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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A novel Multi-Input Multi-Output energy model for future port operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the development challenge of an optimal electrical energy infrastructure for the sustainable electrification of marine vessels. An innovative Multi-Input Multi-Output energy model is introduced to accurately represent the dynamic temporal interactions between port electrical infrastructure, any renewable energy sources and the electrical recharging demands of multiple hybrid and electric ferries. This increases the total carbon emissions saving potential through greater collaborative optimization between transport electrification and grid constraints. A sizing methodology is then embedded to support the optimal design of a reversible Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for continuous operation in multiple scenarios which is considered the heart of the future port energy infrastructure due to increased limitations electricity grid incomer. A comprehensive simulation study using real-world data of Port of Dover has been conducted to evaluate the increase in port electricity requirements, and potential BESS solutions. The findings confirm that the proposed method could help to reduce the grid incomer capacity requirement from 8 MW to 3.41 MW. The proposed method effectively increases the unit of CO₂ saved per MW electrical grid incomer capacity from 31.1 mtCO₂/MW to 75.1 mtCO₂/MW.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:31:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Renewable energy investment and grid connection strategy for competitive carbon-free ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Renewable energy investment has become an effective and feasible pathway for ports to achieve zero carbon emissions. However, considering the power demand of ports and the characteristics of renewable energy and the electricity grid, deciding the level of renewable energy investment and the grid connection strategy remains a critical issue. Therefore, we propose a multi-stage game-theoretical model to analyze decision-making processes related to renewable energy investment in the context of inter-port competition. The equilibrium results reveal that low electricity costs incentivize competing ports to increase renewable energy investments through grid connection, paradoxically creating a Prisoner’s Dilemma where decarbonization progresses at the expense of port profit. A government subsidy scheme is proposed to enable a Profit-Environment win–win situation by aligning port incentives with emissions targets. Two case studies of Tianjin–Qingdao Ports and Shanghai–Ningbo-Zhoushan Ports support the findings and show different economic and environmental implications across port settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 09:13:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards sustainable logistics: Investigating the role of digitalisation in improving eco-efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how digitalisation and energy structure affect logistics eco-efficiency (LECO), a critical metric for balancing economic and environmental goals in the logistics sector. Using balanced panel data from 36 OECD countries (2008–2020), the analysis employs the Super-SBM-Undesirable model, Tobit regression, and the Method of Moments Quantile regression. Results reveal that digitalisation and renewable energy significantly enhance LECO, while non-renewable energy has a detrimental effect. Notably, digitalisation plays an important moderating role in the energy–LECO relationship. At moderate digital maturity, the benefits of renewable energy are amplified; however, higher digital intensity triggers a rebound effect, diminishing or even reversing these gains. Conversely, digital advancement mitigates the negative impact of non-renewable energy. These insights suggest that policymakers prioritise investments in digital infrastructure and sector-specific applications to enhance logistics eco-efficiency. More importantly, they should align digital transformation strategies with environmental goals to fully leverage the moderating role of digitalisation in energy–LECO interactions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forecasting Electric Vehicle Fleet Growth and Energy Requirements in the UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the United Kingdom’s goal to achieve a fully decarbonised energy sector by 2035 and achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the transition of the UK’s passenger car fleet to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) plays a crucial role in reaching this goal. This study evaluates the environmental and energy impact of large-scale BEV adoption by modelling future uptake scenarios using historical fleet data combined with assumed impact of future policy such as the 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles. Three predictive models have been developed: fast uptake, in which approximately 100% of the passenger car fleet is replaced by BEVs; moderate uptake, where a large majority of passenger cars are BEVs; and slow uptake, in which BEV adoption does not reach a majority. The results have shown that, if a medium- or large-scale adoption is possible by 2040 predicting nearly 37 million BEVs on the road, the associated electricity demand is predicted to rise close to 110 TWh annually, signifying the need for rapid development in renewable energy generation. Although BEVs significantly reduce transport sector emissions, the overall climate impact is dependent on a continued effort of grid decarbonisation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 10:34:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainability-oriented evaluation of renewable energy integration in smart airports using a hybrid fuzzy MCDM framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports play a critical role in sustainability and green transformation goals due to their high energy consumption and carbon emissions. Within the scope of the smart airport concept, the integration of renewable energy systems has become a strategic necessity, especially in countries with rapidly growing air transportation such as Turkey. However, decisions regarding renewable energy integration; It has a complex structure that requires the evaluation of technical, environmental, economic and managerial criteria at the same time and contains uncertainty. In this study, a hybrid Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDDM) framework is proposed to evaluate the sustainability and green transformation performance of renewable energy integration alternatives for smart airports in Turkey. The proposed approach involves determining criterion weights with Fuzzy AHP, analyzing causal relationships between criteria with Fuzzy DEMOTEL, and ranking alternatives using Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy VIKOR methods. Solar energy, wind energy, hybrid PV-wind systems and geothermal energy alternatives were evaluated through a case study. The findings reveal that energy performance is the most influential criterion in the decision process and that hybrid PV-wind systems show the highest sustainability performance in all methods. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that despite the changes in the criterion weights, the alternative ranking did not change and the proposed model produced stable (robust) results. As a result, this study provides a practicable, reliable and holistic decision support tool in renewable energy planning for smart airports in Turkey; It provides important outputs for strategic decisions towards sustainable and carbon–neutral airport goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 09:05:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combustion Characteristics of High-Energy Syngas in Internal Combustion Engines under Constant Co2 and N2 Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the framework of promoting circular economy strategies and expanding the portfolio of renewable energy sources, synthesis gases (syngas) produced from the gasification of municipal and plastic waste constitute a promising alternative fuel. This research investigates five high-energy syngas compositions, each maintaining constant inert gas proportions (10% CO2 and 5% N2), focusing on their combustion behavior in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine designed for cogeneration applications. This analysis focuses on the characterization of in-cylinder pressures, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), heat release dynamics, and the duration of the combustion process. Experimental results demonstrate that elevated hydrogen proportion in fuel mixtures accelerates combustion, evidenced by reduced burn duration. However, hydrogen content did not exhibit a direct correlation with peak in-cylinder pressure. The maximum peak pressure was achieved by a mixture containing moderate hydrogen and elevated carbon monoxide content. A hydrogen-rich mixture displayed the shortest burn duration yet produced the lowest maximum pressure, attributed to spark timing positioned near top dead center (TDC). Methane concentration directly influenced the volumetric lower heating value (LHV), subsequently affecting both IMEP and torque output. Relative to methane operation, engine torque output decreased by 6% to 13.4%, while hourly fuel consumption increased from 1.55 kg.h-1 to 3.88 kg.h-1 depending on mixture composition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:14:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shaping Future Sustainable Eco-Cities: Profit-Driven and Cost-Effective Optimization of Energy Systems Integrated with Public Transport Fleets and CHP for Near Net-Zero Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops an integrated and cost-effective energy management framework combining Public Transport Fleets (PTFs), Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies to achieve near net-zero emissions in urban power distribution networks. The proposed framework not only ensures energy reliability but also optimises operational costs and reduces carbon emissions, contributing to the development of sustainable eco-cities. The numerical simulations reveal substantial improvements in economic and environmental performance. In the most advanced configuration (Test Case 4), incorporating PTFs, V2G, and BESS, daily operational costs were reduced by 47.20%, from £31,820 to £16,801.67, while CO₂ emissions costs dropped by 47.90%, from £2,898 to £1,509.8, compared to the baseline case (Test Case 1). The inclusion of harmonised CHP and RES systems (Test Case 3) led to a 44.49% reduction in operational costs and a 47.13% decrease in emissions costs, highlighting the synergies of integrating solar, wind, and CHP technologies. Moreover, the integration of PTFs into the energy framework improved system efficiency, especially during peak demand hours, with operational cost reductions of up to 58.17% and emission cost savings of 54.87% in critical periods. This study highlights the critical role of PTFs in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints in urban networks. The findings provide policymakers and urban planners with actionable strategies to accelerate the transition toward low-carbon, cost-effective, and resilient energy systems, paving the way for sustainable urban mobility and energy ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681819</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Techno-Economic, Feasibility, and Life Cycle Analysis of Renewable Propane: 2025 Update</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Propane Education and Research Council (PERC) has engaged with the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) to generate information that is essential to understanding the current and future landscape for renewable propane (RP) and the value proposition for recovery of RP from existing and planned biorefineries. This work provides a 2025 update to NLR’s 2022 report, Techno-Economic, Feasibility, and Life-Cycle Analysis of Renewable Propane (the “2022 RP Report”), and reassesses the technical and economic value proposition for RP in light of evolving markets, policies, and project configurations. As renewable diesel (RD) and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production accelerates, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) biorefineries represent the most mature pathway and primary near-term source of RP. This updated analysis focuses on RP recovery from HEFA facilities while also surveying other biorefinery platforms that can contribute to RP supply over the longer term.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 13:20:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709513</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forecast Transactional Synergy in Sustainable Cities Energy Community through Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diversified Utilization with Dual Green Transportation alongside Social Digital Welfare under Carbon Trade Offs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainable cities and energy communities are increasingly challenged by the growing interdependence of electricity, hydrogen, and carbon flows under high renewable penetration and mobility-driven demand. Coordinating these multi-carrier interactions while ensuring carbon transparency, economic efficiency, and operational resilience remains a critical issue in urban energy management. This study develops an integrated optimization framework for electricity–hydrogen–carbon coordination that combines potential-based cooperation, Nash equilibrium, and Stackelberg hierarchical decision-making with a carbon storage ratio tracing mechanism and a spatiotemporal aerial mobility representation. The framework captures the interactions among distributed renewable resources, hydrogen storage systems, aerial mobility loads, and digitally verifiable carbon trading within an urban energy community. Numerical validation on modified distribution networks demonstrates clear performance improvements. Compared with carbon-blind multilateral trading, system-wide carbon emissions decrease by 22.2%, while external market coordination produces 15.9% higher emissions than the proposed strategy. Economic performance improves, with community revenues increasing by up to 24.4% and operating costs decreasing by 12.9%. Carbon price sensitivity further reduces emissions from 809.53 kilograms to 747.85 kilograms per day. The proposed approach also achieves faster computational performance and higher renewable energy utilization relative to benchmark optimization strategies. These findings provide a scalable foundation for coordinated low-carbon scheduling in urban multi-energy communities, supporting hydrogen mobility integration, carbon-transparent markets, and digitally enabled sustainable city systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:43:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and Implementation of (More) Sustainable and Resilient Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Public Buildings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581591</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The PROBONO project has as main objective to produce validated solutions for the design, construction and operation of zero-emission and positive-energy buildings in sustainable green neighbourhoods through targeted interventions in six different Living Labs (LLs) (Madrid, Dublin, Porto, Brussels, Aarhus, and Prague). In the Dublin LL, energy efficiency is addressed from multiple perspectives, being one of them to deploy a sustainable mobility infrastructure perfectly integrated with the buildings’ power grid that is able to optimize demand and supply of energy in order to maximize renewable energy use and reduce overall energy consumption. To this end, several technologies will be put in place: bi-directional chargers with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities to allow the electric vehicle (EV) fleet of the LL to be charged in the most flexible way possible, deployment of alternative charging solutions such as battery swapping for the e-bike fleet or inductive charging for the vehicles, and second life battery banks to help minimize demand peaks during the day. All these features of the infrastructure will be managed by a secure software platform that enables optimal energy use while reducing the total cost of ownership of the charging infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581591</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of ENROAD Tool for Pre-feasibility Evaluation of Renewable Energy Projects Within the Road Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roads are vital infrastructures for the mobility of people, transport of goods and, in general, for every country’s economic development. On the other hand, roads have a significant impact on the environment throughout their life cycle. Thus, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector in the EU have substantially grown in the last few years, unlike other sectors like energy or manufacturing industries, which managed to greatly reduce their GHG emissions. Several solutions are currently in place to minimize the environmental impact of roads, such as the use of more sustainable materials, the use of biofuels by vehicles, the promotion of cycling and public transport, or the electrification of roads. The use of renewable energies, such as solar and wind energy, should also be considered to power road infrastructures and services such as lighting, signaling or even electric vehicle charging stations. A case study is presented here for application with ENROAD, a web-based, open source, road-focused tool for decision making at a very early stage of investments in renewable energy projects. The solution provided shows the potential use of a specific site to cover the energy needs of a road infrastructure, also allowing the comparison between different generation alternatives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Project EcoFuel: Renewable Electricity-Based, Cyclic and Economic Production of Fuel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[E-fuels, produced from CO₂ using renewable electricity, currently suffer from low energy efficiency, hence high energy demand, related high cost and are therefore not yet produced at industrial scale. To be commercially viable, e-fuels production pathways require the availability of vast amounts of low-cost electricity. The Horizon 2020 project EcoFuel, with the aim of overcoming these deficiencies, develops and demonstrates a novel process chain that significantly improves the energy efficiency for production of synthetic fuel out of CO₂ and water using renewable energy. The process chain comprises (a) the supply of CO₂ from the atmosphere via a novel direct air capture (DAC) approach, (b) direct electro-catalytic reduction of CO₂ to C2/C3 hydrocarbons at close to ambient temperatures, and (c) thermo-catalytic liquefaction of alkenes, upgrading and fractionation into transport fuels. The direct electro-catalytic CO₂ reduction to hydrocarbons offers greatly enhanced efficiency potentials compared to Power-to-X technologies downstream of water electrolysis and at the same time, reduces process pathway steps. Overarching objectives of EcoFuel are to reduce primary energy demand, to enhance resource and cost efficiency of production, minimize the environmental footprint of the process, and to demonstrate the ecological and economic advantage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581577</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multistage Distributionally Robust Dynamic Logistics–Energy Coordination in Fully Integrated Hydrogen–Electric Seaports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen is emerging as a key energy carrier in the seaport energy transition. However, existing research mainly focuses on the utilization of hydrogen within energy systems, while overlooking the flexibility offered by hydrogen-powered logistics equipment. This article proposes a comprehensive logistics–energy coordination model that fully considers logistics-side hydrogen integration and its interaction with hydrogen–electric energy systems. Given the dependence of logistics–energy coordination on intermittent renewable generation, a Wasserstein metric-based multistage distributionally robust dynamic optimization (W-MDRDO) approach is developed. This effectively leverages the strengths of Wasserstein metric ambiguity set in handling continuous renewable energy uncertainty within a multistage dynamic scheduling framework. It ensures solution nonanticipativity while enhancing both economic efficiency and operational robustness. A distributionally robust dual dynamic integer programming (DRDDiP) algorithm with a stable convergence property is designed to solve the W-MDRDO model. Case studies based on a real-world seaport in China validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review on the use of next-generation sustainable fuels in aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aviation sector is undergoing a significant transformation in terms of environmental sustainability due to its energy-intensive nature and high carbon emissions. At the heart of this transformation lies sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), which aims to reduce environmental impacts and ensure long-term energy security as an alternative to fossil fuels. This study examines the current state of SAF usage in the industry, its potential advantages, and the challenges encountered. This study looks at how SAF is currently used in the industry, as well as its possible benefits and difficulties. The study used a mixed-method approach, gathering quantitative data from surveys given to a larger sample group and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with professionals in the aviation industry. Based on the data obtained, it was determined that although SAFs offer considerable environmental benefits, high production costs, infrastructure deficiencies, and regulatory uncertainties hinder their widespread adoption. This study aims to contribute to the strategic planning efforts of sector stakeholders and provide data to guide policymakers during the transition to sustainable aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 14:31:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Secondary Control Method for Parallel DC-DC Converters under FDI Attacks Based on Sliding Mode Observer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, with the continuous development of electric vehicles, DC microgrids have attracted widespread attention due to their flexible access methods and high energy transmission efficiency. However, since the distributed secondary control of DC microgrids relies on information exchange through communication networks, false data injection (FDI) attacks on these networks may cause control algorithms to fail, leading to voltage deviations, output current imbalance, and in severe cases, system instability. This study focuses on DC microgrids based on parallel DC–DC buck converters and proposes a distributed secondary control strategy based on a sliding mode observer to address FDI attacks. By treating the system's FDI attack signals as an extended state, an extended sliding mode observer is designed to track the attack signals. Based on the observed attacks, a control algorithm is proposed that compensates the control inputs through the observer, ensuring proportional sharing of bus voltage and converter output currents. The stability of the system under the proposed control method is proven using the Lyapunov method and verified through MATLAB simulations. Simulation results show that the sliding mode observer (SMO) can quickly and accurately estimate FDI attack signals under various types of attacks, including periodic and step disturbances, and under load changes, while the system maintains stable bus voltage and current sharing. This research provides a potential technical approach to ensure the safe and stable operation of DC systems in future smart charging stations and grids with high renewable energy penetration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:12:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706223</guid>
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