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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Operational Procedures Richards Bay Harbour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1390508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The new port of Richards Bay on the east coast of South Africa was officially opened in April 1976 and was mainly built for the export of bituminous coal. Exports increased from an initial 2,5 million tons per annum to 26,5 million tons per annum in 1981. Extensions are now under way to increase this further to 44 million tons per annum by 1987. Because near-beam long swells occur frequently at Richards. Bay, special care was taken with the design of the entrance channel. These swells cause much greater vertical ship motions than normally occur in other ports around the world and a 24 m deep outer channel was therefore provided for the 17 m draught design ship (40 per cent underkeel allowance, based on physical model tests). Vertical motions recorded at Richards Bay as part of a comprehensive research project into ship motions in shallow water confirmed that this large underkeel allowance is realistic. Experience with ship manoeuvring also indicated that the channel width (300 to 400 m) and the stopping length (6,1 km) are adequate, probably for ships up to about 250 000 dwt. To assist the port operating staff in deciding whether a particular entry or departure of a loaded vessel under adverse conditions is safe, particularly with regard to underkeel clearance, a Port Operation Manual, Mark I, was prepared. This manual describes the procedures for collecting ship and environmental data and contains diagrams from which the limiting wave height or the minimum required tide level can be read off as function of wave direction and the ship's draught. This manual has been in use since October 1981 and has already been found very valuable in the operation of the port. As the research into ship motions progresses, the manual will be updated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2016 09:18:40 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Across the Veld</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1101499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article discusses rail operations in South Africa. The nation is planning four high speed rail lines. These encompass a 566 km line between Johannesburg and Durban, a 1,264 km route between Johannesburg and Cape Town, a 520 km route ending in Musina, and a 140 km express commuter route east of Johannesburg in Moloto and Mpumalanga. Planning is progressing, with an international investors' conference scheduled for June 2011 and bidding scheduled for July. Freight and passenger rail also are discussed. Transnet's existing 1,067 mm gauge freight network needs to be rehabilitated urgently - heavy haul lines such as Richards Bay and Sishen-Saldahna are not performing at optimal capacity. A feasibility study has been started by PRASA to define passenger rail investment needs for the next 18 years. Although it is not clear who will supply funding, it is clear that new rolling stock and technology are absolutely necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2011 09:00:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1101499</guid>
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      <title>An application of multi-criteria analysis to the location of a container hub port in South Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The South African container port system is subject to a major revision of the existing port hierarchy. The aim is to move away from a set of gateway ports to a hub port configuration. Such a shift would allow the South African port system to benefit better from market dynamics. This paper deals with the application of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to the evaluation of three alternative locations for the development of a large hub port in the South African container port system (i.e. Durban, Richards Bay and Ngqura). Three groups of selection criteria are identified: criteria relevant to the port users, to the terminal operators/investors and to the community. The MCA model gives the best score to Ngqura with Durban taking second place.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2011 10:22:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091077</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SA's premier bulk port</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/778948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2006 17:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/778948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PORT FEATURE: DURBAN AND RICHARDS BAY..</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/589926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/589926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AGAINST THE CURRENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/622851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SUBTITLE: THE RECENTLY APPOINTED GENERAL MANAGER OF SOUTH AFRICA'S LARGEST TERMINAL TELLS IBJ ABOUT HIS PLANS FOR THE PORT AND HIS ADVENTUROUS SPORTING PURSUITS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Apr 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/622851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENTS -- A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/563442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RICHARDS BAY SMALL CRAFT HARBOR, COASTAL DUNES AND FRESHWATER LAKE DEVELOPMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/563442</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RICHARDS BAY HARBOUR SQUAT STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394351</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Research Institute for Oceanology is engaged in studies of the vertical motions of ships that use Richards Bay harbor. The purpose of these studies is to determine minimum dredging requirements for ships between 150,000 dwt and 250,000 dwt, if these were to use the port in the future, and to optimize the use of the present harbor by providing reliable predictions of expected vertical ship motions under various conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394351</guid>
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      <title>ECONOMICS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION TO TRANSPORT COAL ON RICHARDS BAY LINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/173165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1975, South African Railways completed a new railway line between coal fields in the Eastern Transvaal and Richards Bay Harbour for the export of coal.  In 1978, this line was electrified by using a 25-kV 50Hz alternating-current system.  Between Ermelo and Richards Bay the line drops about 1700 m, which considerably reduces the energy demand of loaded coal trains.  However, empty return trains of about 30 percent of loaded train mass must climb the same height and in fact require slightly more energy.  The use of the momentum of the long heavy trains on this line leads to considerable savings of energy.  The effect of the three-part electricity tariff applied by the supply authority results in a reduction of the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour as the traffic increases and also as the load factor (ratio of average load to maximum demand) improves.  The manner in which the maximum demand is metered at substations along the line is of critical importance to economical electrical operation.  Cost of electrical energy, which comes to $0.60/net ton (U.S. dollars), is the most important factor in the electrical economics of this line; it is far higher than are interest and redemption on capital and maintenance costs.  For comparative purposes, fuel cost for diesel electric operation is about three times higher on an equivalent basis.  Electrical costs in service now fully justify the decision to electrify this line, and capacity will shortly be increased to meet expected future demand. An extra 2700 km of other main routes in South Africa is also now being electrified, and the 25-kV alternating-current system will in future be the standard.  The target now is to be able to handle 85 percent of all railway traffic on a ton-kilometer basis by means of electric traction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/173165</guid>
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