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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Reexamination of Color Vision Standards, Part III: Analysis of the Effects of Color Vision Deficiencies in Using ATC Displays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/786386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this report is to assess the effect of color use in air traffic control (ATC) displays for users who have color vision deficiencies, denoted as color deficient (CD).  At present, color is used in many ATC displays, while the color vision standard used by the Federal Aviation Administration allows certain types of CDs to enter the ATC workforce.  Many guidelines for color use in visual displays state that color use should be accompanied with achromatic redundant cues to avoid misinterpretation by CD users.  However, little has been documented in guidelines about the effect of redundant cues.  Therefore, it is necessary to understand how CD personnel use color-coded information in displays and whether redundant cues are helpful.  Previously, data was collected about color use in displays from many ATC facilities.  In addition, computational algorithms that could assess the effects of color vision deficiencies on the performance of color-related ATC tasks were developed.  The algorithms compared the effectiveness of using color-coded information between observers with normal color vision and CDs.  The algorithms also considered the effectiveness of redundant visual cues relative to colors.  In this report, the author applied the algorithms to six ATC displays to estimate their efficient use by CDs.  The main findings included the following: 1) critical color-coded information may not capture the attention of CDs in many applications; 2) There are instances where CDs may not reliably identify types of information that are encoded in colors; and 3) In many instances color use makes text reading slower and less accurate for CDs.  These results indicate that CDs may not be able to use color displays as efficiently as users with normal vision.  In addition, the author identified the situations where no redundant cues were used for task-critical color usages.  Moreover, the author estimated that most redundant cues were not as effective as color or not effective at all for the given task.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2006 07:14:04 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Reexamination of Color Vision Standards, Part II. A Computational Method to Assess the Effect of Color Deficiencies in Using ATC Displays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The previous study showed that many colors were used in air traffic control displays.  The authors also found that colors were used mainly for three purposes: capturing controllers' immediate attention, identifying targets, and segmenting information.  This report is a continuing effort to reexamine the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) color vision standards.  The authors first reviewed and synthesized the literature about the effectiveness of color relative to achromatic visual cues.  Next, they developed several algorithms to assess the effects of color for individuals with color vision deficiencies.  Using a computational algorithm that simulates how color deficient individuals perceive color, the authors were able to calculate the effectiveness of color in task performance.  By considering together the effectiveness of redundant visual cues and the perception of those with color vision deficiencies, the authors provide a method to assess the potential effects of color deficiencies in using color displays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2006 07:57:01 GMT</pubDate>
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