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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A distinction of the environment and energy effects of LiBr/H2O single effect absorption refrigeration with vapor compression refrigeration in textile factories in Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528697</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electricity and energy consumption and CO2 emissions are most concentrated in the industrial sector, especially industries such as steel production, cement, textiles... The amount of waste heat from these factories is very large. However, it can be fully utilized to provide heat, cooling or produce electricity for the factories themselves. In Vietnam, absorption refrigeration technology is a potential alternative to vapor compression refrigeration technology. The article mainly studies the power consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the heat and refrigeration systems of Vietnamese textile and garment factories when using absorption refrigeration and vapor compression refrigeration. The results show the potential to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions when using absorption refrigeration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 2025 16:06:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528697</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable multi-generation of district cooling, electricity, and regasified LNG for cooling-dominated regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2471456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multi-generation concepts combining low-to-medium grade environmental or waste heat utilization, and waste cryogenic cold recovery, are investigated for (i) direct and indirect district cooling (DC) using a direct refrigeration unit and open Rankine cycle-driven compression chiller, respectively, (ii) district electricity generation using closed organic Rankine- or Brayton-based cycle configurations, and (iii) LNG regasification for local gas distribution. The Rankine-based system can yield net equivalent energy savings of approximately 41 kWh/tonLNG at effective first-law and effective exergy efficiencies of 24 % and 26.2 %, respectively, and the Brayton-based system, 135 kWh/tonLNG, at 43.1 % and 45.5 % efficiencies, respectively. Per MTPALNG regasification capacity, the Rankine- and Brayton-based systems could deliver 12.4 and 22.1 MW of DC, respectively, while generating 2.4 and 9.4 MW of net electrical power for the district, with 6.4 and 19.5 ktons of natural gas saved annually, respectively, and avoiding 16.9 and 51.5 kt of CO₂-equivalent emissions annually, respectively. At a low-bound electricity tariff, corresponding net annual economic benefits of 5.3 and 8.3 million USD could be obtained for the Rankine- and Brayton-based multi-generation systems, with corresponding payback times of 2.6 and 3.9 years, respectively. Further environmental benefits would be achieved through reduced use of conventional refrigerants, and reduced impact on marine ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2024 09:57:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2471456</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature: A State-of-the-Art Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Magnetic cooling technology, grounded in the magnetocaloric effect, is a significant area of study given its immense potential to address escalating energy demands and environmental issues posed by current technologies. Investigations into magnetic cooling systems encompass engineering endeavours and materials research. Magnetic refrigeration at room temperature represents a cutting-edge, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly technology. Despite its current developmental stage, it exhibits immense potential for practical applications and appears to be a viable alternative to conventional vapor compression methods. This review primarily focuses on the applications and materials research aspect of these studies, offering insights into the latest advancements in the field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Oct 2024 14:46:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic and Friction Loss Analysis of the Vane in the Revolving Vane Compressor with the External Driving System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1874043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most important and most easily damaged part of a revolving vane (RV) compressor is the vane. The friction loss of the vane determines the service life and maintenance cost of the RV compressor to a certain extent. To improve the efficiency and prolong the service life of the RV compressor, it is of great significance to analyze the dynamics of the vane and reduce the friction loss of the vane. In this article, a scheme is proposed to reduce the friction at the vane’s sides for the RV compressor. In the proposed scheme, the force acting on the vane tip due to the cylinder inertia is eliminated by driving the rotor and cylinder externally and separately; thus the friction loss at the vane’s sides is reduced. Calculations show that eliminating the effect of cylinder inertia can reduce the friction loss at the vane’s sides from 44.9 W to 24.7 W. Further, the results show that adding a driving force at the vane tip can further reduce the friction loss at the vane’s sides to 2.2 W, and this force can be easily implemented using an elastic coupling in the external driving system. Further considering that reducing the friction loss at the vane’s sides can increase the eccentricity between the rotor and the cylinder and increase the gas displacement, it can be widely used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:25:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1874043</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exergoeconomic and air emission analyses for marine refrigeration with waste heat recovery system: a case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, shipping industry faces challenges of energy efficiency and reducing of fuel consumption. Moreover, Waste Heat Recovery Systems (WHRS) regarding energy efficiency have a larger focus to utilise the heat energy lost from all thermal processes from ship engines. WHRS is one of the best methods to reduce fuel consumption and implicitly emissions. Refrigeration system, which can be evaluated as one of these systems, has a high energy efficiency potential on ships. In this study, exergoeconomic and air emission analyses of a case study ship named M/V Ince Ilgaz have been performed by comparing Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) and VCRS with WHRS on exergy destruction and Second Law Efficiency in case of variable sea water temperature with 15 different refrigerants. Furthermore, a novel proposed WHRS is used for preheating of an accommodation water which leads reducing of exergy destruction about 9.31–10.60% while using R134A refrigerant. The fuel consumption due to refrigerant compressor has a 36% increase with the 10°C increment of sea water temperature. The increase of CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ and Particular Matter (PM) emissions is found about 183.40, 3.10, 4.65 and 0.47 tonnes, by the increase of sea water temperature from 20°C to 30°C for the fleet of 15 ships, respectively. In conclusion, using waste heat recovery on refrigeration system could directly reduce fuel consumption and air emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:24:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Experimental Study of a Solar Compression Refrigeration Apparatus (SCRA) for Embankment Engineering in Permafrost Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current active cooling structures, which were successfully adopted in the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, sometimes cannot maintain the long–time foundation stability in warm permafrost regions. The objective of this study is to present and examine a novel solar assisted compression refrigeration system. A special refrigeration apparatus was designed and manufactured, and its practical performance was experimentally investigated. The test results indicated that the new structure demonstrates excellent refrigerating performance corresponding to negative temperatures in warm seasons, and the temperature can be automatically controlled at –5, –10 and –15°C; in addition, the new structure has a low energy consumption with the corresponding coefficient of performance (COP) of 6.68, 4.91, 3.45. The study provides reference and guidance for railway design and construction in permafrost regions, such as for the Sichuan–Tibet Railway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2020 14:59:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Intelligent Context-Aware Management Framework for Cold Chain Logistics Distribution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contextual information can accurately describe the user’s time, location, environment, activities, the use of devices, and so on. The recommender systems with contextual information have better prediction accuracy, coverage, and user satisfaction. However, the application of conventional context-aware framework in some special fields has some drawbacks. For example, in the field of cold chain logistics distribution, the conventional context-aware framework cannot adapt to the multi-dimensional, complex and dynamic contexts of cold chain logistics, the lack of context-aware risk management, and the lack of traceability of cargo contexts. In this paper, the authors propose an intelligent context-aware management framework for cold chain logistics (CMFCCL) distribution that contains acquisition framework, recommender systems framework, risk management framework, tracing back framework, and user portrait framework of cold chain logistics distribution. Cold chain info data set is used for simulation, and three other recommendation approaches are considered in comparison. The experimental results indicate that CMFCCL can reduce the mean absolute error and root mean squared error of the data set by about 8.37%–19.99%. Thus, the evaluation presents encouraging results, indicating that CMFCCL would be useful in the context-aware management of cold chain logistics distribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2020 14:25:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675646</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Analysis of the Performance of the Eco-Friendly R510A and R600a Refrigerants in a Retrofitted Vapour Compression Refrigerating System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Halocarbon refrigerants have been scheduled for total phase out because they contributed significantly to the two major global environmental problems – ozone layer depletion and global warming.In this study, the performances of the environmentally friendly R510A and R600a in a retrofitted domestic refrigerating system were investigated experimentally and compared with the performance of R134a. The results obtained showed that R510A has the lowest discharge pressure with an average value of 13.4 % lower than that of R134a. The average pressure ratios of R510A and R600a were 16.91 and 12.17 %, respectively, lower than that of R134a.The Volumetric Cooling Capacity obtained for R510A was 5.34 % higher than that of R134a. R510A and R600a exhibited higher refrigerating effect and Coefficient of Performance (COP) than R134a.The average COPs for R510A and R600a were 22.26 and 3.06 %, respectively, higher than that of R134a. Generally, R510A and R600a performed better than R134a and they can be used as retrofit substitute refrigerants for R134a in the existing domestic refrigerators. The best performance was obtained from the use of R510A in the retrofitted system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jun 2018 16:42:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Analysis of Variance of Fishing Vessel Refrigerating Systems Faults</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have performed an analysis of variance to verify the hypothesis that independent variables differentiate the number of  faults  and  frequencies  of  faults  occurring  in  refrigerating  systems  installed on  board  fishing  craft.  The  analysis specifies a probability with which identified factors may cause differences between values of observed category means. The grouping factors used in the analysis are: year of fault occurrence, fault category and a type of fishing vessel. The authors have tested hypotheses that mean numbers of faults or mean frequencies of fault occurrence are approximately equal in each  group  of  independent  variable.  The  examined  faults  of  refrigerating  system  components,  derived  from  data collected in the years 2007 - 2011, have been divided into seven categories and analyzed statistically. The authors have gathered and estimated 235 faults of refrigerating system components from 25 fishing vessels of the Polish fishing fleet. The vessels are divided into two types depending on the refrigerant used in their systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Sep 2016 16:17:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The R32 Refrigerant - a Solution for Ship Refrigeration Plant</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper concentrates on a theoretical investigation on the performance of the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. Generally, the refrigeration plants on merchant vessels play a vital part in carrying refrigerated cargo and provisions for the crew on board and also air conditioning for accommodations. In reefer ships, the temperature of the perishable or temperature sensitive cargo such as food, chemical, or liquefied gas, is controlled by the refrigeration plant of the ship. The work presents a comparative study between the new R32 refrigerant and R22, R407C and R134a.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416515</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Assessment of Convective Coefficient of Heat Transfer in Evaporators Working with R 134a, Using Kandiklar Equations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heat transfer devices play important roles in the improvement of refrigeration systems performance and for this reason their design is a challenge for engineers. This paper deals with the assessment of convective coefficient of heat transfer in evaporators from one stage vapor compression systems working with R 134a, using Kandiklar equations. The general simple equations for heat exchanger analysis are introduced inside tube refrigeration evaporation where heat transfer correlations for thermal design are given. The sizing methodology of these type of heat exchangers are briefly discussed and a thermal design exemple is presented. The heat exchanger design provides missing information based on experiences, judgment and the requirements of the customer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2015 16:20:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cooling Capacity Improvement of Magnetic Heat Pump for On-board Air Conditioner</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Present air conditioner systems are based on traditional vapor compression technology with usage of HCFC (Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon). The Kyoto Protocol has designated HCFC as one of the gases whose emissions are to be reduced. This requires the development of HCFC free systems or the usage of substances which have little greenhouse effect. Under these conditions, magnetic refrigeration technology, which has the potential for high efficiency without Freon gases, has become a focus of attention. The aim of this study is to develop a large-scale magnetic refrigerator which has a maximum kilowatt-class cooling power for air-conditioners mountable on railway vehicles to enable them to be free from Freon gases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2015 15:52:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Experience in Refrigeration Calculation Carried Out By Future Marine Engineers in CMU</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An important educational outcome of the Undergraduate Studies Programme belonging to Naval Electromechanics Faculty in Constanta Maritime University (CMU) is the ability to design a component or a system specific for marine technologies. In CMU, students are introduced in refrigeration technology due to the discipline entitled “Marine Refrigeration Plants”, which they take in the 7th semester of their higher education. This paper highlights the manner in which CMU students are achieving competencies in evaluating the performance of vapor compression systems in terms of Coefficient of Performance (COP). Such kind of experience enables the understanding of basic concepts and principles which rule this type of technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2015 09:23:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Theoretical Analysis of a Vapor Compression System on Environmental and Thermodynamic Basis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most of ships worldwide currently use as working agent hydrofluorocarbon R134a (HFC-134a) in direct expansion refrigeration systems. International concern forces shipping sector to use refrigerants with low value of Global Warming Potential (GWP), an index comparing the climate impact of an emission of a greenhouse gas relative to that of emitting the same mass of carbon dioxide. The widespread refrigerant on board the ships, R134a, has a 100-year GWP=1300, while its possible alternative, the hydrofluorocarbon R152a (HFC-152a) has a GWP=140. Starting from the environmental benefit shown by R152a, a thermodynamic comparison between R134a and R152a is made in this paper. Results will indicate the opportunity of the substitution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2014 12:02:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selecting Low Carbon Technologies for Heavy Goods Vehicles: A Case Study in the UK Fast Food Supply Chain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fast food supply chain is facing increased operating costs due to rising food and energy prices. Based on a case study of a major fast food logistics operator, this paper uses a metaheuristic evolutionary algorithm to find the optimal combination of low carbon vehicle, powertrain and transport refrigeration technologies that minimise net present costs for a heterogeneous fleet of heavy goods vehicles operating in the chilled and frozen food sector. Based on the financial and operational constraints of the live case study, the model suggests that rigid trucks should include spray reduction mud-flaps, new generation single-wide tyres, light weighting materials and flywheels. Depending on the duty cycle and fuel used, other additional  technologies can further enhance the net present savings. Conventional diesel vehicles can reduce their net present costs by 10.25% and 11.43% in urban and regional duty cycles. The model suggested that alternative refrigeration technologies had less potential for reducing costs unless working more than 10 hours per day; however they could make a considerable contribution to lower carbon emissions. As fast food logistic operators have access to used cooking oil, they can buy cheaper biodiesel while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 84%. When comparing a conventional powered rigid truck using conventional mineral diesel (DERV) with one using B65, cost savings were estimated to be £32,000 for urban duty cycles and over £42,000 for regional duty cycles per truck over their 5 year lifespans, reducing their carbon dioxide (CO2) by 231 and 273 tonnes respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Feb 2014 13:32:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288692</guid>
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