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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Residual stress relaxation and progressive collapse behavior of butt-welded hull plates: Experimental study and numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the essential joining method, butt welding is highly utilized in the assembly of hull sections and blocks. The butt-welded hull plates with welding residual stress (WRS) and distortion may be subjected to cyclic loading over the lifespan of a ship, giving rise to residual stress relaxation and potential permanent plastic deformation. An experimental test is carried out in this paper to investigate the WRS relaxation of a transversely welded steel specimen. Based on the experimental data obtained in this paper and other work, the adopted three-dimensional sequential coupled thermal elasto-plastic FEM is verified. Subsequently, multi-pass welding simulation of hull plates with a transverse V-butt junction is conducted varying the plate thickness. Shakedown analysis and strength analysis are then performed using the resulting welding imperfections considering kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening. Characteristics of the welding imperfections as well as WRS relaxation and ultimate strength under different load patterns and amplitudes are elaborated, aiming to provide valuable insights for the safety assessment of hull sections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:59:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Residual Stresses in Tools Used in the Automotive Industry: Conventional vs. Innovative Heat Treatment for Cost-Effectiveness and Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Components in the automotive industry are frequently subjected to cyclic stress, which can lead to the formation of fatigue cracks. These cracks develop due to cyclic loading and can occur under low-cycle, high-cycle, or gigacycle conditions. Once the fatigue limit of a component is exceeded, crack initiation occurs, and subsequent cyclic loading causes crack propagation, ultimately resulting in fracture. Such failures can have catastrophic consequences; thus, regular inspections of transportation components are crucial. Compressive residual stresses enhance the fatigue limit of steel by impeding crack initiation. In contrast, tensile residual stresses facilitate crack initiation by creating favourable conditions for fatigue failure. The steel grade DIN EN 90MnCrV8 is widely used in producing injection moulds, tools, and gauges within the automotive industry. The research aims to identify the residual stresses induced in this steel following different heat treatment regimes. This study evaluates two distinct heat treatment approaches. The first is a conventional regime involving quenching, tempering, and a final tempering step in the coating chamber. The second is an innovative regime that combines quenching with direct tempering in the coating chamber, omitting the intermediate tempering step. The results highlight the potential of the innovative approach to achieve significant energy savings and improved cost efficiency while influencing the residual stress profile of 90MnCrV8 tool steel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elastic-plastic flexural behavior of hybrid steel girder bridge considering welded residual stress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hybrid steel girders use a section type that fully utilizes the strength performance of steels, which are widely used in steel plate girder bridges with multiple spans. In this paper, the distribution of the welded residual stress in hybrid I-shaped steel girders was investigated by the hole drilling test, and the unified model was analyzed and revised. Considering welded residual stress, the elastic and plastic design method for calculating the flexural capacity of hybrid I-shaped steel girders was put forward. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the elastic-plastic flexural behavior of the hybrid I-shaped steel girders using multi-scale models. The influence of welded residual stress, geometry of section, steel grade, and initial geometrical imperfections on the elastic-plastic flexural capacity of hybrid I-shaped steel girders were discussed through the parameter analysis adopting the dimensions commonly used in bridges. Analysis results show that the welded residual stress reduces the value of the elastic and plastic bending moments by almost 25% to 40% and 3%, respectively. The geometry of the section should be paid attention to clarify the value of the flexural capacity of the hybrid I-shaped steel girder. The width-to-thickness ratio limit of the flange should be adjusted according to the severity of initial geometrical imperfections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A hybrid physics–Bayesian framework for fatigue design curves under cryogenic conditions with consideration of load ratio and residual stress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue performance is a critical design consideration for cryogenic structures used in the storage and transport of alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), ammonia, and captured CO₂. However, fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) testing at cryogenic temperatures is expensive and prone to uncertainty due to complex experimental conditions. This study proposes a physics-informed Bayesian framework to improve the prediction and design of FCGR behaviour without extensive cryogenic testing. Four probabilistic models are developed: two Gaussian process (GP) regressions, a physics-informed Bayesian neural network (PIBNN), and a hybrid physics–GP fusion model. The framework explicitly incorporates temperature-dependent material properties, residual stress, load ratio, and crack closure mechanisms while utilising Bayesian inference to quantify epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. The physics-informed components constrain the model to physically admissible trends, improving extrapolation beyond the training data. Based on these models, Bayesian design curves are constructed to replace the traditional “mean + 2SD” rule, achieving a balanced level of conservatism with quantified confidence intervals. The proposed approach demonstrates reliable prediction of fatigue behaviour under untested cryogenic conditions, offering a data-efficient and mechanistically consistent tool for the design and integrity assessment of cryogenic structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:55:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Peening with High Pressure Waterjets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental study of waterjet peening on 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was conducted to investigate the effects of waterjet conditions. Erosion surface features caused by high velocity jet impingement were evaluated as functions of standoff distance, jet pressure, and jet velocity. Surface characteristics were evaluated in terms of subsurface work hardening, surface finish and a degree of surface residual stresses. Results show that waterjet peening induces the same level of plastic deformation at the surface layer as shot peening.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 16:18:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanism analysis of welding distortion and residual stress induced by repair welding in thin-walled pipes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Girth-welded thin-walled pipes are widely used in offshore and subsea pipeline systems for transporting oil, gas, and water. Repair welding is frequently employed to restore structural integrity after damage, but it can significantly alter residual stress and distortion, especially in thin-walled structures. This study investigated the influence of different repair lengths on the residual stress and welding distortion in girth-welded 304 stainless steel pipes with a 2 mm wall thickness. Residual stresses and welding distortions were measured using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) device and a 3D scanner, respectively. A series of three-dimensional thermo-elastic-plastic finite element models were developed to simulate the residual stress and distortion under different repair lengths. To further understand the distortion mechanism, the inherent strain method was employed to analyze the contributions of each inherent strain component. The results show that short repair welds cause localized tensile stress and radial inward deformation confined to the repair region. Longer repair welds produce stress states closer to the original as-welded condition but introduce more pronounced bending and roundness deformation. These findings offer guidance for optimizing repair welding procedures in thin-walled marine pipelines and support structural integrity assessments in offshore engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:01:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An extended incremental-iterative approach to evaluate the residual ultimate strength of ship hull girders with welding residual stress subjected to cumulative plastic damage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ship structures are normally assembled by a large number of structural components using welding technology which causes inevitable welding residual stress (WRS). Over the life span of a ship, the hull girder may be subjected to potential extreme cyclic bending in rough sea conditions. Cumulative plastic damage (CPD) induced by the repeated load reversals, coupled with the inherent WRS, may lead to significant deterioration of the ultimate hull girder strength. The current paper proposes an extended incremental-iterative approach to efficiently assess the residual ultimate strength of ship hull girders under the coupling effect of these two factors as well as material hardening. The developed approach follows the theoretical framework of traditional Smith’s method but extends its capability. A practical expression is suggested to analytically reformulate the load-shortening curves of structural elements by means of machine learning (ML). Influence of stiffener type, geometric dimension, WRS, load amplitude and cycle is considered in the modified curves. Experimental data, Common Structural Rules (CSR) formulae and numerical results by parametric nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) are used to validate the extended incremental-iterative approach. It is found that this approach can predict the ultimate strength of simplified and real hull girders under different curvature amplitudes, loading sequences and cycle numbers. In addition, characteristics of the cyclic collapse responses of stiffener elements and hull girders are reported to provide novel insights into ship structural design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residual Stress Prediction in Machined Workpiece Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing drive for productivity improvements and consistent part dimensionality in aerospace structures has lead to the advent of machined monolithic parts. High speed machining technology employed affords the manufacture of thin-walled parts from single billets of material, resulting in the removal of approximately 85% of the initial workpiece material. With thin-walled monolithic parts come the increased propensity for workpiece distortion and few arresting mechanisms for crack propagation, largely due to potentially unfavorable residual stress states. These imposed states of stress can be a result of the machining conditions used (e.g., feeds, speeds and cutter geometry). A general method is presented to model the residual stress state induced by metal cutting operations which takes into account workpiece thermo-mechanical properties, cutter geometry and process parameters. In this paper the model is specifically applied to Al7050. Results indicate the magnitude and sign of the state of stress is shown to have no intuitive correlation to machining process parameters such as speed and chip load. Similar results are shown for stress-induced bending moments, a potential strong contributor to part distortion. In addition, the machining-affected layer is shown to be on the order of 1mm, easily on the same length scale as the wall thickness of aerospace structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Residual Stresses on Flat Surfaces of DIN 51CrV4 Steel in the Stress Shot Peening Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compressive residual stresses are very important at fatigue life, therefore this work has an objective to determine compressive residual stresses longitudinally, along a surface, with three levels of deflection causing tensile prestresses on the surface fibers, of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa and 1500 MPa, supported in one support position on the compression side, 150 mm, equidistant from the longitudinal center of the samples, which are made of EN 47 steel (DIN 51CrV4), with dimensions of 15 mm thick, 70 mm width and 1500 mm long. The samples are submitted to quenching, tempering, surface polishing and stress relief processes, with radius of 2500 mm and concavity downwards, and after they are immersed in a tank with mineral and conventional quenching oil compound, then the samples are tempered and the concave surfaces are polished to remove decarburization and took into the furnace to relieve stress caused by the surface polishing process. Next step, the samples are peened, with deflections of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa, 1500 MPa with support distance of 150 mm, in a machine with controlled parameters, to introduce compressive residual stresses on polished surfaces, this process is called stress shot peening – SSP. Specimens are extracted to perform a tensile test for metallographic analysis and hardness determination and residual stresses are determined by X ray diffraction, from the surfaces of the samples longitudinally and uniaxially. The compressive residual stress at deflections of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa and 1500 MPa are -801,67 MPa, -851,37 MPa and -914,51 MPa average, respectively. The samples are submitted to cyclic fatigue testing to verify the influence of compressive residual stresses developed from the three deflections. The fatigue tests maximum results are 32877 (750 MPa), 67347 (1100 MPa) and 104952 (1500 MPa) cycles, fracturing at contact points of the plate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 09:07:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Residual Stress in Arc Welded Lap Joints of High Strength Steel Sheets and Welding Wire Using Material Properties during Heating and Cooling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An approach for the precise analysis of residual stress in arc welded lap joints of high strength steel sheets is proposed. This approach involves the development of a method for measuring material properties during both the heating and cooling processes. The measured material properties are then utilized in a thermal elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) analysis of the welding residual stresses in the lap joints. Analysis accuracy is investigated by comparing the results using material properties measured during heating, cooling, or both. The maximum temperature distribution on the surface of the heat affected zone (HAZ) is measured and accurately predicted by a welding thermal conduction analysis. When the material properties measured only during heating, only during cooling, or during both heating and cooling were used in the thermal elastic-plastic FEM analysis, the results showed that the stress histories in arc welded joints of 780 MPa high strength steel sheets are different. The analyzed residual stress using the material properties measured during cooling is closer to that obtained using the properties measured during both heating and cooling. This result suggests that consideration of the cooling phase is crucial for accurately predicting the residual stress distribution in lap joints. When a narrow specimen for the tensile-shear strength test is cut from a specimen from the original welded joint, the analysis and measurement confirm that the maximum longitudinal tensile residual stress in the original arc welded lap joint is significantly reduced by approximately 44 %. Notable changes in the distribution characteristics of the transverse residual stress were also observed. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating both heating and cooling material properties in analyses of welding residual stresses in arc welded lap joints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The loosening mechanism of tin-bronze bushing assembled by interference at connecting rod small end of heavy-duty diesel engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The commonly used spinning tin-bronze bushings assembled by interference sometimes fail causing the bushings to rotate or even come out from connecting rod small end. Previous studies have shown this failure to be related to the abnormal temperature of small end. Test samples with same material and process as the connecting rod small end were designed. The residual stress on inner surface and pressing force of bushings were tested before and after local heating. The results showed that the residual stresses on inner surface and maximum pressing force decrease with the increase of maximum temperature and thermal cycles when the temperature of bushing bottom reaches 160°C. A quarter model of connecting rod was applied to reveal the loosening mechanism. It is found that plastic deformation occurs around oil holes, resulting in variations in the stress field of bushing. It lessens the bonding force between bushing and connecting rod small end. Meanwhile, the residual stresses on inner surface decrease and then surface hardness of this area reduces, which makes it easier to adhere with piston pin and generate large friction. These results are crucial for the material and structure design of connecting rod small end bushings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 10:12:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sensitivity of ship hull reliability considering geometric imperfections and residual stresses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2510583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Initial geometric imperfections and welding-induced residual stresses are inevitable consequences of ship fabrication and manufacturing processes. This paper quantifies the effect of these imperfections, as well as other input parameters, on the reliability of ship hull girders. The paper introduces a comprehensive variance-based sensitivity analysis approach, assisted by artificial neural networks, to characterize the key input parameters influencing the failure probability under different operational conditions. A total of 16 input parameters related to load and capacity quantification are considered in the simulation. The ultimate strength of the hull girder is quantified using a high-fidelity nonlinear finite element model that accounts for initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses. The vertical bending moments acting on the ship during its service life are quantified probabilistically. The results indicate that although it is essential to account for initial geometric imperfections to properly establish the ultimate hull capacity, the uncertainty in their magnitude has low effect on the reliability of the investigated hull. Accordingly, their magnitude can be considered deterministically in the probabilistic simulations. It was also found that the influence of various input parameters on the variability of the ship reliability depends on the considered operational condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2025 15:04:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2510583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of initial state and residual stresses on the modulus-density relationship of geomaterials: insights from multiple experimental setups</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quality control in pavement construction traditionally relies on density measurements of geomaterials. With the introduction of modulus measurement methods, a shift has occurred due to the operational advantages of modulus-estimating devices over conventional density measurement techniques. Modulus-based methods also provide valuable information for the mechanistic-empirical (ME) design of pavement layers. However, a challenge emerges as a single modulus measurement does not directly correspond to a specific density measurement, leading to concerns about replacing density measurements in quality control processes. While it is generally accepted that a geomaterial's modulus primarily depends on its moisture content and density or void ratio, this study explores the complex relationship between modulus and density, particularly in field scenarios with consistent moisture content. Using three different laboratory-scale test set-ups, characterised by unique loading and boundary conditions, the research highlights the significant role of a geomaterial's initial state in obtaining accurate modulus estimates. The results reveal that identical densities can exhibit variations in modulus due to differences in initial densities and the development of residual lateral stresses. These variations in field conditions often stem from different paving or spreading techniques, emphasising the need for a comprehensive approach when establishing density-modulus correlations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jan 2025 16:46:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultrasonic Inspection of Reconditioned Railroad Bearing Components – Year 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight rail bearings are often subjected to heavy loads such that the performance of each bearing plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the entire train. Even bearings that are properly maintained may still fail due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if local regions within the bearing race do not meet established effective case depth (ECD) standards. In addition, little is known about potential changes that may occur within the highest stress region after extensive service life. Ultrasonic grain scattering shows sensitivity to both microstructure and residual stresses such that nondestructive measurement methods based on diffuse ultrasonic backscatter have shown a high correlation with the overall status of the raceway. Results from the first year showed clear differences between new and reconditioned bearing cups in terms of their ultrasonic signatures. This work will be expanded to include spatial maps of raceways to identify locations that are outside the statistical bounds expected for a given part. Those locations will be identified and those parts will be tested in simulated service life testing at UTRGV for comparison with the predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 17:04:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479888</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Progressive collapse response and ultimate strength evaluation of stiffened plates with welding residual stress under combined biaxial cyclic loads and lateral pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stiffened plates used in bottom structures of ships are commonly subjected to multiaxial loading in harsh sea state. Thus, understanding their collapse behaviour under combined loads is highly valuable, and numerical simulations can provide accurate insights into this topic. The current research is the first to deal with the ultimate strength characteristics and assessment of initially deflected stiffened plates with welding residual stress (WRS) under combined biaxial cyclic loads and lateral pressure. Finite element analysis is conducted extensively to obtain the numerical results of longitudinal cyclic ultimate strength considering geometric and material nonlinearities with the aid of secondary development of ABAQUS software. It is found that the cyclic ultimate strength is governed by the coupling effects of structural dimensions, longitudinal and transverse residual stresses as well as transverse cyclic compressive/tensile loads and lateral pressure. A series of significant findings observed from this paper are presented in detail aiming to improve the ultimate limit state (ULS) design of ship structures. Based on sufficient sample points, four different machine learning (ML) models are trained maturely to predict the cyclic ultimate strength, including back propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF) and radial basis function (RBF) network. Performance of these models is compared objectively using statistical metrics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 15:29:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440392</guid>
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