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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>QUARRYING AND PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS: RIPPERS, PORTABLE CRUSHERS, MIXING BEDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BECAUSE OF THE EFFECT OF VIBRATIONS DUE TO BLASTING UPON SURROUNDINGS OF QUARRIES IT MAY BECOME NECESSARY TO RESTRICT OR STOP THE BLASTING OPERATIONS. IN SUCH CASES, WHEN DEALING WITH SUITABLE AND RELATIVELY LOOSE ROCK, IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO QUARRY THE RAW MATERIAL BY RIPPING AND THEN SHIFTING IT WITH THE AID OF HEAVY CRAWLER VEHICLES. THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT ARE THE ENGINE POWER AND THE WEIGHT OF THE CRAWLER VEHICLE. SOME EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF RIPPING IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY IS ALREADY AVAILABLE. WITH PORTABLE CRUSHING PLANTS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVAIL ONESELF OF THE ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS MATERIALS HANDLING IN THE QUARRY AS WELL. A NUMBER OF FAIRLY LARGE INSTALLATIONS ARE IN USE. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SHOW THAT WALKING MECHANISMS WHEREBY SUCH INSTALLATIONS CAN MOVE FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER ARE GAINING IN IMPORTANCE. CRUSHED STONE STOCKPILES ENABLE THE QUARRYING OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED MORE ECONOMICALLY AND ALSO, BY PREHOMOGENISING OF THE RAW MATERIAL, PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS FOR WELL-CONTROLLED KILN RUNNING. THERE ARE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF STOCKPILING AND RECLAIMING THE MATERIAL, ALL OF WHICH REQUIRE A GREATER OR LESS EXPENDITURE IN RESPECT OF TECHNICAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101580</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>1967 RIPPING AND BLASTING RESULTS IN SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTORS AND RIPPERS AND IN BLAST-HOLE DRILLS AND EXPLOSIVES HAVE INCREASED PRODUCTION AND DECREASED UNIT COST IN THE FRAGMENTATION OF EARTH-ROCK STRUCTURES. THESE METHODS ARE SUMMARIZED AND RESULTS CURRENTLY IN PRACTICE PRESENTED. PRACTICES ARE CORRELATED WITH THE SEISMIC SHOCK WAVE VELOCITIES OF THE STRUCTURES. SEISMOGRAPH STUDIES WERE MADE OF 300 JOB SITES AND 200 OF THE STUDIES CORRELATED WITH THE CONTRACTORS' AND THE MINERS' EXCAVATING METHODS AND PRODUCTION. THE ROCKS OF SOUTHWESTERN USA ARE GENERALLY WARPED, FOLDED, DIPPED, AND FAULTED BY EARTHQUAKES AND ARE OF IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, AND METAMORPHIC TYPES. THE SEISMOGRAPH IS AN ACCEPTED MEANS OF MEASURING THE COST OF EXCAVATION OF ROCKS BY DERIVING: (1) RIPPING COSTS AND BLASTING COSTS WHICH ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION OF THE MATERIAL, (2) CONSOLIDATION WHICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SEISMIC SHOCK WAVE VELOCITY OF THE MATERIAL, AND (3) THE COST OF PREPARING THE MATERIAL FOR MOVEMENT WHICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SHOCK WAVE VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-ROCK STRUCTURE. TRACTORS ARE INCREASING IN HORSEPOWER AND WEIGHT, AND THE PARALLELOGRAM TYPE RIPPER IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE SWING TYPE RIPPER. THESE FACTORS HAVE INCREASED THE PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY TRACTOR RIPPERS. THE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF THESE RIPPERS ARE REVIEWED. AVERAGING PRODUCTION AND UNIT COST EQUATIONS FOR BOTH MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY TRACTOR RIPPERS, PRODUCTION VARIES INVERSELY APPROXIMATELY AS THE 3.15 POWER OF THE SHOCK WAVE VELOCITY. THE UNIT COST VARIES APPROXIMATELY AS THE 3.18 POWER. PERCUSSION DRILLS AND BLASTING ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE SELECTION OF RIPPING OR BLASTING METHODS DEPENDS ON THE CONSOLIDATION FOUND IN THE EARTH-ROCK STRUCTURE. SECONDARY CONSIDERATIONS ARE METHOD OF HAULAGE, THICKNESS OF BEDDING OR STRATIFICATION OF THE ROCK]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107462</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>QUANTIFICATION OF THE DISCONTINUITIES OF ROCK AND ROCK MASSES - METHODS AND APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The breaking up of rock may be considered on two different scales - (1) the scale of the tool which attacks and penetrates the rock' that is the scale of the miner's pick, of the toothed wheel, of the drill bit of the pneumatic drill, of the cutting edge of the ripper; it is also the scale of the test sample.  (2) the scale of the rock mass within which the structure is constructed: gallery, chamber, shafts or trenches.  The discontinuities affecting rock at those two levels having an important role in the process of breakdown and mechanical excavation, two methods have been developed.  The first uses the rock quality index defined on the basis of measurements of wave velocity in samples. This permits the detection, the quantification and the description of discontinuities affecting the rock at the scale of the sample (porosity, micro-cracking).  The second is concerned with the description of the rock mass: utilizing the possibilities offered by mathematical morphology, and texture analysis, it enables a quantitative characterisation (extension, opening) of the discontinuities to be made in so far as these affect the rock mass and the excavation for the structure on the basis of graphical representations.  Examples of the application concern the mechanical excavation of rock. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GEOLOGICAL FACTORS SIGNIFICANT IN THE ASSESSMENT OF RIPPABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The geological factors that are significant in the evaluation of excavation characteristics of earth and rock materials are described and a guide to the assessment of rippability by tractor mounted rippers is provided.  A rippability rating chart is proposed, utilizing the geological parameters which influence ripping and excavation operations. Case histories are presented which illustrate the point that, although seismic wave velocities may provide an indication of the rippability of a rock mass, the geological conditions must also be considered. The term assessment is used deliberately since it must be appreciated that very often a conclusive answer as to whether a rock can be ripped or not just cannot be obtained. In such a situation, only a field test will decide the issued. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHARTS SHOW RIPPABILITY OF ROCK FORMATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Charts showing performance of the Kelley KR9 and KR8 Rippers in various materials have been developed by Kelley Products, a division of Crutcher-Rolfs-Cummings, Inc., Houston, Tex. The guides were prepared from actual performance data related to seismic wave velocities. The tables show when a material can be ripped, is marginal or cannot be ripped, based on seismic waves recorded in velocity in feet per second. For instance, the charts reveal that sandstone that has a seismic velocity of from 2,500 to 9,000 feet per second can easily be ripped by a Kelley KR9 on a Cat D9G tractor. With a wave velocity of 9,000 to 11,000 fps, ripping feasibility would be questionable. Seismic wave velocities of more than 11,000 feet per second would signal sandstone material that could not economically be ripped.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26624</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASPHALT RECYCLED IN PLACE FORMS BASE FOR NEW PAVEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/140647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No Abstract.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/140647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF THE RIPPABILITY OF FRESH-WATER IN THE PARIS REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first part of this article briefly presents the reports of seismic surveys carried out to study the rippability of fresh-water Lutecian limestone in the Paris region.  An analysis is then given of the different seismic evaluations, showing the important role played by a knowledge of the local geological site in the course of the work.  Special emphasis is given to the relationships existing, for a given limestone, between seismic recordings on the one hand and the deterioration and a certain degree of fracturing of the mass of rock on the other hand.  The last part of the article gives a comparison between the forecast of the rippability study and the results of earthworks on one of the working sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/138155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEISMIC-REFRACTION ANALYSIS FOR LAYERED SOIL AND ROCK FORMATIONS CONTAINING BOULDERS, CAVITIES, AND BEDDED IRREGULARITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/118977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SIGNIFICANT RESULTS OF INTEREST TO ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS PHASES OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MAY BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: (1) THROUGH THE USE OF SEISMOGRAM DATA OBTAINED FROM REVERSED- PROFILE REFRACTION SURVEYS, THE EXISTENCE OF A CROSS- BEDDED LAYER IN A SEQUENCY OF LAYERED MEDIA CAN BE DEFINED, AND THE APEX OF THE CROSS-BEDDED LAYER CAN BE LOCATED WITH RESPECT TO THE SHOT POINTS. BY UTILIZING SEISMOGRAM DATA OBTAINED FROM PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR REVERSED-PROFILE REFRACTION SURVEYS, A SEQUENCE OF LAYERED FORMATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF A LAYERED FORMATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF A CROSS-BEDDED LAYER, CAN BE DETERMINED IN A THREE- DIMENSIONAL SENSE. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM REFRAC3 HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO INTERPRET REFRACTION DATA FROM THE VIEW POINTS OF THE THICKNESSES AND DIPS OF A SEQUENCE OF ROCK AND SOIL FORMATIONS, THE EXISTENCE AND APEX LOCATION OF A CROSS-BEDDED LAYER, THE PROBABLE MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND ESTIMATED RELATIVE RIPPABILITY OF EACH LAYER, AND TO PROVIDE GRAPHICAL PLOTS OF THE TRAVEL-TIME CURVES AND SUBSURFACE CROSS SECTION. (2) THE LOCATION OF CAVITIES AND BOULDERS WITHIN A LAYER, OR AT AN INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO LAYERS, BY SEISMIC REFRACTION IS RELATIVELY MORE DIFFICULLT THAN DETERMINING CROSS-BEDDED LAYERS, AND REQUIRES A MORE DETAILED SURVEY CONFIGURATION WITH THE POSSIBLE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION. (3) THROUGH THE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION AND REFLECTION, THE THICKNESS OF A SINGLE, HORIZONTAL ANISTROPIC LAYER OVERLYING EITHER AN ISOTROPIC OR ANISOTROPIC LAYER CAN BE DETERMINED. THE DETERMINATION OF THE THICKNESSES AND DIPS OF A SEQUENCE OF ANISOTROPIC LAYERS APPEARS TO BE RELATIVELY DIFFICULT, AND PROBABLY REQUIRES SEVERAL INDEPENDENT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION SURVEYS. (4) THE RELATIVE RIPPABILITY OF A SOIL OR ROCK FORMATION DEPENDS ON THE PARTICULAR RIPPER-TRACKER COMBINATION, AND CAN BE RELATED TO SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 08 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/118977</guid>
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