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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety Data Management and Analysis: Addressing the Continuing Education Needs for the Pacific Northwest (Phase 2)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1629419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this two-part project was to respond to gaps in delivering transportation safety education and to develop introductory curriculum materials for both academicians and practitioners. The project objectives included: developing a comprehensive understanding of needs and priorities with regard to safety data management and analysis; developing a set of core skills and knowledge required for safety data management and analysis; providing a comprehensive set of safety data workforce development resources that could be easily accessed for use and distribution; and identifying and utilizing proven delivery pipelines to supplement program outreach efforts and activities in the safety data area.  This technical report documents the cumulative work completed as part of the second phase in which three elements were further examined. First, the set of tools developed for practitioners was pilot tested and reviewed by a focus group and then refined on the basis of the feedback received. Second, the set of tools developed for academicians was reviewed by 18 faculty members representing institutions from throughout the country to gauge the effectiveness of those products in the classroom; all participating faculty members taught transportation or transportation safety-related courses. Lastly, as an extension to the state-level crash reporting methodology described in the first phase, the research team examined how crashes were reported in remote areas and how reliance on local sources, such as a town newspaper, might provide a more comprehensive assessment as to the number of crashes and crash types that occur than existing trauma registries and crash databases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2019 16:08:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1629419</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Estimation of Travel Mobility Burden to and from a Remote Island by Ferryboat Based on Generalized Time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Japan has the most aged population of any country in the world, with 23.0% of the population aged 65 years or older as of 2011. This trend is especially prevalent on remote islands in Japan, where 43.9% of the population is aged 65 years or older. On these islands, the maintenance of the public transit system is important policy issue, as the residents have to transfer from a ferryboat to a local bus when they visit a main island to go shopping, visit a hospital, and so on. For elderly residents, it can be a burden to wait for a long time for a bus or ferry, and to transfer between transportation modes in a transport hub. in this study, the different mobility burdens experienced by the elderly and non-elderly residents of a remote island were quantified using “generalized time,” which indicates the severity of different mobility burdens in a readily comparable form. The study determined that elderly residents of remote islands experience higher movement burdens than non-elderly residents when transferring from a ferryboat to a bus. Therefore, barrier-free ferryboats and barrier-free transport hubs that decrease this mobility burden are a critical issue for the elderly residents of remote islands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2019 15:51:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572503</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Wireless Subsurface Sensors Supporting Remote Roadway Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadways subject to seasonal load restrictions are located in remote areas where collection and transmission of real-time subsurface data is problematic. A demonstration project used wired underground sensors connected via cell/satellite transmissions. The present project developed radio frequency wireless sensors and transmission systems to measure subsurface data. A major advantage with wireless is installation simplicity, eliminating the need to trench out the roadway for cables from the sensors to a roadside data collection and transmission system. Real-time wireless sensor data and environmental data are integrated into a decision support system designed to assist state Department of Transportation (DOT) officials in setting winter weight premiums (WWP) and seasonal load restrictions (SLR). WWP and SLR decisions are made using forecasting models using computed environmental and subsurface parameters. Collected and computed information are displayed on a web browser, alerting Maine and New Hampshire DOTs when critical threshold values are reached.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2018 09:40:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557136</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Entrepreneurship based on Intermodal Transport for the Installation of a Wind Turbine in Isolated Regime</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complex activities for the implementation of renewable energy projects (RES) need a well-documented entrepreneurial plan to find qualified suppliers for the development of RES projects. The activities of the chain links in RES projects, especially the transport of heavy components, require a collaborative logistics system to be continually monitored. The requirements stringency imposed for the implementation of wind energy projects inevitably implies infrastructure, implementation and logistical constraints. Special parts of the wind turbine can be difficult to handle due to their fragility, weight or size and therefore they require special treatment when transported. This work, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, respectively through a decision model provides an entrepreneurial plan for the intermodal transport needed to assemble a wind turbine in isolated regime, where there are challenges related to the high transport distance, low road standard and rough climate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2018 13:37:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air connectivity in remote regions: A comprehensive review of existing transport policies worldwide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A consensus exists in the literature on the strong link between air connectivity and economic growth and development. The need for connecting people and markets is part of national policies in different territories. The existence of remote areas, that is, those that under strict market criteria would not be transport supplied due to lack of commercial profitability, has led to the development of different public policies aimed to support air connectivity in regions where commercial airline operations are not viable. This paper provides a mapping of existing policies applied worldwide to provide air connectivity to remote areas, and critically reviews policies promoting air connectivity, including: 1) route-based policies; 2) passenger-based policies; 3) airline-based policies; and 4) airport-based policies. This effort is the first to compile and critically analyze all the existing alternatives to provide air connectivity in remote areas and to report on experiences worldwide. Moreover, the authors develop a novel taxonomy of existing public policies when it comes to providing air connectivity to remote areas. After reviewing different policy options and instruments applied globally, the paper ends with a policy discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Nov 2017 10:35:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An airport public–private partnership in the Canadian Arctic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarises why the Government of Nunavut used a public–private partnership (P3) model to modernise a key piece of strategic infrastructure; why a Canadian Tier 1 airport would join a consortium to design, build, finance, operate and maintain an airport in the Canadian Arctic for more than 30 years; why this consortium won the contract; what challenges are presented working in a remote location; what innovations were implemented; and what lessons were learned for application elsewhere.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2017 09:24:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460569</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Realizing Reliable Lithium-Ion Batteries for Critical Remote-Located Offshore Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On-demand reliability is the key requirement for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used for powering time-critical remote-located offshore systems. Based on the reported lithium-ion (li-ion) cell failure model, failure rate and on-demand reliability of a li-ion cell are computed for a range of charge-discharge cycles and maintenance intervals. The results are extended to compute the on-demand reliability of LIB of industry-standard voltage ratings. Results indicate that, with present technical maturity, an LIB with 24V output, 500 annual charge-discharge cycles, and with 6 months of maintenance intervals requires three and six parallel groupings for achieving IEC 61508 Safety Integrity Level 4 under low- and high-demand scenarios, respectively. The results presented could be directly extended to determine the on-demand reliability for LIBs with higher capacities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2017 16:18:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441973</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Road Network Accessibility and Socio-economic Disadvantage Across Adelaide Metropolitan Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport mobility is important in defining the population’s accessibility to services and facilities. Few studies have investigated the relationship between geographical accessibility of urban services for the population living in residential areas and socio-economic parameters. In this paper, the distribution of residential parcels is analyzed from a rarely explored angle—that is, its location in relation to services and facilities. The aims of this study are first to develop an index of the accessibility of various urban resources to each residential parcel in a metropolitan area of Adelaide using spatial data analysis in Geographical Information Systems and then to develop a relationship with socio-economic and land use attributes of statistical areas using ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression analysis. As expected the ‘Distance to central business district (CBD)’ variable has a positive relationship with metropolitan Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Adelaide (metro-ARIA) meaning that the farther away statistical areas have lower accessibility to services. In the case of population density variable, the relationship is mostly negative except few areas in the far south, west and northern areas, which showed a positive relationship. When similar results for median family income were studied, in some of the southernmost parts of Adelaide, it showed a strong positive relationship with metro-ARIA. This research will not only provide new insight into spatial differences between metropolitan areas but also potentially help in assessing the impact of the changes in services on land use. The findings of this paper, therefore, have important implications for service provision and social infrastructure investment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:49:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hot In-Place Asphalt Recycling for Small Repairs on Airfields in Remote Settings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391911</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents results from an evaluation of Hot In-Place Recycling (HIR) techniques for conducting small repairs of aged asphalt concrete (AC) pavements on airfields in remote locations. The evaluation included both laboratory and field testing. In the laboratory, four different types of rejuvenators were evaluated using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) test and the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test to investigate the use of rejuvenators to soften aged binder obtained from a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material. The use of small quantities of Type I portland cement during the mix rejuvenation cycle was also explored. Optimum dosage rates for the four types of rejuvenators tested were developed, and the best performing rejuvenator-dosage rate combination was selected to use for field trials. A series of full-scale repairs was conducted using HIR technology, rejuvenators, cement, and two RAP materials. The performance of the repairs was evaluated under simulated F-15E aircraft traffic. All repairs met the objective of 3,500 passes of F-15E aircraft, and the extracted binder from the repairs showed signs of rejuvenation, which could result in longer lasting repairs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jan 2016 16:36:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391911</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Nontraditionally Surfaced Airfield Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. military typically operates its aircraft on traditionally surfaced pavements such as Portland cement concrete (PCC) or asphalt concrete (AC), for which there are well-established methodologies for evaluating their surface conditions and structural performance. There is, however, a lack of pavement evaluation guidance for nontraditionally surfaced airfield pavements that may be encountered around the world. Aircraft operations, such as training exercises, humanitarian relief missions, or personnel evacuations may be conducted in remote regions of developing countries where access to traditionally paved airfield infrastructure meeting International Civil Aviation Organization standards is not available. Nontraditionally surfaced airfield pavements of particular interest include those with wearing surfaces comprised of sand asphalt, penetration macadam, bituminous surface treatments (applied over prepared bases), and stabilized soils/aggregates. These pavement types may be encountered in regions where airfield quality AC or PCC are either not readily available or they are too cost-, labor-, or equipment-intensive to use. Additionally, these surface types may have been used at airfields designed to support lighter aircraft with fewer operations. This paper presents evaluation procedures for predicting the performance of these pavement types for aircraft. The identification of key surface distresses and recommendations for the visual and structural assessment of each pavement type are also presented. Recommendations for improving the evaluation procedure through field verification tests are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2015 15:52:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-place Asphalt Recycling for Small Airfield Repairs in Remote Locations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1337996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents results from an evaluation of Hot In-Place Recycling (HIR) techniques for conducting small repairs of aged asphalt concrete (AC) pavements on airfields in remote locations. The evaluation included both laboratory and field testing. In the laboratory, four different types of rejuvenators were evaluated using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) test and the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test to investigate the use of rejuvenators to soften aged binder obtained from a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material. The use of small quantities of Type I portland cement during the mix rejuvenation cycle was also explored. Optimum dosage rates for the four types of rejuvenators tested were developed, and the best performing rejuvenator-dosage rate combination was selected to use for field trials. The best combination of rejuvenator-cement dosage was also determined and used for field testing. In the field testing portion of the research, a series of repairs were conducted using HIR technology, rejuvenators, cement and two RAP materials. The performance of the repairs was evaluated under simulated F-15E aircraft traffic. All repairs met the objective of 3,500 passes of F-15E aircraft, and the extracted binder from the repairs showed signs of rejuvenation, which could result in longer lasting repairs. The overall conclusion of the research was that HIR of aged AC on airfield pavements can produce a quality repair that is capable of withstanding considerable aircraft traffic and the aged binder can be softened via use of rejuvenators to produce a more permanent repair.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2015 09:17:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1337996</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Backcountry Airstrip Preservation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1313235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Backcountry airstrips in remote areas support a wide variety of unique aviation activities. Aviators consider backcountry airstrips under threat, and these airstrips have steadily decreased in number over the past several decades. Preserving publicly owned backcountry airstrips has gained the attention of many individual pilots, state aviation agencies, and aviation associations as airstrips have been closed, restricted, or not maintained. Airstrip closures or restrictions on private land are often the result of landowners finding a different use for the property, while closures or restrictions on public lands are driven by many factors. Airstrips in the eastern United States are primarily located on private or state lands and in the western United States on federal lands. In Alaska, owing to the physical geography of the state, the vast majority of landing areas are backcountry, or bush, airstrips.   This synthesis catalogues the uses, benefits, and threats to backcountry airstrips and identifies practices and strategies for backcountry airstrip preservation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2014 10:54:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1313235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient procurement of public air services—Lessons learned from European transport authorities' perspectives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper set out to identify the best practice from different European policy approaches by viewing issues from a sponsoring public transport authority perspective. The heart of this paper is a survey of European air service procurement authorities. The authors examine the authorities' perspectives on their rationale for imposing public service obligations (PSOs) on scheduled air services, including likely future funding trends, and investigate various aspects of the procedures connected with the PSO process (e.g., transparency of subsidies and risk sharing with operators). They also explore various aspects of the obligations that authorities actually impose upon routes and operators (e.g. maximum fare, aircraft size etc). A particular interest of this paper is in the authorities' policies regarding marketing the PSO and promoting competition in their tendering exercises. The lessons derived from this EU experience are discussed with a view in assisting policy makers when promoting and drafting their own regional air transport programmes, or in further refining existing schemes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Nov 2013 09:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation network optimization for the movement of indigenous goods in Amazonian Ecuador</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an unusual case study and a new network optimization model for transportation of agricultural products in a largely roadless region of Amazonian Ecuador. One proposed sustainable economic development strategy to help protect the biodiversity and indigenous cultures of this region is to grow and transport locally produced organic crops to markets outside the region. Transportation options include for-hire modes such as small planes that can land at grass airstrips and truck transport available from only one node. Other options include self-owned modes such as motorized canoes, which can be purchased and based at certain villages for use on a few navigable rivers. To analyze this unique logistics problem, this paper develops a hybrid mixed-integer linear programming model combining elements from cost-minimizing multimodal network flow models and location–routing models with vehicle-capacity constraints. Because of the small volumes shipped, the keys to minimizing transport costs for both for-hire and self-owned modes are the economies of scale of larger vehicles as well as high utilization of the capacity of those vehicles. The model solves for optimal modes, sizes, routes, bases, stops, and volumes, as well as location of storage and transshipment facilities. The five different scenarios demonstrate the substantial cost savings achievable with network optimization as opposed to direct routing from each community. This type of model could be adapted to help address logistics problems facing other inaccessible regions in mountainous, polar, or rainforest ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 08:39:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247761</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Natural preservation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the case of Angeles Forest Highway, which goes through the Angeles National Forest north of Los Angeles, California, and the use of cold in-place recycling (CIR) to rehabilitate it. This project earned a Roads & Bridges/Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association (ARRA) Recycling Award. CIR was chosen primarily due to the location of the highway, which was in a protected area, meriting an environmentally friendly method for the repair work. Additionally, resources were difficult to access, as the project was in the middle of a forest - particularly asphalt plants - so the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works needed to consider the overall impacts of distance and cost in hauling road materials from existing asphalt plants.  CIR met all their needs - engineering, environmental and financial. Details of the rehabilitation project are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2013 09:06:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246177</guid>
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