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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Factors associated with mortality of hospitalized road traffic injury patients in 4 low- and middle-income countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are an important public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and are highly preventable with evidence-based interventions. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, and patterns of injury that are associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with RTIs. A prospective observational study was conducted at 8 hospitals in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Mexico, and Zambia with adult patients who sustained moderate to severe RTIs and were admitted to participating hospitals for at least 24 h. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between relevant variables and death in-hospital. The majority of RTI deaths occurred among males aged 18 to 44 who were pedestrians or riders of 2- or 3-wheeled vehicles. The following variables were associated with in-hospital mortality: Riding a 2- or 3-wheeler (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–10.23), moderate–severe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS; AOR 10.27, 95% CI 4.72–22.33), and low systolic blood pressure (AOR 5.97, 95% CI 1.97–18.04). The findings reinforce the important role of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in RTI deaths and highlight the need for capacity building to develop local neurosurgery expertise to manage and treat TBI in LMICs. Evidence-based prevention strategies such as lowering speed limits in urban areas, protecting users via dedicated footpaths and cycle paths, and increasing helmet use are recommended to mitigate the impact of RTIs and reduce mortality among vulnerable road users. In addition, triage systems should be in place to identify patients with moderate–severe GCS and low systolic blood pressure for immediate and intensive care.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 15:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625330</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Promoting sustainable urban mobility in Lusaka: A comprehensive policy landscape analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban mobility challenges in Sub-Saharan African cities are pressing yet underexplored from a policy analysis perspective. This study analyses Lusaka’s transport policy landscape to assess how current frameworks promote sustainable mobility amid rapid urbanization, congestion, and social inequities. Using systematic document analysis of 14 legislative, policy, and strategic documents, it applies content analysis, policy mapping, and a mixed-method SWOT framework to evaluate provisions for public transport, non-motorized transport (NMT), electric vehicles (EVs), and shared mobility services. Findings reveal partial policy support for sustainable transport, with strengths in NMT and public transport strategies. However, major gaps remain, including the absence of EV incentives and charging infrastructure, unregulated shared mobility, weak enforcement, and poor integration of land-use and transport planning. Comparisons with other African cities highlight similar implementation barriers, underscoring Lusaka’s wider relevance to sustainable mobility debates in resource-limited settings. The research contributes a replicable policy analysis framework for developing cities and offers actionable recommendations: legislative revisions with measurable targets, stronger institutional capacity, and investments in modern public transport, NMT infrastructure, and regulated shared services. This study establishes an evidence-based foundation for transport policy reform in Lusaka and provides lessons for advancing sustainable mobility across Sub-Saharan Africa.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611667</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safe system implementation in three African and three European countries: Preliminary results from a comparison of six countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study provides preliminary results from a case comparison of road safety management in three African countries (Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia) with three EU countries, all with a great track record of excellence in traffic safety and practicing Safe Systems principles (Norway and Netherlands & Sweden), based on document analysis and qualitative interviews. Norway, Sweden, and The Netherlands are early adopters of what has been termed the Safe System Approach (termed “Sustainable safety” in the Netherlands). Norway and Sweden have the highest road safety level in world. The objectives of the study are to: (1) Examine the alignment with Safe System principles in the road safety management systems in each country, and (2) Discuss possible policy implications. The study is based on document analyses and focus group interviews with road safety experts (n=73) in the six countries. The European countries’ road safety management systems are mainly in line with the Safe Systems principles for road safety management. In the three African countries, the authors find an insufficient systematic approach and a lower level of implementation of existing plans, mostly related to insufficient data on accidents, low institutional road safety influence and lacking funding. The authors discuss possible policy implications for the three African countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 09:30:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571445</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Forecasting road-based public transport needs of developing cities: A case of Lusaka City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates travel mode choice for home-to-work trips in Lusaka, Zambia, addressing a critical gap in understanding urban mobility in rapidly urbanizing Sub-Saharan African cities. Using a stated choice experiment with 273 commuters and a Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) model, the authors identify travel time and cost as primary determinants of mode choice, with significant preference heterogeneity. Findings reveal a latent preference for private cars, women's taxi preference due to safety, a WTP of 2.037 ZMW/min for bus time savings. Elasticities reveal that a 1 % increase in bus fare reduces bus use by 0.103 %, reflecting low sensitivity among transit-dependent commuters, while a 1 % rise in car costs decreases car use by 0.270 %, indicating higher responsiveness, suggesting potential for mode shifts with targeted pricing. Scenario analyses show +8.48 % bus use with 20 % time reduction, while improving NMT infrastructure boosts walking by 16.43 % and cycling by 7.89 %. These insights highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as dedicated bus lanes, fare subsidies, enhanced safety measures and improved NMT infrastructure to promote sustainable mobility. This research offers novel evidence to global urban transportation literature and actionable recommendations for developing cities facing similar challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 11:03:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Transport Sector Challenges and Zimbabwe’s Untapped Economic Opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article explores the public transport sector challenges and associated lost economic development opportunities in Zimbabwe. The methodology used combined personal experiences and documentary analysis. Following extensive review of existing literature from previous research articles, institutional reports, government documents and expert magazines, the research established that, the country continues to lose its historical position in the Sub-Saharan Africa public transportation system as a strategic regional transport hub. This is despite a previous history of a robust multi-modal public transport system. The once vibrant multi-modal transport system is dead. The aviation industry is struggling, the railway system is disappearing and the mass public transit system is collapsed, with the multi-modal transport infrastructure being neglected. Consequently, transport agglomeration effects on economic growth, are reversed as distribution and supply chain costs escalate. Findings also confirm that public transport system is shambolic, with heightened informal road transport dependency crisis exposing public transport users to excessive road congestion, inflated transport costs and increased road accident risk, which magnify economic costs and uncertainty. Factors like declining economic productive capacity, huge transport infrastructure gap of US$29 billion, lack of new transport investment, rising national debt burden and unfinished transportation sector reforms are frustrating transportation development. To reverse the deteriorating trend, whilst upgrading and modernising public transport system, government policies that strengthen transport sector reforms and eliminate all costs associated with bureaucratic inefficiencies are urgently needed. A strong recommitment to a multi-modal transport system that reduces over-reliance on road transport at competitive and sustainable costs is necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increasing traffic safety at schools in Zambia : a before and after study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to police data 350 children are killed in Zambia annually, while traveling to school. The speed of vehicles is an important factor closely related to fatal accidents. Studies have found that pedestrians hit by a vehicle exceeding 30 km/h are more likely to face fatal consequences than if the speed is lower. Children are also more vulnerable due to their small size. The aim of this study was therefore to improve safety outside two Zambian schools using various interventions, pedestrian areasseparated from vehicles by reflective bollards, speed limit signs and signs informing drivers that they were entering a school zone. At one of the schools, a zebra crossing and a speed hump were also introduced. The study used both objective measures (i.e., vehicle speed) and subjective measures (i.e., surveys of children, parents, and teachers) to assess the impact. The results showed a reduction in vehicle speed at the schools that underwent reconstructions. However, in only one of the case schools was the speed reduced to under 30 km/h. The greater speed reduction at this school was probably due to the introduction of both a zebra crossing and a speed hump. When analysing the difference before and after the reconstruction, the results showed that pupils had become less afraid of the traffic and less worried of being hit by a vehicle when crossing the road. This was especially noted by pupils who attended the school where all the planned measures had been implemented. In contrast, pupils at the control school had become more afraid and worried. The surveys which participants connected to the case schools completed included some specific questions about the reconstruction. The results showed that pupils felt safer crossing the road after the changes, while parents and teachers also noted improvements in safety, though some concerns remained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Travel Mode Choices of Residents in Developing Cities: A Case Study of Lusaka, Zambia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2514876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background: As urban populations rapidly expand across sub-Saharan Africa, promoting sustainable and efficient transportation systems is imperative for fostering economic growth and social inclusion by enhancing mobility and accessibility.  Objectives: This study examines the travel mode choices and factors influencing the use of these modes among residents of Lusaka, Zambia, for their work or school trips.  Method: A household survey ascertained mode choice, trip characteristics, and transportation challenges experienced. Descriptive, contingency table, and post hoc analyses explored relationships between mode and associated factors.  Results: Public buses emerged as the predominant mode for work/school trips, followed by walking and private cars, highlighting public transit’s and non-motorised transport’s importance. However, travel behaviour varied significantly by residential density. High-density areas favoured public transit and walking, while low-density areas promoted greater private vehicle use, highlighting the influence of urban form on mode choice. Key mode choice factors included travel time, fares and safety, though environmental concerns had lesser impact. Crucially, socio-economic and demographic characteristics like age, gender, income, education, employment, car ownership, trip purpose, household composition, presence of children, and destination accessibility significantly influenced mode choices, revealing the complex interplay shaping mobility patterns.  Conclusion: Findings underscore the need for policy interventions investing in public transportation infrastructure, enhancing pedestrian and cycling facilities, and prioritising walkability in urban planning to encourage sustainable transportation behaviours.  Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on urban sustainability by highlighting the importance of integrating social, economic, and environmental considerations into transportation planning and policymaking processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Mar 2025 09:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2514876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>When embracing gender equality endangers women: Experiences of public transport female conductors in Gweru Town, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the experiences of female conductors in the public transport sector, particularly the parastatal, Zimbabwe United Passenger Company (ZUPCO) regarding gender equality and women empowerment using the case of Gweru town. It employs the concept of women empowerment as its analytical framework and is based on qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews with 15 participants comprising female conductors and male drivers. The article argues that the implementation of gender equality policies in the public transport sector without addressing misogynistic attitudes driven by patriarchal norms endangers women rather than empowering them. It found that ZUPCO female conductors experienced humiliating informal initiation into the job, negative labelling, inability to reconcile work and family and sexual abuse and harassment, which undermined the noble goal of enhancing gender equality in the public transport sector. Regardless of these negative effects, female conductors also enjoyed some degree of empowerment through employment and monetary gain, which gave them economic independence. The article concludes that the negative outcomes of embracing gender equality through women’s employment in the public transport sector outweighed the benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:45:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445360</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Time Value Affects the Performance of Road Freight Transport Operators in Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose: The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Road Freight Transport Sector in Zimbabwe considers the value of time in their operations and how this affects their competitiveness. Methodology: This quantitative study involves a survey of 384 randomly selected companies from a population of 1256 registered road freight companies in Zimbabwe. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study found that all the registered companies that participated in the research confirmed that the value of time phenomenon was alien to their business practices as they worked on assumptions. They also indicated a loss of business due to customer complaints. Theoretical Contribution: This paper contributes to the field by highlighting the importance of considering the value of time in business operations, particularly in the road freight transport sector. It provides empirical evidence supporting the theory that the value of time can significantly impact a firm’s competitiveness. Practical Implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for companies in the road freight transport sector. The study recommends policy formulation for companies emphasizing standard operating procedures and good time management to enhance competitiveness. This could lead to improved customer satisfaction and business success.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 10:04:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Systemic assessment of climate risks and adaptation options for transport networks in East Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation networks are lifeline systems fundamental to economic and social prosperity. Disruptions to these networks can be detrimental to long-term growth plans. This is particularly important in the context of growing climate hazards such as flooding, where long-term sustainable development, social wellbeing and economic stability are at risk from widespread failures of transport networks. In view of these threats, there is a need to create evidence of the impacts of current and future climatic risks to transport networks. To address this problem, the authors have developed and implemented a multi-regional transport infrastructure climate risk and adaptation assessment framework. This framework seeks to understand the extent and location of extreme hazard exposures, direct damage and economic flow losses, risks and adaption investment needs for strategic transport networks. It aims to inform decision-makers to help: (i) improve network resilience by identifying and strengthening the locations of highest vulnerabilities; and (ii) understand the benefits of investing in climate resilience in terms of avoided losses from climate risks. The authors apply their climate risk and adaptation assessment tool for the case study region covering Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, where they investigate the risks due to river and coastal flooding over current and future climate change driven scenarios. Their analysis shows that there are large benefits to investing in climate adaptation of major roads and rail network links in those countries that are exposed to flooding in the present and future. They estimate that investing in climate adaptation from the present (2019) until 2080 to strengthen resilience of the 20 most flood risk incurring roads and railways lines in the region would amount to about US$9 million and US$92 million in adaption investments, but would avoid risks as high as US$875 million and US$234 million across future climate scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 15:24:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of the completeness of road traffic mortality data in Zambia using a three source capture recapture method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate and reliable data are essential for tracking progress and evaluating the effectiveness of road safety intervention measures. However, in many low- and medium-income countries, good quality data on road traffic crashes are often difficult to obtain. This situation has led to an underestimation of the severity of the problem and distortions in trends when the reporting changes over time. This study estimates the completeness of road traffic crash fatality data in Zambia. Data from the police, hospitals, and the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) databases was collected for the period 1st January to 31st December 2020 and analyzed using a three-source capture-recapture technique.   A total of 666 unique records on mortalities as a result of road traffic crashes were collected from the three data sources during the period under review. The capture-recapture technique estimated the completeness of police, hospital, and CRVS databases to be 19%, 11% and 14% respectively. The combination of the three data sets was found to increase completeness to 37%. Based on this completion rate, the authors estimate that the actual number of people who died as a result of road traffic crashes in Lusaka Province in the year 2020 was approximately 1,786 (95% CI [1,448–2,274]). This corresponds to an estimated mortality rate of around 53 deaths per 100,000 population. No single database contains complete data to provide a comprehensive picture of Lusaka province and by extension the country’s road traffic injury burden. This study has shown how capture and recapture method can address this problem. It shows the need for the continuous review of the data collection processes and procedures in order to identify gaps and bottlenecks, improve efficiency, and increase the quality and completeness of road traffic data on injuries and fatalities. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the city of Lusaka province and Zambia as a whole utilize more than one database for official reporting of road traffic fatalities to increase completeness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Apr 2023 09:01:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A public-private partnership procurement approach to sustainable transport: Zimbabwe case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2022 13:48:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle fleet management practices and service delivery in state owned enterprises in Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 15:41:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Walking and perceived lack of safety: Correlates and association with health outcomes for people living with HIV in rural Zambia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geographic inaccessibility disproportionately affects health outcomes of rural populations due to lack of suitable transport, prolonged travel time, and poverty. Rural patients are left with few transport options to travel to a health facility. One common option is to travel by foot, which may present additional challenges, such as perceived lack of safety while transiting. The authors examined the correlates of perceived lack of safety when walking to a health facility and its association with treatment and psychosocial outcomes among adults living with HIV. Data were collected from 101 adults living with HIV in Eastern Province, Zambia. All participants were receiving antiretroviral therapy at one of two health clinics. Perceived lack of safety was measured by asking respondents whether they felt unsafe traveling to and from the health facility in which they were receiving their HIV care. Outcomes included medication adherence, perceived stress, hope for the future, and barriers to pill taking. Linear and logistic regression methods were used to examine the correlates of perceived safety and its association with health outcomes. Being older, a woman, having a primary education, living farther from a health facility, traveling longer to reach a health facility, and owing money were associated with higher likelihood of feeling unsafe when traveling by foot to health facility. Perceived lack of safety was associated with medication nonadherence, higher level of stress, lower level of agency, and more barriers to pill taking. Perceived lack of safety when traveling by foot to a health facility may be a barrier to better treatment and psychosocial outcomes, especially among rural patients. Practitioners and policymakers should consider implementation of differentiated HIV service delivery models to reduce frequent travel to health facilities and to alleviate ART patients’ worry about lack of safety when traveling by foot to a health facility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Aug 2021 10:37:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Appropriating the Value of Flexibility in PPP Megaproject Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public–private partnerships afford governments the opportunity to build megaprojects that benefit the public but might be too expensive or risky for either the public or private entity to undertake alone. Concession contracts, which govern the behavior of the participants in the partnership, often contain a Right of First Action (RoFA) clause. The holder of this clause has the right, but not the obligation, to invest in altering the project in some way. The RoFA is linked to design flexibility, which can be built into the megaproject public–private partnership’s initial blueprint as a way to increase private-sector interest and preserve public-sector value for money. This research shows that the inclusion of a RoFA can create an additional stream of potential cash flows to the project; these cash flows constitute an asset that exists in addition to the primary revenues expected upon project completion. The additional asset can be offered to the private partner, augmenting the value of the project, or it can be held by the public sector until certain conditions are met. The value of the asset can be determined using a real options approach. To illustrate the approach, a case study on the Batoka Gorge Hydropower Dam, a 2,400-MW facility on the Zambezi River, which divides Zambia and Zimbabwe, is undertaken. The framework extends existing research on contract design to offer a specific valuation application that will be especially useful to government agencies that are seeking to enhance the competitiveness of their bidding processes and create durable contracts of lasting value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:10:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714137</guid>
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