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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Chartering game under carbon intensity indicator regulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce pollution from the maritime industry, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) and related regulatory requirements. The implementation of the CII is expected to influence the structure of the chartering market and the decision-making processes of both shipowners and cargo owners. This will lead to a new market equilibrium and necessitate new approaches for analyzing and forecasting market behavior. This study examines the strategic interactions between shipowners and charterers under the CII regulations. It aims to identify the potential stable states of future markets, analyze the effects of key parameter changes, and offer relevant recommendations. To achieve this, a static mixed-strategy game model and a dynamic evolutionary game model are developed. Based on the results of model calculations and simulations, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) After long-term evolution, strategy combinations tend to cluster around the positions defined by the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. 2) Compared with other vessel types, shipowners and charterers in the Handysize bulk carrier market are more likely to disregard CII regulations in the steady state. 3) Excessive concessions or overly low penalties set by shipowners generally lead charterers to ignore speed restriction strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2026 09:14:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692334</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Recommendations and challenges for the regulations of ghost fishing gears</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approximately 80% of goods are transported by shipping all over the world. Shipping plays an indispensable role in international transportation, as it is the most effective method. However, marine pollution from ships, such as accidental or operational discharge, is a recognised contributor to the worsening marine environment and ecosystem. It is known that approximately 27% of plastic pollution originates from marine-based sources. Shipping is a major contributor to marine plastics through fishing gear and container losses as well as recreational boating and passenger ships, among others. Given the statistics, this study proposes future regulatory recommendations for mitigating marine plastic pollution from ships. The uniqueness of this research lies in its emphasis on regulatory analysis specific to ship-source plastic pollution, which differs from the usual focus on land-based origins. Ultimately, the study seeks to heighten public awareness regarding the urgency of implementing regulatory measures. The research suggests the strengthening of enforcement regime over vessels, advocating for revisions to Annex V of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, and enhancing collaboration between the IMO and the FAO.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 11:31:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675166</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Personalised incentives with constrained regulator's budget</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We consider a regulator driving individual choices towards increasing social welfare by providing personal incentives. We formalise and solve this problem by maximising social welfare under a budget constraint. The personalised incentives depend on the alternatives available to each individual and on her preferences. A polynomial time approximation algorithm computes a policy within few seconds. We analytically prove that it is boundedly close to the optimum. We efficiently calculate the curve of social welfare achievable for each value of budget within a given range. This curve can be useful for the regulator to decide the appropriate amount of budget to invest. We extend our formulation to enforcement, taxation and non-personalised-incentive policies. We analytically show that our personalised-incentive policy is also optimal within this class of policies and construct close-to-optimal enforcement and proportional tax-subsidy policies. We then compare analytically and numerically our policy with other state-of-the-art policies. Finally, we simulate a large-scale application to mode choice to reduce CO₂ emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 14:41:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Internal Combustion Engine Bans and Global Oil Use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive transport represents one of the highest contributing sources of oil use, local air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Several countries, notably including several European countries and China, have proposed bans on the sale of automotive internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles as a means to abate these negative effects from the sector. Some cities and regions have already instituted restrictions on ICE vehicles. Larger, national bans have been discussed as a policy to begin in 2040. We consider the literature on proposed policies to ban ICE vehicles and develop scenarios to estimate the potential impacts of these proposed bans, to contribute to a peaking in oil demand and eventual reductions in CO₂ emissions. We find that national level ICE car bans in key markets such as China and Europe in 2040 could reduce oil use by five million barrels a day (b/d) by 2050, under five percent of projected global oil use. A global ban would eliminate three times that level of oil use but would likely take several decades for its full impact to be realized. Our findings suggest that other supporting policies beyond the bans alone might be necessary to trigger more rapid changes in markets and purchase behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Dec 2025 16:15:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fare impacts of a regulatory change in takeoff and landing restrictions: The case of Newark Liberty Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The regulatory change in takeoff and landing restrictions that occurred at Newark Liberty Airport provides an opportune set of conditions to study the effect of a plausibly exogenous shock to airfares. In 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration changed Newark Liberty’s classification from Level 3 to Level 2 (less restrictive designation). In order to isolate the policy impact on airfares, the authors compare airfare changes in markets that include Newark as endpoint with markets that do not. These markets are analyzed before and after the policy event with a special emphasis on United Airlines which controlled 73% of the slots at Newark. While airfares declined overall, the airfare gap between the Newark and non-Newark markets suggests that Newark airfares were shielded from the full extent of the airfare decrease, resulting in a lesser decline than would have been anticipated in the absence of the regulatory change.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 17:11:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Method of "Inverse Four-Step" Regulatory Transportation Planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Good transportation planning is the key to solving urban transportation problems. There are some technologies which need to be utilized in present transportation planning practices. How to get effective feedback from transportation planning to land use planning? How to quantitatively consider the impact of traffic on the future environment? How to forecast the future transportation demands correctly when the urban environment is developing rapidly? Under these considerations, the authors proposed a reverse regulatory transportation planning method. With this method, the authors can determine a range of land regulatory indexes for traffic zones after they have set the traffic state on future road network and have calculated the regulatory generation trips of transportation zones. In this paper, the basic idea and related technologies of reverse regulatory transportation planning method have been studied preliminarily.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2024 10:47:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Supporting the implementation of renewable energy technologies in the road infrastructure (ENROAD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Achieving 2030 targets of reduction of emissions and increase of energy generation from renewable sources require of the participation of the sectors with a greater impact on the environment, those highly contributing to the climate change. Transportation plays a key role for the economic and social transformation of the society, but it is also responsible for a large part of EU emissions. As main stakeholders, the commitment of National Road Administrations (NRAs) is necessary to meet the challenge. To this end, installating renewable energy systems in the lands and assets they own might be a great step towards the mitigation of the environmental impact of roads. The ENROAD Project is aimed at helping in the decision-making, not only from the perspective of the technical and financial implications, but also considering the regulatory barriers that might limit their implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2024 09:03:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314978</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of regulatory level of the aggregation platforms on the ride-sourcing market with heterogeneous travelers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, aggregation platforms in the ride-sourcing (RS) market, such as Gaode, Meituan, and Baidu, have integrated the RS services offered by multiple independent RS companies. The emergence of aggregation platforms can alleviate the problem of market fragmentation. However, the poor regulatory level of the aggregation platform poses numerous issues, such as low vehicle and driver compliance rates, prominent safety hazards, and difficulty for passengers to claim their rights, which distract passengers to a great extent. Thus, this paper proposes an optimization model that considers the impact of the regulatory level of the aggregation platform on heterogeneous travelers. At the uppermost level, the aggregation platform determines the appropriate regulatory level and charges RS companies a commission fee. In the middle level, RS companies determine the optimal trip fare. The travel choice of customers is modeled as the lowest level. The study provides reference to regulate the aggregation platforms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2024 17:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Through Running and Integration of Federal Railroad Administration and Federal Transit Administration Regulated Passenger Trains: A Path Toward Mixing Intercity, Commuter, Metro, and Light Rail on the Same Tracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1999009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[U.S. rail transit (subways, metros, and light rail) and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulated heavy rail (commuter, intercity and regional rail) operate completely separately in revenue service. This necessitates transfers between the modes at terminals. While not unique to the U.S.A., its version of this practice is extreme and prevents the development of robust seamless rail networks. Especially in the post-Covid environment, this leaves commuter rail in search of a mission and rail transit isolated from suburbs. This paper discusses the statutory regulatory scheme that divides the two modes in the U.S.A. It will analyze the justification for the segregation and its history. Such issues include potential collisions, weight, crashworthiness, electrification, signaling, loading gauge, platform height, and operating practices. This paper concludes that the regulatory barrier preventing an FRA-regulated train from going onto a non-FRA railroad are surmountable. Running through trains between the FRA-regulated system and the rail transit network would enhance regional networks. The “Karlsruhe model” in Germany and the through running of regional trains onto the Tokyo subway network are two prime examples. Recent technological advances—such as dual mode battery multiple units, robust signaling systems such as Communications Based Train Control and Positive Train Control, and advanced car body designs able to deal with different loading gauges—make through running more practical. With little or no new right-of-way, it is possible to create far more useful rail networks. Potential shared networks at the conceptual level are discussed for Los Angeles, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Dallas, and Sacramento.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2022 09:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1999009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The interaction of ice and law in Arctic marine accessibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sea ice levies an impost on maritime navigability in the Arctic, but ice cover diminution due to anthropogenic climate change is generating expectations for improved accessibility in coming decades. Projections of sea ice cover retreating preferentially from the eastern Arctic suggest key provisions of international law of the sea will require revision. Specifically, protections against marine pollution in ice-covered seas enshrined in Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea have been used in recent decades to extend jurisdictional competence over the Northern Sea Route only loosely associated with environmental outcomes. Projections show that plausible open water routes through international waters may be accessible by midcentury under all but the most aggressive of emissions control scenarios. While inter- and intraannual variability places the economic viability of these routes in question for some time, the inevitability of a seasonally ice-free Arctic will be attended by a reduction of regulatory friction and a recalibration of associated legal frameworks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 13:38:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987462</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regulatory framework analysis for the unmanned inland waterway vessel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several research and innovation initiatives have been pursued worldwide for the development of autonomous and unmanned ships. However, these ships’ wider adoption is limited by the existing regulatory framework, which presently does not provide clear guidelines and requirements for the design and operation of autonomous ships. The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyse the existing maritime safety and security regulatory framework including the national and international regulations for designing, building, testing and operating the unmanned next-generation inland waterways (IWW) vessel considered in the AUTOSHIP project operating in the Flemish inland waters. This study initiates with the identification of the regulatory bodies controlling the operation and testing of the investigated vessel and then identifies barriers in regulations where amendments or new developments are required. Subsequently, a strategy for overcoming these barriers is proposed. The main regulatory gaps that are identified include the requirements for navigation, emergency and environment protection functions, where new definitions are required for unmanned ship operations (e.g. master, crew, remote control centre). Moreover, some of the regulations explicitly specify the existence of crew on the ships for navigation, emergency and environment protection functions. A three-phase strategy is proposed to overcome the current regulatory barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:27:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intercity Commuter Buses in the U.S.A. – Shared Mobility Congestion Mitigation Solutions
Caught in a Global Pandemic and a Complex Regulatory Web</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article provides an overview of the trends and future pathways for intercity commuter buses and explains various laws and regulations governing these services in major United States cities. The article also provides considerations for companies when expanding service or adding a stop in a new market following the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had major ramifications on how people travel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:57:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparison of Methodologies for Estimating Displacement Emissions From Waste, Residue, and By-Product Biofuel Feedstocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Awareness of indirect emissions from land-use change from raising food crops for biofuels has grown over recent years, but the indirect climate effects of biofuels derived from byproducts, wastes, and residues are not well understood. It is expected that such fuels will have lower impacts on climate than most feedstocks, but many of these materials are displaced from their existing uses and substitutions may become necessary, likely with effects on climate. The indirect emissions from the production of these biofuels have been difficult to assess and include in policymaking; this Working Paper presents a variety of methodologies for developing displacement analyses. Although no single best method exists for evaluation of displacement emissions, such emissions must be taken into account in biofuels policy. The authors offer several suggestions for analyzing displacement emissions: The assessment must be designed to answer specific questions; Accounting for bioenergy displacement is appropriate until non-transportation sectors account for displacement effects; Market effects can add considerable complexity to the analysis, but should be included; Whenever possible, different biofuel materials should be assessed by consistent methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2020 13:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747577</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The long-haul full-load vehicle routing and truck driver scheduling problem with intermediate stops: An economic impact evaluation of Brazilian policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a methodology to identify the economic impact of different policies for heavy vehicle routing and driver scheduling in long-haul full-load trips with intermediate stops for refueling and for regulation-driven meal and rest periods. This methodology can be used both as a planning tool to help policy-makers define policies through scenario simulations, and as an evaluation tool to examine ex-post economic impact once policies have been changed as illustrated herein for the Brazilian case. The paper introduces a mathematical formulation, proposes a state-space graph search approach, and develops an algorithmic solution for a variant of the vehicle routing and truck driver scheduling problem with intermediate stops (VRTDSPIS), which is especially important in countries with vast territory where long-range freight trucking trips are common. In addition, it is particularly relevant for the economies of emerging markets that may have evolving regulatory frameworks and suboptimal infrastructure environments. Regulatory maximum driving and minimum driver resting time windows impose significant constraints to trucker routines, especially in sparsely populated regions through which long range vehicle trips with full load are common. Such trips can take days to be concluded and numerous alternative routes are possible, each with very different alternatives for refueling and rest. While the literature to date has focused mostly on truck driver scheduling given pre-determined routes and individual country’s laws and regulations, this paper proposes a joint solution for the routing and scheduling problem with time window constraints, determining simultaneously a routing and scheduling plan that meets all maximum driving and minimum resting time interval regulatory requirements at minimum cost. An illustration applying the methodology to evaluate the economic impact of truck driver regulatory changes in Brazil is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2020 17:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Open access passenger rail services in Central Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Open access passenger rail services have been well established in Central Europe. They have been in operation in Austria on the Vienna–Salzburg line from 2011, in the Czech Republic on the Prague–Ostrava line from 2011, and in Slovakia on the Žilina–Košice line from 2014. These open access entries are all on principal domestic railway lines and have caused major increases in train frequencies. New entrants have introduced many service innovations and utilized aggressive price cuts. As a result, they have been able to win substantial market shares from incumbents. This article compares the impacts of open access entries on the development of railway markets in Central Europe. The comparison covers entry barriers, business models, market developments, and regulatory challenges. The main results are that open access competition has strongly stimulated ridership, but the impact on market revenues has been only moderate due to price reductions. The total costs on the market went up and both newcomers and incumbents are struggling with the profitability of their open access operations. The authors conclude that open access passenger rail services in Central Europe have led not only to significant benefits for customers but also cost increases and significant regulatory challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567650</guid>
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