivity (FD). FD effects can result in higher seismic demands and must be considered for design or retrofit of a structure that is in the proximity of an active fault. Much research has been conducted recently on the seismological aspects leading to FD, and the characteristics of FD motions. However, designers still lack specific guidelines as to how to account for FD effects when determining the seismic hazard for a given structure. The overall purpose of this research project is to develop a methodology for the inclusion of the effects of near-fault FD into the determination of seismic demand for a structure or a geotechnical system. The focus of the study will be the potential for near-fault effects associated with the Seattle and Tacoma faults in Washington State, and how these near-fault effects can affect the transportation infrastructure in the state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2009 12:17:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884415</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Surface Rupture Hazards for BTC Pipeline Fault Crossings, Turkey</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/870772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This chapter on the characterization of surface rupture hazards for pipeline fault crossings is from the proceedings of an international conference on the terrain and geohazard challenges facing onshore oil and gas pipelines (June 2004, London, United Kingdom). The authors use the Turkish section of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Crude Oil Pipeline as a case study.  After a basic review of the concepts of geological setting and hazard susceptibility, they describe studies used to characterize the surface fault rupture hazards for this section of the pipeline.  Topics include desk-top studies used to develop information on the locations and types of geological hazards that might be encountered, including topographic maps, aerial photography, earthquake history, and geodetic data; general uncertainties and engineering implications; technical review steps undertaken during the Basic Engineering phase, including field verification of the fault locations and geological features identified earlier; and the fault crossing investigations, conducted to establish which of the 42 faults were Holocene active structures, to confirm fault location, to estimate the width of the fault zones, and to develop three-dimensional fault displacement parameters.  Through performance of field reconnaissance studies and site-specific investigations, the number of fault crossings for this pipeline section in Turkey was reduced from 42 to 8, resulting in fewer locations requiring special design and construction.  The authors conclude that a pipeline project should conduct the phased geohazard investigation prior to final selection and design of the pipeline route.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:38:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/870772</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault Rupture Propagation through Sand: Finite-Element Analysis and Validation through Centrifuge Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The three notorious earthquakes of 1999 in Turkey (Kocaeli and Düzce) and Taiwan (Chi-Chi), having offered numerous examples of surface fault rupturing underneath civil engineering structures, prompted increased interest in the subject. This paper develops a nonlinear finite-element methodology to study dip–slip ("normal” and "reverse") fault rupture propagation through sand. The procedure is verified through successful Class A predictions of four centrifuge model tests. The validated methodology is then utilized in a parametric study of fault rupture propagation through sand. Emphasis is given to results of engineering significance, such as: (1) the location of fault outcropping; (2) the vertical displacement profile of the ground surface; and (3) the minimum fault offset at bedrock necessary for the rupture to reach the ground surface. The analysis shows that dip–slip faults refract at the soil–rock interface, initially increasing in dip. Normal faults may keep increasing their dip as they approach the ground surface, as a function of the peak friction angle phi and subscript p and the angle of dilation psi and subscript p. In contrast, reverse faults tend to decrease in dip, as they emerge on the ground surface. For small values of the base fault offset, h, relative to the soil thickness, H, a dip–slip rupture cannot propagate all the way to the surface. The h/H ratio required for outcropping is an increasing function of soil "ductility." Reverse faults require significantly higher h/H to outcrop, compared to normal faults. When the rupture outcrops, the height of the fault scrap, s, also depends on soil ductility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 07:56:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Closure to "Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading at Izmit Bay During the Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey Earthquake" by K. Onder Cetin, T. Leslie Youd, Raymond B. Seed, Jonathan D. Bray, Jonathan P. Stewart, H. Turan Durgunoglu, W. Lettis, and M. Tolga Yilmaz</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/786713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A closure to the discussions of the aforementioned article, published in this journal (Volume 130, No. 12, December 2004) is presented.  The authors address the concerns of the discussers relating to ground deformations.  The authors do not agree with the argument concerning the orientation of the fault rupture, but they do concur on the issue of lateral spreads.  There are also serious concerns concerning the application of dilation concepts on fault rupture problems.  The definitions and mechanisms of lateral spreading are also clarified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 07:58:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/786713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Limitations in the Back-Analysis of Strength from Failures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stability failures are often "back-analyzed" in an attempt to estimate the operative shear strength. In fact, back-analysis is commonly believed to be one of the most reliable ways to estimate soil and/or rock strength. However, this paper provides examples to illustrate specific situations in which back-analysis of failures can lead to misinterpretation of strength. Examples from earth and concrete gravity dams are used, and consideration is given to both two- and three-dimensional idealizations. The cases demonstrate that interpreted strength can be in significant error, and in practically all cases the errors are unconservative. Finally, this paper illustrates that back-analysis is reliable only when the model and all assumptions are reasonable and accurate representations of the real system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2006 08:11:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural Response of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/771486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), fibers can be effective in arresting cracks at both macro and micro levels. Most of the FRC used today involves the use of a single fiber type, which implies that any fiber can provide reinforcement only at one level and within a limited range of strain or crack opening. For an optimal response, various types of fibers may be combined to produce hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HyFRC). The influence was quantified of various hybrid fiber combinations on fresh properties of concrete (that is, workability) and on hardened properties such as compressive strength. The objectives of the present study, however, were to investigate the flexural toughness properties of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete and to identify synergistic effects between fibers, if present. The study found that some hybrid composites demonstrated some synergy between fibers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2005 15:05:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/771486</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Generation, Propagation and Runup</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A numerical model is applied to calculate cleanup and inundation along the east coast of New Zealand arising from tsunami generated locally along the New Zealand coastal margin.  In general, tsunami can be generated by a suddenly movement of the ocean bed or by objects such as subaerial landslides and bolides falling into the ocean; however, this study is restricted to fault ruptures and submarine landslides.  The model is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Strokes (RANS) equation and uses a finite element spatial approximation, implicit time integration, a semi-Largrangian advection approximation, and several different methods for treating pressure variations.  These methods include the hydrostatic approximation, a simplified pressure interpolation scheme, and a full solution with pressure Poisson equation.  The different methods of approximation are being evaluated against test problems for wave runup and submarine avalanches.  Although these results are preliminary, the results with a simplified pressure model are encouraging in that they provide a realistic approximation to non-hydrostatic effects while remaining competitive with the efficiency of depth-averaged models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761692</guid>
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