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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>TENSILE STRESSES DUE TO REINFORCEMENT RESTRAINING SHRINKAGE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/288956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In reinforced concrete, the reinforcement restrains concrete shrinkage and induces tensile stresses in the concrete.  The tensile stresses induced are relevant to the serviceability limit states of cracking and deflection (for deflections depend on the amount of cracking).  The report describes a study of the tensile stresses due to steel reinforcement restraining concrete shrinkage in effectively uncracked reinforced concrete slabs.  The study was based on numerical (computer) models which were used to simulate the behaviour of slab elements, considering a wide range of relevant conditions.  The results indicate that long term values of the tensile stresses typically reach about 2 mpa.  The ratio of the tensile stress to tensile strength increases over a long period of time, and it typically reaches a value of about 30 percent.  The tensile stresses and the ratios of tensile stress to tensile strength depend mainly on the relative humidity of the slab environment, and the quantity and distribution of steel reinforcement.  It is concluded that the tensile stresses are significant with regard to the effect they could have on the cracking (and stiffness) of reinforced concrete slabs.  Furthermore, it is concluded that compression steel could be used to control the tensile stresses, in order to prevent cracking associated with shrinkage curvature.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/288956</guid>
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      <title>EARLY-AGE THERMAL CRACK CONTROL IN CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/179887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early-age thermal cracking occurs when the restrained thermal contraction strain exceeds the tensile strain capacity of concrete.  The restraint to thermal movement is the product of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the concrete, the temperature fall from a peak level during cement hydration, and a restraint factor.  This report discusses each of these factors in turn, and shows how early-age thermal strains can be reduced by taking appropriate measures during the design and construction of reinforced concrete elements.  The concrete temperature rise is shown to depend on a number of factors: cement content, type of aggregate, possible use of cement replacement materials, as well as ambient temperature, formwork used and section thickness.  Restraint is a function of the construction sequence and the constraint of neighbouring elements.  If early-age thermal cracking cannot be prevented, crack width can be controlled with reinforcement. Equations for the control of crack widths are developed, and while they are based on present requirements, they differ in two important respects.  First, the concept of a restraint factor is introduced, then it is suggested that the crack widths are only controlled within an effective zone around the reinforcement and not necessarily throughout the section thickness.  (TRRL) (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/179887</guid>
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      <title>CURRENT PRACTICE SHEETS: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE: PLASTIC CRACKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/80461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The formation and prevention of plastic settlement cracking which occurs in columns, deep beams or walls, and shrinkage cracking, which is found in flat exposed slabs, is discussed.  Both types of cracking are associated with bleeding of concrete which is also examined.  Plastic cracking occurs where the settlement of the mix after compaction is impeded by reinforcement or the shape of the section.  It can only be avoided by an improved mix design or by re-vibration of the concrete after placing.  Because plastic settlement cracks usually stop at the steel causing the restraint, structural integrity is not normally lost. It is recommended that the cracks be sealed to prevent corrosion of the reinforcement.  The most important factor affecting plastic shrinkage cracking is the rapid drying out of the concrete surface when the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of bleeding.  Methods of preventing plastic shrinkage cracking are examined and it is concluded that the best way is to cover the concrete with polythene sheeting almost immediately after placing and compaction. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/80461</guid>
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      <title>EFFECT OF RESTRAINT, VOLUME CHANGE, AND REINFORCEMENT ON CRACKING OF MASSIVE CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/100480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS REPORT PRESENTS A DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECTS OF HEAT GENERATION AND VOLUME CHANGE ON THE DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF MASSIVE REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURES. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE EFFECTS OF RESTRAINT ON CRACKING AND THE EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED PLACING TEMPERATURES, CONCRETE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS, TYPE AND FINENESS OF CEMENT ON VOLUME CHANGE.  FORMULAS ARE PRESENTED FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNTS OF REINFORCING STEEL NEEDED TO CONTROL THE SIZE AND SPACING OF CRACKS TO SPECIFIED LIMITS UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF RESTRAINT AND VOLUME CHANGE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/100480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEMBRANE ACTION IN SLABS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH THE INCREASE IN LOAD CAPACITY AND CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR WHICH OCCUR WHEN TRANSVERSELY LOADED REINFORCED AND UNREINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS ARE RESTRAINED AGAINST LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AT THE EDGES. THE EXPERIMENTAL PHASE OF THE STUDY IS RESTRICTED TO SQUARE SLABS, UNREINFORCED OR REINFORCED NEAR THE BOTTOM WITH STEEL WIRES UNIFORMLY AND EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED IN EACH DIRECTION. THE FORM PARAMETERS WHICH WERE VARIED ARE SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIO AND REINFORCEMENT RATIO. THREE MAIN CONDITIONS OF EDGE RESTRAINT ARE CONSIDERED: RESTRAINT TO ELONGATION AT THE BOTTOM ONLY, CLAMPED AND SIMPLY SUPPORTED. THE RESTRAINING FORCE REQUIRED TO PREVENT ELONGATION IS MEASURED AND RECORDED THROUGHOUT THE LOADING RANGE. THE TESTS ARE PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH COMPRESSIVE MEMBRANE ACTION RESULTING FROM RESTRAINT TO ELONGATION, BUT TENSILE ACTION CAUSED BY RESTRAINT TO INWARDS MOVEMENT OF THE EDGE IS ALSO STUDIED. IN THE THEORETICAL PHASE, SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSIONS FOR PREDICTING THE BEHAVIOR ABOVE ARE DEVELOPED, AND ARE COMPARED WITH THE TEST RESULTS. /ACI/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99743</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FINAL REPORT ON SHRINKAGE-CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/98478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, MADE WITH TWO TYPES OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND WITH CEMENT (I AND III) WERE SUBJECTED TO TWO CURING PERIODS FOLLOWED BY A PROLONGED EXPOSURE IN A 140 F - 25 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT. UNRESTRAINED DRYING SHRINKAGE AND RESTRAINED CRACKING WERE DETERMINED. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS INCLUDED (1) PROLONGING MOIST CURING RESULTED IN A MARKED REDUCTION IN DRYING SHRINKAGE, (2) ALTHOUGH THE USE OF TYPE III CEMENT RESULTED IN LESS UNRESTRAINED DRYING SHRINKAGE, IT CAUSED MORE RESTRAINED CRACKING AND (3) THE COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHRINKAGE CRACKS APPEARS TO BE PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 07 Mar 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/98478</guid>
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